irnia 
il 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT  OF 

Arthur  M,   Johnson 


6, 


MAP  OF  SOUTHEASTERN   WASHINGTON  AND  ADJACENT  IDAHO. 


FLORA  OF 
SOUTHEASTERN  WASHINGTON 

AND  ADJACENT  IDAHO 


BY 

CHARLES   V.  PIPER 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY,  THE  STATE  COLLEGE  OF  WASHINGTON,    T893-IO03 


AND 

R.  KENT   BEATTIE 

PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY,  THE  STATE  COLLEGE  OF  WASHINGTON,   IQO3-I9I2 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 
LANCASTER,  PA. 

1914 


Copyright.  1914,  by 
C.  V.  PIPER  AND  R.  KENT  BEATTIE 


Issued  Janizary  22,  1914 


fez 


INTRODUCTION. 

This  work  is  an  extension  of  the  Flora  of  the  Palouse  Region  published  by 
the  authors  in  1901.  As  enlarged,  it  covers  all  of  Spokane,  Whitman,  Asotin, 
Garfield.  Columbia  and  part  of  Walla  Walla  Counties,  Washington,  and  the 
western  portions  of  Kootenai,  Latah,  and  Nez  Perces  Counties,  Idaho. 

This  region  embraces  the  richest  wheat  lands  of  the  Northwest,  the  high 
rolling  hills  known  locally  as  the  Palouse  country.  The  deep  black  wheat 
soils  are  mainly  residual,  formed  by  the  disintegration  of  the  Columbia  basalt 
which  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  region  to  the  depth  of  700  meters  or  more. 

The  extreme  southern  part  of  the  area  includes  the  northern  portion  of  the 
Blue  Mountains,  here  an  upraised  dome  of  basalt  reaching  an  altitude  of  two 
thousand  meters.  Separated  only  by  the  deep  canyon  of  Snake  River  are 
the  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho,  geologically  a  part  of  the  Blue  Mountain  uplift. 

Near  the  Washington-Idaho  line,  but  mainly  in  Idaho,  a  series  of  low 
mountains  extends  from  near  Moscow  northward.  These  mountains  are  all 
formed  of  metamprphic  rocks,  mainly  granite  and  quartzite.  The  highest 
are  Cedar  Mountain,  about  1,600  meters;  Mica  Peak,  1,595  meters;  and  Mount 
Carlton,  1,720  meters.  Outlying  lower  peaks  of  the  same  series  are  Kamiack 
Butte  and  Steptoe  Butte. 

The  drainage  of  the  region  is  in  general  westward.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Snake  and  the  Spokane.  The  former  has  hewn  an  enormous  canyon 
through  the  basalt,  which  averages  about  500  meters  in  depth  but  where  it 
cuts  through  the  Blue  Mountains  is  nearly  twice  as  deep.  All  of  its  tributary 
streams  in  the  area  considered,  except  the  Clearwater,  are  small  and  flow  in 
shallow  canyons. 

The  Spokane  river  has  filled  much  of  its  old  valley  with  glacial  gravels, 
so  that  only  its  lower  two-thirds  now  flows  in  a  canyon.  On  the  Spokane 
gravels  occur  many  species  of  plants  not  elsewhere  found  in  the  region. 

Lakes  are  numerous  in  Northwestern  Whitman  County,  Spokane  County 
and  adjacent  Idaho.  Little  is  known  of  their  geological  formation,  but  most 
of  them  lie  in  the  channels  of  existing  or  of  geologic  streams. 

The  flora  of  the  greater  part  of  the  region  is  Arid  Transition,  part  of  it 
timbered  with  Yellow  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa) ,  the  rest  treeless  and  character- 
ized especially  by  the  abundance  of  bunchgrass  (Agropyron  spicatum).  The 
bottom  of  Snake  River  canyon  is  occupied  by  an  extension  of  Upper  Sonoran 
plants  such  as  sagebrush  and  other  species  which  commonly  grow  with  it. 
The  highest  dome  of  the  Blue  Mountains  supports  various  Hudsonian  plants 
such  as  Subalpine  fir,  while  a  broad  zone  of  Canadian  Zone  plants  occupies 
Hhe  slopes  down  to  the  Yellow  pines.  Conspicuous  Canadian  plants  are 
^\ .  White  fir,  Engelmann  spruce,  and  Mountain  ash. 

^^  The  total  flora  of  the  region  herein  described  consists  of  20  Pteridophytes, 
1 1  Gymnosperms,  270  Monocotyledons  and  838  Dicotyledons.  Some  additions 
to  this  list  may  be  expected  along  the  western  borders  of  the  area  where  a 
number  of  Upper  Sonoran  plants  are  likely  to  occur,  and  most  of  the  higher 
mountain  peaks  require  much  more  exploration. 

The  material  upon  which  this  flora  is  based  is  mainly  that  contained  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  State  College  of  Washington.  Thanks  are  due  to  the 
officials  of  that  institution  for  encouragement  and  support  in  the  preparation 
of  this  volume. 


442879 


ANALYTICAL   KEYS  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 

Plants  with  woody  bundles,  reproducing  by  spores. 

Phylum  PTERIDOPHYTA,  1. 
Plants  with  woody  bundles,  reproducing  by  seeds. 

Phylum  SPERMATOPHYTA,  8. 

Phylum  PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Leaves  few,  large;  stems  mostly  underground. 

Leaves  4-foliolate,   clover-like;    spore  cases  in 

closed  pod-like  sporocarps.  MARSILEACEAE,  5. 

Leaves  not  4-foliolate ;  spore  cases  not  in  sporo- 
carps. 
Spore  cases  in  the  tissue  of  a  prominent  and 

distinct  fertile  lobe  of  the  leaf.  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE,  4. 

Spore  cases  formed  of  outgrowths  from  the 

surface  of  the  leaf.  POLYPODIACEAE,  1. 

Leaves  numerous,  small;   stems  aerial  and   under- 
ground. 

Leaves  minute,  whorled;  stems  jointed,  hollow.    EQUISETACEAE,  5. 
Leaves  small,  not  whorled;  stems  not  jointed, 

solid. 
Spore  cases  in  the  enlarged  bases  of  the  leaves; 

stems  short,  corm-like.  ISOETACEAE,  7. 

Spore  cases  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  stems 
elongated.  SELAGINELLACEAE,  6. 

Phylum  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Ovules  and  seeds  not  in  a  closed  cavity,  usually  on 

the  face  of  an  open  scale-leaf;  stigmas  none.    Class  GYMNOSPERMAE,  8. 
Ovules  and  seeds  contained  in  a  closed  cavity  sur- 
rounded by  one  or  more  closed  and  modified 
leaves  forming  an  ovary;  stigmas  present. 

Class  ANGIOSPERMAE,  12. 

Cotyledon  one;  stem  with  no  distinction  into 
bark,  wood  and  pith  (endogenous);  leaves 
usually  parallel- veined;  parts  of  the  flowers 

nearly  always  in  threes.  Sub-class  MONOCOTYLEDONES     3. 

Cotyledons  two;  stem  (with  rare  exceptions)  of 
bark,  wood  and  pith  (exogenous);  leaves 
usually  net- veined;  parts  of  the  flower  in 
fours,  fives  or  sixes,  never  in  threes.  Sub-class  DICOTYLEDONES,  72. 

CLASS  GYMNOSPERMAE. 

Fruit  a  cone.  PINACEAE,  9. 

Fruit  drupe-like.  TAXACEAE,  8. 


vi  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 

CLASS  ANGIOSPERMAE. 
Sub-class  MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Plants  small,  floating,  with  no  distinction  of  stem  and 

leaves.  LEMNACEAE,  53. 

Plants  with  normal  foliage. 

Inflorence  a  fleshy  spadix.  ARACEAE,  52. 

Inflorescence  not  a  fleshy  spadix. 

Perianth  none,  or  of  bristles,  chaffy  scales 

or  a  hyaline  envelope. 
Flowers  not  in  the  axils  of  chaffy  bracts. 
Perianth  herbaceous  or  none. 

Flowers  solitary,  axillary.  NAJADACEAE,  16. 

Flowers    in    axillary   or    terminal 

clusters. 
Carpels  3  or  6,  united  into  a 

compound  ovary.  ScHEUCHZERiACEAE,  16. 

Carpels 2-5 (usually 4), separate.  POTAMOGETONACEAE,  14. 
Perianth  of  bristles  or  chaffy  scales. 
Flowers    in    terminal    cylindrical 

spikes.  TYPHACEAE,  13. 

Flowers  in  axillary  globular  heads.  SPARGANIACEAE,  13. 
Flowers  in  the  axils  of  chaffy  bracts. 
Stems  mostly  hollow,  jointed;  leaves 

2-ranked.  POACEAE,  18. 

Stems  solid;  leaves  3-ranked.  CYPERACEAE,  42. 

Perianth  present,  the  parts  glume-  or  petal- 
like. 

Perianth  of  glume-like  segments.  JUNCACEAE,  54. 

Perianth  at  least  in  part  petal-like. 

Carpels  distinct.  ALISMACEAE,  17. 

Carpels  united. 
Ovary  superior. 

Flowers  more  or  less  irregular, 

surrounded  by  a  spathe.          PONTEDERIACEAE,  53. 
Flowers    regular,     without    a 

spathe.  LILIACEAE,  58. 

Ovary  inferior. 

Flowers  regular.  IRIDACEAE,  66. 

Flowers  irregular.  ORCHIDACEAE,  67. 

Sub-class  DICOTYLEDONES. 

I.    PETALS  DISTINCT  TO  THE  BASE  OR  WANTING. 

A.     Petals  None. 

Plant  parasitic  on  other  plants  and  without  chloro- 
phyll. LORANTHACEAE,  79. 
P  ,       not  parasitic  and  chlorophyll-bearing. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Leaves  opposite.  ACERACEAE,  159. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Pistillate  flowers  not  in  aments. 

Ovary  1-celled.  ULMACEAE,  78. 

Ovary  2-4-celled.  Rhamnus,  161. 

Pistillate  flowers  in  aments. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


Calyx  present.  BETULACEAE,  76. 

Calyx  not  present.  SALICACEAE,  72. 

Herbs  (sometimes  somewhat  woody  at  base). 
Leaves  opposite. 
Flowers  perfect. 

Style  1.  Isnardia,  169. 

Styles  2-5.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  95. 

Flowers  monoecious. 

Ovary  1-celled;  stamens  2-5.  URTICACEAE,  78. 

Ovary  more  than  1-celled;  stamen  1. 

Ovary  4-celled.  CALLITRICHACEAE,  157. 

Ovary  3-celled.  EUPHORBIACEAE,  156. 

Leaves  not  opposite. 
Flowers  monoecious. 

Ovary  3-celled,  3-ovuled.  EUPHORBIACEAE,  156. 

Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 

Flowers  with  scarious  bracts.  AMARANTH  ACE  AE,  90. 

Flowers  bractless  or,   if  bracted, 

the  bracts  not  scarious.  CHENOPODIACEAE,  87. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious. 
Pistils  more  than  one. 

Stamens  perigynous.  ROSACEAE,  130. 

Stamens  hypogynous.  RANUNCULACEAE,  102. 

Pistil  one. 

Ovary  more  than  1-celled. 
Ovary  2-celled. 

Stamens  6.  CRUCIFERAE,  113. 

Stamens  2.  Synthyris,  124. 

Ovary  more  than  2-celled. 

Ovary  6-celled.  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE,  81. 

Ovary  3-5-celled.  AIZOACEAE,  91. 

Ovary  1-celled. 
Ovary  superior. 

Fruit  an  akene.  POLYGONACEAE,  81. 

Fruit  not  an  akene.  CHENOPODIACEAE,  87. 

Ovary  partly  inferior. 

Flowers  on  a  scape.  Heuchera,  130. 

Flowers  on  a  leafy  stem.       SANTALACEAE,  80. 


B.     Petals  Present. 

1.  Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  ten  and  more  than  twice  the 
sepals  or  calyx-lobes. 

Calyx  free  and  separate  from  the  ovary. 
Pistils  more  than  one. 

Ovaries  cohering  in  a  ring  around  a  central 

axis.  MALVACEAE,  162. 

Ovaries  separate  or,  if  united,  not  cohering 

in  a  ring  around  a  central  axis. 

Stamens  perigynous.  ROSACEAE,  130. 

Stamens  hypogynous. 

Aquatic  plants;  leaves  not  dissected.     NYMPHAEACEAE,  101. 
Terrestrial  plants  or,  if  aquatic,  the 

submersed  leaves  dissected.    _  RANUNCULACEAE,  102. 

Pistil  one,  with  one  to  several  styles  and  stigmas. 

Leaves  minutely  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  HYPERICACEAE,  163. 
Leaves  not  punctate  with  pellucid  dots. 


viii  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 

Ovary  simple. 

Stamens  hypogynous.  RANUNCULACEAE,  102. 

Stamens  perigynous.  ROSACEAE,  130. 

Ovary  compound. 

Ovary  1-celled  with  a  central  placenta.  PORTULACACEAE,  92. 
Ovary  several-celled.  NYMPHAEACEAE,  101. 

Calyx  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  surface  of  the 

compound  ovary. 
Ovary  more  than  1-celled. 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  ROSACEAE,  130. 

Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.  Philadelphus,  127. 

Ovary  1-celled. 

Placenta  basal.  PORTULACACEAE,  92. 

Placenta  parietal. 

Plants   fleshy,    leafless   or   with    minute 

leaves;  petals  many.  CACTACEAE,  167. 

Plants  rough-leaved;  petals  5-10.  LOASACEAE,  166. 

2.  Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Stamens  opposite  the  petals. 

Ovary  2-4-celled.  RHAMNACEAE,  160. 

Ovary  1-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  BERBERIDACEAE,  111. 

Anthers  not  ope'ning  by  uplifted  valves.  PORTULACACEAE,  92. 

Stamens  not  opposite  the  petals. 
Ovary  wholly  superior. 
Ovaries  two  or  more. 

Ovaries  somewhat   united  at  the  base, 

separate  above. 

Trees.  ACERACEAE,  159. 

Herbs.  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  125. 

Ovaries  entirely  separate. 

Stamens  united  with  each  other  and 

with  the  stigma.  ASCLEPIADACEAE,  195. 

Stamens  free   from   each   other  and 

from  the  stigma. 
Stamens  hypogynous. 

Leaves  not  fleshy.  RANUNCULACEAE,  102. 

Leaves  thick  and  fleshy.  CRASSULACEAE,  124. 

Stamens  perigynous. 

Stamens  just  twice  as  many  as 

the  pistils.  CRASSULACEAE,  124. 

Stamens  not  just  twice  as  many 

as  the  pistils. 

Leaves  without  stipules.        SAXIFRAGACEAE,  125. 
Leaves  with  stipules.  ROSACEAE,  130. 

Ovary  only  one. 

Ovary    3-5Mobed    and    beaked    with    a 

united  style.  GERANIACEAE,  154. 

Ovary  not  lobed  and  beaked. 

Ovary  simple  with  1  parietal  placenta.  LEGUMINOSAE,  142. 
Ovary  compound,   as  shown  by  the 
number  of  cells,  placentae,  styles 
or  stigmas. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Corolla  irregular. 

Stamens  6;  petals  4.  PAPAVERACEAE,  112. 

Stamens  and  petals  5.  VIOLACEAE,  164. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES.  ix 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 
Ovule  1. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  ANACARDIACEAE,  158. 

Herbs.  CRUCIFERAE,  113. 

Ovules  more  than  1. 

Placenta  central  or  basal  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  95. 
Placentae  parietal. 

Leaves  punctate  with 

pellucid  dots.  HYPERICACEAE,  163. 

Leaves  not  punctate. 

Petals  4.  CAPPARIDACEAE,  123. 

Petals  5.  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  125. 

Ovary  2-several-celled. 

Stamens  neither  just  as  many 
nor  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals. 

Stamens  6,  tetradynamous.   CRUCIFERAE,  113. 
Stamens  5,  regular.  BALSAMINACEAE,  160. 

Stamens  either  just  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals. 
Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell 

of  the  ovary. 
Herbs. 

Cells  of  the  fruit  5.     GERANIACEAE,  154. 
Cells  of  the  fruit  10.  LINACEAE,  155. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 

Low   pinnately- 

veined  shrubs.          CELASTRACEAE,  159. 
Palmately-veined 

trees.  ACERACEAE,  159. 

Ovules  several  to  many  in 
each  cell  of  the  ovary. 
Leaves    opposite,    with 

stipules.  ELATINACEAE,  164. 

Leaves,  when  opposite, 

without  stipules. 
Stamens  on  the  calyx. 

Style  1.  LYTHRACEAE,  167. 

Styles  2-3.  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  125. 

Stamens    free    from 

the  calyx. 

Style  1.  PYROLACEAE,  185. 

Styles  2-5. 

Stamens  and 
calyx  free 
from  the 

ovary.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  95. 

Stamens  and 
calyx 
united  to 

the  ovary.    ARALIACEAE,  175. 
Ovary  at  least  half  inferior. 

Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  one  in  each  cell 

of  the  ovary.  ONAGRACEAE,  168. 

Ovules  and  seeds  but  one  in  each  cell  of  the 
ovary. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES. 


Petals  2  or  4. 

Stamens  2  or  8;  fruit  indehiscent  and 
nut-  or  bur-like. 

Stamens  4;  fruit  a  drupe. 
Petals  5. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  flowers  in  corymbs. 

Herbs;  flowers  in  umbels  or  heads. 


ONAGRACEAE,  168. 
CORNACEAE,  184. 

Crataegus,  133. 
UMBELLIFERAE,  176. 


II.    PETALS  MORE  OR  LESS  UNITED  INTO  ONE  PIECE. 


Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  corolla-lobes. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Ovary  with  1  parietal  placenta. 
Ovary  with  2  parietal  placentae. 
Ovary  3-many-celled. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 
Stamens  united  with  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  or  fewer. 
Stamens  opposite  the  corolla-lobes. 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes  or  fewer. 
Ovary  superior. 

Corolla  more  or  less  irregular. 
Fertile  stamens  5. 
Fertile  stamens  4  or  2. 

Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells  of  the 

ovary. 
Ovary  4-lobed,  the  style  rising 

from  between  the  lobes. 
Ovary    not    Ipbed,    the    style 

rising  from  its  apex. 
Ovules    2    or    more,    usually    nu- 
merous, in  each  cell. 
Ovary  and  pod  1-celled. 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled. 
Corolla  regular. 

Stamens  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes. 
Corolla  scarious. 
Corolla  not  scarious. 
Style  2-lobed. 
Style  single. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 
Ovaries  2,  separate. 
Filaments  distinct. 
Filaments  monadelphous. 
Ovary  1. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around 

the  style. 
Leaves  alternate. 
Leaves  opposite. 
Ovary  not  deeply  lobed. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Leaves  entire,  opposite. 
Leaves,  if  entire,  alter- 
nate or  basal. 
Corolla  conspicuous- 
ly bearded  on  the 
upper  surface. 


LEGUMINOSAE,  142. 
PAPAVERACEAE,  112. 

ERICACEAE,  188. 
MALVACEAE,  162. 

PRIMULACEAE,  189. 


Verbascum,  220. 


LABIATAE,  211. 
VERBENACEAE,  211. 


OROBANCHACEAE,  231. 
SCROPHULARIACEAE,  219. 


PLANTAGINACEAE,  232. 

Lycopus,  212. 
Veronica,  225. 


APOCYNACEAE,  194. 
ASCLEPIADACEAE,  195. 


BORAGINACEAE,  204. 

Mentha,  213. 


GENTIANACEAE,  192. 


MENYANTHACEAE,  193. 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES.  xi 

Corolla  not  conspicu- 
ously bearded.         HYDROPHYLLACEAE,  202. 
Ovary  2  or  more  celled. 
Stamens  free  from   the 

corolla.  ERICACEAE,  188. 

Stamens  on  the  corolla- 
tube. 

Stamens  4.  PL  ANT  AGIN  ACE  AE,  232. 

Stamens  5. 

Fruit     a     many- 
seeded  pod  or 

berry.  SOLANACEAE,  217. 

Fruit      a      few- 
seeded  pod. 

Style  3-lobed.  POLEMONIACEAE,  197. 
Style   undi- 
vided or 
2-cleft. 
Whitish  or 
yellow 
chloro- 
phyll- 
1   e   s  s 

plants.     CUSCUTACEAE,  196. 
Green 

plants.     CONVOLVULACEAE,  196. 
Ovary  inferior. 

Anthers  united  into  a  ring  or  tube  (syn- 

genesious). 
Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head  on  a 

common  receptacle.  COMPOSITAE,  241. 

Flowers  separate,  not  involucrate.         CAMPANULACEAE,  239. 
Anthers  not  united. 

Stamens  on  the  ovary.  CAMPANULACEAE,  239. 

Stamens  on  the  corolla. 

Stamens  1-3.  VALERIANACEAE,  237. 

Stamens  4-5. 

Ovary    1 -celled;    flowers   in   a 

dense  involucrate  head.  DIPSACACEAE,  239. 

Ovary  2-5-celled;  flowers  not  in 

an  involucrate  head. 
Leaves  opposite  or  whorled, 
when  opposite    with    sti- 
pules. RUBIACEAE,  233. 
Leaves    opposite,    without 
stipules.                              CAPRIFOLIACEAE,  235. 


FLORA  OF  SOUTHEASTERN  WASHINGTON. 


PHYLUM  I.    PTERIDOPHYTA.     FERN  PLANTS. 

Plant  containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels  in  the  stem 
and  producing  spores  asexually  which,  on  germination, 
develop  very  small  structures  called  prothallia,  on  which 
are  borne  the  sexual  reproductive  organs  from  which  the 
asexual  plant  is  developed.  The  sexual  plant  is  rarely 
collected,  and  the  classification  is  based  mainly  on  the 
characters  of  the  asexual  plant. 

Class  I.     FILICINEAE. 

Plant  highly  organized,  vascular,  with  green  usually 
large  leaves;  spores  borne  within  the  tissue  of,  or  in 
modified  hairs  on,  modified  or  unmodified  foliage  leaves; 
stem  solid,  underground  (in  ours). 

Family  1.    POLYPODIACEAE. 

Sporangia  stalked,  surrounded  by  a  more  or  less  complete 
vertical  annulus  and  bursting  transversely;  fruit  dots  on  the 
backs  or  the  margins  of  the  leaves,  with  or  without  indusia. 

Indusium  none;  fruit  dots  roundish.  1.  PHEGOPTERIS,  2. 

Indusium  present. 

Fruit  dots  with  marginal  false  indusia  formed  of  the 

more  or  less  altered  edge  of  the  leaf. 
Sporangia  on  a  marginal  vein  which  connects 

the  ends  of  the  lateral  veins.  2.  PTERIDIUM,  2. 

Sporangia  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected 

veins. 

False  indusium  continuous.  3.  PELLAEA,  2. 

False  indusium  not  continuous.  4.  CHEILANTHES,  2. 

Fruit  dots  on  the  lower  surface  or  margin  of  the 

leaves,  each  with  a  special  indusium. 
Fruit  dots  linear  or  oblong;  indusium  more  than 

twice  as  long  as  broad.  5.  ATHYRIUM,  3. 

Fruit  dots  roundish;  indusium  less  than  twice  as 

long  as  broad. 

Indusium  conspicuous,  peltate.  6.  POLYSTICHUM,  3. 

Indusium  inconspicuous,  not  peltate. 

Veins  of  pinnules  pinnately  branched.        7.  WOODSIA,  3. 
Veins  of  pinnules  dichotomously  branched.  8.  FILIX,  4. 


2  POLYPODIACEAE. 

1.  PHEGOPTERIS.     BEECH  FERN. 

Medium  sized  or  small  ferns ;  leaves  twice  to  thrice  pinnate  or 
ternate;  leaf-stalk  continuous  with  the  rootstock;  fruit  dots 
small,  round,  without  an  indusium,  borne  on  the  backs  of  the 
veins  below  or  near  their  ends;  veins  free-or  reticulate. 

Phegopteris  dryopteris  (L.)  Fee.  Rootstock  slender,  horizontally  creeping; 
petioles  15-25  cm.  tall,  pale  straw-colored,  shiny,  bearing  a  few  brownish 
scales  toward  the  base;  blades  broadly  triangular  in  outline,  10-20  cm.  wide, 
ternate,  the  lateral  primary  divisions  bipinnate,  the  terminal  usually  tripinnate, 
all  naked  at  the  base;  pinnae  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  pinnately-cleft 
or  divided  into  15-25  obtuse  lobes;  fruit  dots  near  the  margin,  on  the  ends  of 
free  veins.  Common  in  rich  woods. 

2.  PTERIDIUM. 

Large,  mostly  coarse  ferns,  with  variously  divided  leaves; 
fruit  dots  marginal,  linear,  continuous  on  a  slender  thread-like 
receptacle  which  connects  the  tips  of  free  veins;  false  indusium 
membranous,  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf. 

Pteridium  aquilinum  pubescens  Underw.  Bracken  or  Brake.  Rootstock 
stout,  black,  subterranean,  horizontally-creeping;  petioles  30-90  cm.  high, 
erect,  pale-green  or  straw-color;  leaf-blades  60-120  cm.  long,  30-90  cm.  wide, 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  ternate,  the  three  branches  each  bipinnate; 
pinnules  oblong,  acutish,  mostly  entire,  the  uppermost  coalescent,  the  lower 
more  or  less  lobed.  Common  in  coniferous  woods,  otherwise  infrequent. 

3.   PELLAEA. 

Small  and  smooth  tufted  rock  ferns;  leaves  1-4  times  pinnate, 
the  petioles  mostly  dark  colored ;  fruit  dots  terminal  on  the  veins, 
roundish  but  often  confluent  in  a  continuous  band ;  false  indusium 
continuous,  broad,  formed  by  the  reflexed  margins  of  the  pinnules. 

Pellaea  densa  (Brack.)  Hook.  Densely  tufted,  10-20  cm.  high;  petioles 
dark  brown,  longer  than  the  blades;  blades  3-6  cm.  long,  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  tripinnate;  leaflets  crowded,  linear-lanceolate,  6-12  mm.  long,  mucro- 
nate,  entire  on  the  fertile  leaves,  serrate  on  the  sterile  ones.  On  cliffs  and 
among  boulders,  Blue  Mountains  and  top  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Idaho. 

4.   CHEILANTHES. 

Mostly  pubescent  or  tomentose  rock-loving  and  small  ferns 
with  much  divided  leaves;  fruit  dots  on  or  near  the  ends  of  the 
veins,  at  first  small  and  distinct,  afterwards  crowded ;  sporangia 
often  concealed  in  the  scales  or  hairs  which  in  many  species 
cover  the  segments. 

The  species  occurring  within  our  limits  have  the  ultimate 
segments  of  the  pinnae  very  small  and  circular  in  form  and  the 


POLYPODIACEAE.  3 

false  indusia  formed  by  the  incurving  of  the  whole  of  the  leaf 
margin. 

Leaf-blades  glabrate  above,  bipinnate;  ultimate  segments 

mostly  entire.  C.  gracillima. 

Leaf-blades  pubescent  above,  tripinnate  or  tripinnatifid ;  ulti- 
mate segments  mostly  crenate. 


Cheilanthes  gracillima  D.  C.  Eaton.  Lace  Fern.  Petioles  densely  tufted, 
shining  brown,  4-8  cm.  high,  bearing  a  few  scattered  lanceolate  scales;  blades 
2-8  cm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  bipinnate;  pinnae  numerous,  crowded,  pin- 
nately  divided  into  5-9  oval  mostly  entire  pinnules,  glabrate  above,  pubescent 
beneath  with  rusty  matted  wool.  Common  in  rock  crevices  in  the  mountains. 

Cheilanthes  feei  Moore.  Petioles  densely  tufted,  4-6  cm.  high,  brownish, 
when  young  covered  with  long  hair-like  scales,  at  length  glabrate;  blades  4-8 
cm.  long,  oblong-ovate,  the  lowest  usually  remote;  ultimate  segments  orbicular 
or  oblong,  entire  or  crenate,  crowded;  upper  surface  with  a  few  long  hairs, 
the  lower  densely  matted  with  whitish  or  pale-brown  long  hairs.  Bluffs  of 
Snake  River  near  Almota. 

5.   ATHYRIUM. 

Large  or  small  ferns  with  simple,  lobed,  2-3-pinnate  or  pin- 
natifid  leaves;  fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear  (nearly  round  when 
young),  oblique,  separate;  indusium  more  or  less  curved,  some- 
times horseshoe-shaped,  often  crossing  to  the  outer  or  lower  side 
of  the  vein;  veins  free. 

Athyrium  cyclosorum  Rupr.  Rootstock  creeping,  short,  densely  covered 
by  the  bases  of  the  petioles;  petioles  tufted,  20-30  cm.  long,  straw-colored  or 
brownish;  blades  delicate,  glabrous,  broadly  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  30-90  cm.  long,  bipinnate  to  tripinnatifid; 
pinnae  oblong-lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long;  pinnules  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely 
9-13-lobed,  the  lobes  serrate;  terminal  pinnules  confluetat;  fruit  dots  shortj. 
straight  or  curved.  Common  in  moist  woods. 

6.   POLYSTICHUM. 

Large  or  medium  sized  ferns,  mostly  with  firm  evergreen  leaves, 
pinnate,  bipinnate  or  bipinnatifid,  the  leaflets  serrate  and  usually 
auricled  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side;  veins  free;  indusium 
orbicular  and  peltate,  depressed  in  the  center  and  attached  by  a 
stalk  to  the  middle  of  the  fruit  dot;  fruit  dots  round. 

Polystichum  munitum  (Kaulf.)  Presl.  Leaves  simply  pinnate,  60-120  cm. 
long,  forming  a  crown;  petioles  stout,  chaffy  with  numerous  Brown  scales; 
rachis  also  chaffy;  leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate-linear,  acuminate,  very  sharply 
and  often  doubly  serrate,  sometimes  chaffy  on  the  midvein  beneath,  3-'10  cm. 
long;  fruit  dots  abundant,  arranged  in  a  row  on  each  side  of  the  midrib  half- 
way to  the  margin.  In  deep  woods  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

7.   WOODSIA. 

Small  or  medium  sized  ferns,  growing  in  rocky  places;  leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnate  or  pinnatifid;  fruit  dots  round,  borne  on 


4  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 

the  backs  of  simply  forked  free  veins;  indusium  attached  under 
the  fruit  dot,  round  or  star-shaped,  delicate,  early  withering. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  lobes  of  the  indusium  hair-like.      W.  oregana. 
Leaves  viscid-puberulent ;  lobes  of  the  indusium  broader  at  base.  W.  scopulina. 

Woodsia  oregana  D.  C.  Eaton.  Rootstock  short;  petioles  glabrous,  not 
jointed,  brownish  below;  blades  glabrous  or  slightly  roughened,  5-28  cm.  long, 
elliptic-lanceolate,  the  sterile  shorter  than  the  fertile;  pinnae  triangular- 
oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid;  lower  pinnae  reduced  in  size  and  somewhat  remote 
from  the  others;  rachis  straw-colored;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  dentate  or 
crenate,  the  teeth  often  reflexed  and  covering  the  fruit  dots;  indusium  deeply 
cleft  into  hair-like  segments.  Common  in  crevices  in  rocks  usually  in  shady 
places. 

Woodsia  scopulina  D.  C.  Eaton.  Similar  to  W.  oregana  but  the  leaves 
puberulent  with  minute  white  jointed  hairs  and  with  stalked  glands;  indusium 
deeply  divided  into  segments  that  are  broader  at  the  bases.  In  rock  crevices 
near  Spokane  and  about  Lake  Coeur  d'Alene.  Idaho. 

8.   FILIX. 

Delicate  rock-ferns;  leaves  2-3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid;  leaf- 
stalks slender;  fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  backs  of  the  veins; 
indusium  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the  inner  side  partly  under 
the  fruit  dot,  early  opening  and  withering  away. 

Filix  fragilis  (L.)  Underw.  Bladder  Fern.  Rootstock  short;  petioles  10- 
20cm.  long;  blades  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  only  slightly  tapering  below,  10-25 
cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide,  2-3-pinnatifid  or  pinnate;  pinnae  lanceolate-ovate, 
irregularly  pinnatifid  with  bluntly  or  sharply-toothed  segments  along  the  mar- 
gined or  winged  rachis;  texture  membranous.  In  shady  woods,  mostly  on 
rocks. 

Family  2.     OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 

Plant  consisting  of  an  underground  stem  bearing  one  or  more 
leaves  which  rise  above  ground  and  are  divided  usually  into  two 
parts,  a  fertile  portion  and  a  sterile  portion,  the  latter  being  the 
foliage  part  of  the  leaf;  frequently  the  fertile  portion  lacking  in 
some  of  the  leaves ;  sporangia  borne  within  the  tissue  of  the  fertile 
portion,  ringless,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit. 

9.  BOTRYCHIUM.     GRAPE  FERN. 

Rootstock  very  short,  with  clustered  fleshy  roots;  sterile  part 
of  the  leaf  ternately  or  pinnately  divided  or  compound;  veins 
free;  fertile  segment  1-3-pinnate,  each  pinnule  bearing  a  double 
row  of  sessile  sporangia;  spores  numerous,  sulphur-yellow. 

Botrychium  silaifolium  Presl.  Stout,  rather  fleshy,  10-35  cm.  high;  stem 
very  short  and  stout,  swollen  with  the  contained  bud  of  the  succeeding  season; 
leaves  one  or  two,  their  petioles  stout,  2-12  cm.  long;  sterile  blades  8-20  cm. 
wide,  scarcely  as  long,  ternate,  the  primary  divisions  tripinnate  or  quadri- 
pinnatifid;  ultimate  segments  obliquely  ovate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  thick,  entire 
or  wavy,  the  veins  few,  obscure;  sporophyll  erect,  the  petiole  stout,  the  fruiting 


MARSILEACEAE.  5 

portion  quadripinnate  below,  gradually  simpler  above;  sporangia  numerous, 
crowded,  bright  yellow.     Rare,  in  wet  meadows,  near  Moscow,  Idaho. 

Family  3.     MARSILEACEAE. 

Plant  perennial,  herbaceous,  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  slender 
creeping  rootstock  and  four-foliolate  or  filiform  leaves;  sporangia 
borne  within  closed  receptacles  (the  sporocarps)  which  arise 
from  the  rootstock  near  the  leafstalks  or  are  consolidated  with 
them;  spores  of  two  kinds,  large  ones  (megaspores)  and  small 
ones  (microspores) ,  both  contained  in  the  same  sporocarp. 

10.    MARSILEA. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants;  leaves  slender  petioled,  quadri- 
foliolate,  commonly  floating  on  the  surface  of  shallow  water; 
sporocarps  ovoid  or  bean-shaped,  peduncled  and  rising  from  the 
petiole  or  from  the  rootstock  at  the  base  of  the  petiole,  composed 
of  two  vertical  valves  having  several  transverse  compartments 
(sori)  in  each  valve;  also  provided  inside  with  a  ring  which  at 
the  opening  of  the  valves  swells  and  tears  the  sori  from  their 
positions;  sori  composed  of  both  megasporangia  and  micro- 
sporangia. 

Marsilea  vestita  Hook.  &  Grev.  Rootstock  slender,  creeping;  leaves 
more  or  less  pubescent  with  white  hairs;  petioles  slender,  4-12  cm.  long; 
leaflets  deltoid-obovate,  4-12  mm.  long,  mostly  entire;  sporocarps  solitary 
on  the  stalks,  4-8  mm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  with  a  short  raphe,  a  short  blunt 
lower  tooth,  and  an  acute  upper  one,  densely  pubescent  with  white  appressed 
hair-like  scales;  sori  6-11  in  each  valve.  Common  on  the  banks  of  ponds, 
frequently  aquatic,  the  leaves  floating  on  the  surface  in  spring  and  early 
summer. 

Class  II.     EQUISETINEAE. 

Plants  rush-like  with  hollow  jointed  stems  rising  from 
subterranean  rootstocks;  sterile  leaves  reduced  to  minute 
scales,  whorled,  forming  sheaths  at  the  joints;  fertile  leaves 
forming  a  short  spike  terminating  the  stem;  epidermis 
rough. 

Family  4.     EQUISETACEAE. 

Branches,  when  present,  whorled;  sporangia  one-celled,  clus- 
tered under  the  scales  of  the  terminal  cone-like  spikes;  spores  of 
but  one  kind  furnished  with  narrow  ribbon-like  appendages 
(elaters)  attached  at  the  middle,  coiling  around  them  when 
moist  and  spreading  in  the  form  of  a  cross  when  dry  and  mature ; 
epidermis  impregnated  with  silica,  rough. 


6  SELAGINELLACEAE. 

11.  EQUISETUM.    HORSETAIL. 

Perennial  plants  with  extensively  creeping  rootstocks;  stems 
simple  or  with  whorled  branches,  furrowed  lengthwise,  hollow; 
sporangia  adhering  on  the  under  side  of  the  shield-shaped  scales 
of  the  spike,  one-celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side;  spores  of 
one  kind,  with  elaters. 

Stems  annual,  of  two  kinds,  the  pale  brown  fertile  ones  appear- 
ing in  spring  before  the  herbaceous  sterile  ones;  spikes  not 
apiculate.  E.  arvense. 

Stems  perennial,  all  alike,  evergreen;  spikes  tipped  with  a  rigid 

point. 

Ridges  of  the  stem  somewhat  roughened  with  tubercles.         E.  hyemale. 
Ridges  of  the  stem  nearly  smooth.  E.  laevigatum. 

Equisetum  arvense  L.  Aerial  stems  annual,  of  two  kinds;  the  fertile 
pale-brown  and  short-lived,  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile; 
fertile  stems  10-20  cm.  tall,  simple,  terete,  bearing  about  four  loose  scarious 
distant  sheaths,  these  whitish  with  about  12  brownish  acuminate  teeth; 
sterile  stems  pale  green,  10-40  cm.  tall,  marked  with  6-19  furrows,  with  numer- 
ous whorls  of  mostly  simple,  solid  branches,  these  4-angled  or  rarely  3-angled ; 
cavity  of  the  main  stem  small;  spike  2-3  cm.  long.  Common  in  moist  places. 

Equisetum  hyemale  robustum  (A.  Br.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Scouring  rush. 
Aerial  stems  evergreen,  all  alike,  40-120  cm.  tall,  5-20  mm.  thick,  marked  with 
20^36  furrows;  ridges  roughened  usually  with  a  single  series  of  transverse 
siliceous  tubercles;  sheath  short,  commonly  marked  with  a  black  girdle  at  the 
base  and  another  at  the  base  of  the  early-falling  teeth;  spike  nearly  sessile  in 
the  uppermost  sheath,  2-3  cm.  long,  tipped  with  a  rigid  point. 

Common  in  moist  places.  The  stems  are  usually  simple  but  under  certain 
conditions  branches  may  be  produced. 

Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  Braun.  Aerial  stems  evergreen,  pale,  mostly 
simple,  40-90  cm.  tall,  marked  with  14-30  furrows,  the  ridges  nearly  smooth; 
each  sheath  marked  with  a  black  girdle  at  the  base  of  the  deciduous  white- 
margined  teeth,  and  sometimes  with  another  at  its  base;  wall  of  the  stem  thin, 
the  cavity  large;  spikes  2-3  cm.  long,  borne  on  a  stalk  that  usually  exceeds 
the  uppermost  sheath. 

Common  in  low  ground,  on  railway  embankments,  etc.  When  the  primary 
stems  are  cut  off  near  the  base  a  large  number  of  smaller  stems  are  produced, 
resulting  in  a  form  very  similar  to  E.  variegatum  Schleich. 

Class  III.     LYCOPODINEAE. 

Plant  moss-like;  stems  branched,  solid,  with  numerous 
small  leaves;  sporangia  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or 
on  their  upper  surface. 

Family  5.     SELAGINELLACEAE. 

Terrestrial,  annual  or  perennial  moss-like  plants  with  branching 
stems  and  scale-like  leaves,  which  are  many-ranked  and  uniform, 
or  four-ranked  and  of  two  kinds  spreading  in  two  planes;  spo- 


ISOETACEAE.  7 

rangia  1 -celled,  in  the  axils  of  leaves  which  are  so  arranged  as  to 
form  more  or  less  quadrangular  spikes;  spores  of  two  kinds,  some 
sporangia  (megasporangia)  containing  four  megaspores,  others 
(microsporangia)  containing  numerous  microspores. 

12.  SELAGINELLA. 

Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  leaves  forming  terminal  cone-like 
spikes;  sporangia  minute,  subglobose,  opening  transversely; 
megaspores  globose,  four  in  each  megasporangium ;  microspores 
small,  numerous. 

Selaginella  wallacei  Hieron.  Stems  densely  tufted,  5-10  cm.  long,  pros- 
trate or  ascending,  much  branched;  leaves  closely  imbricate,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, ciliate  margined,  channeled  on  the  back,  tipped  with  a  slender  white 
awn;  spikes  quadrangular,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  bracts  like  the  leaves  but  the  awns 
shorter  and  the  margin  more  ciliate.  Abundant  on  the  basaltic  bluffs  of 
Snake  River. 

Family  6.    ISOETACEAE. 

Plant  aquatic,  usually  submersed  or  sometimes  growing  on 
moist  soil,  consisting  of  a  short,  two  or  three-lobed  fleshy  stem 
with  a  dense  tuft  of  fibrous  roots  and  a  compact  cluster  of  rush 
or  grass-like  leaves;  sporangia  in  small  lobes  enclosed  in  the 
bases  of  the  leaves;  spores  of  two  kinds,  large  (megaspores)  and 
small  (microspores}. 

13.   ISOETES.     QUILLWORT. 

Stem  a  fleshy  corm  rooting  just  above  the  base,  surrounded 
above  by  the  swollen  bases  of  the  awl-shaped  linear  leaves; 
sporangia  large,  enclosed  in  the  bases  of  the  leaves;  those  of  the 
outer  leaves  with  megaspores,  those  of  the  inner  with  micro- 
spores;  the  sides  of  the  sporangia  more  or  less  covered  with  a 
fold  of  the  inner  side  of  the  leaf  base  (the  velum] . 

Leaves  without  stomata  or  bast-bundles;  plant  submersed, 

with  rigid  leaves.  /.  paupercula. 

Leaves  with  stomata  and  bast-bundles;  plants  of  shallow  water 

or  muddy  places,  often  emersed. 
Trunk  trilobed;  leaves  setaceous;  megaspores  with  blunt 

spines.  /.  minima. 

Trunk  bilobed;  leaves  not  setaceous. 

Megaspores  with  scattered  low  tubercles  or  fragmentary 

walls.  /.  howellii. 

Megaspores  smooth  or  with  low  tubercles  or  wrinkles.     /.  melanopoda. 

Isoetes  paupercula  (Engelm.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  (/.  occidentalis  Henderson.) 
Trunk  bilobed;  leaves  40-60  or  fewer  in  small  plants,  spreading,  rigid,  quad- 
rangular, sharp-pointed,  dark-green,  10-20  cm.  long;  velum  narrow,  covering 
about  one  third  of  the  sporangium;  megaspores  covered  with  scattered 


8  TAXACEAE. 

irregular  ridges;  microspores  papillose  to  spinulose.  Submersed  in  1-3  feet 
of  water,  Lake  Coeur  d'Alene,  Idaho,  and  doubtless  most  of  the  lakes  of  the 
region. 

Isoetes  minima  A.  A.  Eaton.  Leaves  6-12,  2-4  cm.  long,  terete,  slender; 
sporangia  not  spotted;  velum  broad,  covering  most  of  the  sporangium; 
megaspores  with  a  circle  of  long  spines  on  the  equator;  microspores  papillose 
and  with  few  spinules.  Wet  places  near  Waverly,  Suksdorf, 

Isoetes  howellii  Engelm.  Leaves  18-50,  rather  slender,  10-35  cm.  long, 
erect  or  nearly  so,  semi-lunate  or  helmet-shaped  in  cross  section,  striate,  with 
abundant  stomata  above;  megasporangia  dark-brown,  the  megaspores  bright 
white,  rough,  with  low,  more  or  less  confluent  tubercles;  microsporangia 
olivaceous,  elliptic  or  oblong,  much  pitted,  6-8  mm.  long,  partly  covered  by 
the  narrow  wings  of  the  velum,  the  microspores  unsymmetrical,  spinulose  on 
the  ridges. 

Borders  of  ponds  near  Moscow,  Idaho.  The  species  has  been  redescribed 
as  Isoetes  underwoodii  Henderson. 

Isoetes  melanopoda  J.  Gay.  Leaves  15-60,  dark-colored  at  base,  10-45 
cm.  long,  with  four  principal  and  numerous  peripheral  bast-bundles;  velum 
very  narrow;  sporangia  spotted;  microspores  spinulose.  Shallow  ponds  in 
the  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho,  Heller. 

PHYLUM   II.     SPERMATOPHYTA.     SEED  PLANTS. 

Highly  organized  plants,  mostly  producing  flowers  and 
always  producing  seeds,  each  of  which  contains  a  young 
plant  (the  embryo}  usually  composed  of  a  stem-like  struc- 
ture (the  caulide  or  hypocotyl) ,  one  or  more  rudimentary 
leaves  (the  cotyledons)  and  a  terminal  bud  (the  plumule  or 
epicotyl} ;  megasporangia  (ovules)  usually  borne  on  the  side 
or  face  of  an  open  or  closed  modified  leaf  (the  carpel} ;  micro- 
sporangia  (anther-sacs}  on  the  end  or  side  of  a  modified  leaf 
(the  filament}  and  bearing  numerous  microspores  (pollen 
grains). 

Class  IV.     GYMNOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (megasporangia)  naked,  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary, 
usually  on  the  face  of  an  open  scale  but  sometimes  on  the 
axis,  in  which  case  the  scale  is  rudimentary  or  wanting; 
stigmas  none;  cotyledons  mostly  several  in  a  whorl, 
occasionally  only  two ;  perianth  none. 

Family  7.    TAXACEAE.     YEW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  evergreen  linear  leaves;  flowers  dioecious, 
the  staminate  of  a  few  scaly  bracts  and  a  few  naked  stamens,  the 
ovule-bearing  of  an  erect  ovule  which  in  fruit  becomes  a  bony 
seed  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  disk. 


PINACEAE.  9 

14.  TAXUS. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  spirally  arranged,  short- 
petioled  linear  flat  leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  two-ranked ; 
aments  very  small,  axillary  and  solitary,  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
staminate  aments  consisting  of  a  few  scaly  bracts  and  5-8 
stamens;  ovules  solitary,  axillary,  erect,  subtended  by  a  fleshy 
ring-shaped  disk;  fruit  consisting  of  the  fleshy  disk  which 
becomes  cup-shaped,  red  and  nearly  encloses  the  bony  seed. 

Taxus  brevifolia  Nutt.  Western  Yew.  Small  tree,  4-10  m.  high,  some- 
times much  larger,  the  bark  loose  and  reddish;  branches  slender,  horizontal 
or  drooping;  leaves  horizontal,  1-2  cm.  long,  linear,  acuminate,  cuspidate, 
with  revolute  margins,  shiny  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  abruptly  narrowed 
at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole;  staminate  aments  globose,  3  mm.  broad;  fruit 
bright  red,  insipid  in  taste;  stone  broadly  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  flattened, 
3-4  mm.  long.  Along  streams  in  the  mountains. 

Family  8.    PINACEAE.     PINE  FAMILY. 

Resinous  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  entire 
or  scale-like  leaves;  pollen  sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate 
spikes  (aments);  usually  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious;  ovules 
solitary  or  several  together  on  the  surface  of  a  scale,  which  is  in 
the  axil  of  a  bract  in  most  genera ;  fruit  a  cone  with  numerous, 
several  or  few  woody  papery  or  fleshy  scales ;  seed  wingless  or 
winged. 

Scales  of  the  cones  few  (3-12);  leaf-buds  naked. 

Fruit  fleshy  and  berry-like.  15.  JUNIPERUS,  9. 

Fruit  a  dry  cone.  16.  THUJA,  10. 

Scales  of  the  cone  numerous;  leaf-buds  scaly. 

Leaves  clustered  on  very  short  lateral  branchlets. 
Cone-scales     woody;     leaves     needle-shaped, 

2-5  in  a  sheath,  persistent.  17.  PINUS,  10. 

Cone-scales  thin;  leaves  filiform,  clustered,  but 

not  in  sheaths,  deciduous.  18.  LARIX,  11. 

Leaves  scattered  on  the  branches. 

Branchlets  rough  from  the  prominent  persistent 

leaf-bases;  bracts  smaller  than  the  scales.        19.  PICEA,  11. 
Branchlets  smooth;  leaf-scars  not  prominent; 

bracts  longer  than  the  cone-scales. 

Cones  erect;  scales  deciduous;  leaves  sessile.  20.  ABIES,  11. 
Cones  pendulous;  scales  persistent;  leaves 

petioled.  21.  PSEUDOTSUGA,  12. 

15.   JUNIPERUS.     JUNIPER. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees ;  leaves  scale-like  or  needle-like, 
opposite  or  in  whorls  of  three ;  flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious, 
small  and  lateral;  anther-cells  3-6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of 
the  shield-shaped  scale;  ovule-bearing  aments  ovoid,  of  3-6 
fleshy  coalescent  scales,  each  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming  a  bluish- 
black  berry. 


10  PINACEAE. 

Juniperus  scopulorum  Sargent.  Rocky  Mountain  Juniper.  A  shrub  or 
scraggly  tree,  1-6  m.  high,  much  branched,  the  branches  often  drooping; 
foliage  often  glaucous;  leaves  small,  acute,  each  with  a  linear  indistinct  gland 
on  the  back;  berries  blue-black  with  a  thick  whitish  bloom,  maturing  the 
second  year;  seeds  usually  2,  grooved  longitudinally.  Spokane. 

16.  THUJA.    ARBOR  VITAE. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  small  or  minute,  scale-like, 
appressed,  opposite,  4-ranked;  flowers  monoecious,  both  kinds 
terminal,  the  staminate  globose,  the  ovule-bearing  ovoid  or 
oblong,  small,  their  scales  opposite,  each  bearing  2,  rarely  2-5 
erect  ovules;  cones  ovoid  or  oblong,  mostly  spreading  or  re- 
curved, their  scales  6-10,  coriaceous,  opposite,  dry,  spreading 
when  mature. 

Thuja  plicata  Donn.  Giant  Cedar.  Handsome  pyramidal  tree,  30-50  or 
even  80  m.  high,  1-5  m.  in  diameter,  the  trunk  rapidly  tapering  from  the  large 
base;  branches  usually  somewhat  drooping;  bark  pale  grayish,  thin,  fibrous, 
longitudinally  fissured;  wood  soft,  the  heart-wood  reddish,  odorous;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  bright  green,  rapidly  tapering  to  an  acuminate  cuspidate  apex; 
staminate  aments  minute,  dark  purple;  pistillate  aments  usually  crowded  near 
the  tips  of  the  branchlets;  cones  oblong,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  light  colored,  con- 
sisting of  about  6  pairs  of  scales,  these  elliptical,  mucronate  on  the  back  near 
the  apex.  In  moist  places,  Kamiack  Butte,  and  the  foothills  of  the  Coeur 
d'Alenes  but  absent  from  the  Blue  Mountains. 

17.  PINUS.    PINE. 

Evergreen  trees  with  two  kinds  of  leaves;  the  primary  ones 
scale-like  with  deciduous  tips;  the  secondary  ones  forming  the 
ordinary  foliage,  needle-like,  arising  from  the  axils  of  the  former 
in  clusters  of  2-5;  ovule-bearing  aments  solitary  or  clustered, 
each  composed  of  numerous  minute  bracts,  each  with  an  ovule- 
bearing  scale  in  its  axil;  ament,  upon  maturing,  becoming  a  cone; 
the  scales  elongating  and  becoming  woody;  seeds  two  on  the 
base  of  each  scale. 

Cone  scales  without  prominent  thickenings;  leaves  five  in  a 

fascicle.  P.  monticola. 

Cone  scales  with  prominent  thickenings. 

Leaves  two  in  a  fascicle.  P.  murrayana. 

Leaves  three  in  a  fascicle.  (  P.  ponderosa. 

Pinus  monticola  Dougl.  Western  White  Pine.  Tree  50-100  m.  high,  1-2  m. 
in  diameter;  bark  gray,  rather  smooth,  longitudinally  cracked;  leaves  pale 
green,  in  fascicles  of  five,  4-7  cm.  long;  cones  narrowly  cylindrical,  15-30  cm. 
long,  about  4  cm.  thick.  In  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes. 

Pinus  murrayana  Balf.  Lodgepole  Pine.  Small  tree,  10-20  m.  tall,  the 
dark  bark  usually  deeply  checked;  leaves  4-8  cm.  long,  dark  green;  cones 
small,  ovoid,  4-5  cm.  long;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex  and  armed  with  a 
stout  point.  In  the  mountains  at  low  altitudes  often  forming  dense  pure 
growths  of  nearly  equal-sized  trees. 


PINACEAE.  1 1 

Pinus  ponderosa  Dougl.  Yellow  or  Bull  Pine.  Large  tree,  30-80  m.  tall, 
1-4  m.  in  diameter,  the  reddish  bark  thick  and  deeply  furrowed;  leaves  in 
fascicles  of  three,  15-25  cm.  long,  minutely  serrulate;  staminate  aments 
cylindric,  somewhat  flexuous,  4-6  cm.  long,  crowded  at  the  base  of  young 
snoots;  pistillate  aments  1-6,  greenish  or  purplish,  borne  near  the  apex  of  the 
shoots  of  the  season;  cones  brown,  ovoid,  7-10  cm.  long,  5-6  cm.  thick,  fre- 
quently in  clusters  of  3-5;  scales  much  thickened  near  the  apex  and  bearing 
a  stout  sharp  point.  Throughout  our  limits  where  the  soil  is  gravelly. 

18.  LARK. 

Tall  trees  with  horizontal  or  ascending  branches  and  small 
narrowly  linear  deciduous  leaves,  without  sheaths,  in  clusters  on 
short  lateral  scaly  bud-like  branchlets;  aments  short,  lateral; 
staminate  from  leafless  buds;  ovule-bearing  buds  commonly 
leafy  at  the  base  and  the  aments  red;  mature  cones  ovoid  or 
cylindrical,  small,  erect;  scales  thin,  spirally  arranged,  obtuse, 
persistent;  ovules  two  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  ripening  into 
two  reflexed  somewhat  winged  seeds. 

Larix  occidentalis  Nutt.  Western  Larch  or  Tamarack.  A  large  tree, 
30-70  m.  high,  1-2  m.  in  diameter;  bark  thick,  reddish,  longitudinally  fissured; 
branches  short,  horizontal,  the  branchlets  glabrous;  buds  spherical;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  2-4  cm.  long,  in  alternate  fascicles  of  12-18,  deciduous;  cones 
ovate-cylindric,  reddish  when  young,  brown  when  mature,  2-3  cm.  long; 
scales  broadly  oblong,  truncate,  ciliate-fringed  when  young;  bracts  scarious, 
dilated  at  the  base,  the  narrow  terminal  part  exceeding  the  scale.  A  common 
tree  in  the  timbered  foothills. 

19.  PICEA. 

Evergreen  conical  trees,  with  linear  short  four-sided  leaves, 
spreading  in  all  directions,  falling  away  from  the  twig  in  drying, 
leaving  it  covered  with  small  projections;  leaf -buds  scaly; 
staminate  aments  axillary,  nearly  sessile;  ovule-bearing  aments 
terminal,  ovoid  or  oblong;  ovules  two  on  the  base  of  each  scale, 
reflexed,  ripening  into  two  more  or  less  winged  seeds;  cones  ovoid 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  pendulous;  their  scales  numerous,  spirally 
arranged,  thin,  obtuse,  persistent. 

Picea  engelmanni  Parry.  Engelmann  Spruce.  Handsome  pyramidal  tree, 
30-40  m.  tall,  the  bark  gray  and  scaly;  branchlets  pubescent;  leaves  dark- 
green,  quadrangular  in  cross  section,  very  sharply  pointed,  1.5-2  cm.  long; 
cones  cylindric-ovate,  3-6  cm.  long,  the  scales  ovate,  truncate,  rounded  or 
retuse,  crenulate.  In  moist  places  in  the  mountains. 

* 
20.   ABIES. 

Evergreen  trees  with  linear  flat  scattered  sessile  leaves,  spread- 
ing so  as  to  appear  2 -ranked  but  in  reality  spirally  arranged, 
commonly  quite  persistent  in  drying;  staminate  aments  axillary; 
ovule-bearing  aments  lateral,  erect;  ovules  two  on  the  base  of 
each  scale,  reflexed ;  the  scale  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  thin 


12  PIN  ACE  AE. 

papery  bract;  cones  erect,  subcylindrical  or  ovoid,  their  orbicular 
or  broader  scales  deciduous  from  the  persistent  axis. 

Leaves  notched  at  the  apex,  usually  spreading  horizontally  on 

the  branches;  cones  green.  A.  grandis. 

Leaves  not  notched  at  the  apex,  not  horizontally  spreading; 

cones  purple.  A.  lasiocarpa. 

Abies  grandis  Lindl.  White  Fir.  Large  tree,  sometimes  100  m.  tall  and 
2  m.  in  diameter,  with  thin,  dark  gray,  rather  smooth  bark;  branches  hori- 
zontal or  the  lower  drooping;  leaves  linear,  obtuse  or  notched,  shining  green 
above,  marked  beneath  by  two  white  lines,  18-30  mm.  long,  usually  arranged 
in  two  ranks,  giving  the  foliage  a  flattened  appearance;  cones  cylindric-oblong, 
7-10  cm.  long,  dark  green,  more  or  less  covered  with  drops  of  resin;  scales 
broader  than  long,  entire ;  bracts  small.  I n  the  mountains ;  especially  abundant 
in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Abies  lasiocarpa  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Subalpine  Fir.  Narrowly  conical  usually 
densely  branched  trees,  20-30  m.  high  and  20-40  cm.  in  diameter;  bark  pale, 
rather  smooth  but  with  large  resin  blisters;  leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  acute,  usually 
sharp- pointed ;  cones  narrowly  barrel-shaped,  usually  dark-purple,  puberulent, 
5-10  cm.  long;  bracts  usually  not  exserted.  Blue  Mountains,  at  6000  feet 
altitude. 

21.   PSEUDOTSUGA. 

Very  large  trees,  at  first  pyramidal  and  spruce-like,  often  at 
last  more  spreading;  leaves  linear,  flat,  somewhat  two-ranked 
by  a  twist  at  the  base;  aments  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of 
the  preceding  year ;  staminate  aments  in  an  oblong  or  cylindrical 
column,  surrounded  or  partly  enclosed  by  numerous,  conspicuous, 
round  bud-scales;  ovule-bearing  aments  with  the  scales  much 
shorter  than  the  broadly  linear  acutely  two-lobed  bracts;  cones 
maturing  the  first  year;  scales  persistent. 

Pseudotsuga  mucronata  (Raf.)  Sudw.  Red  Fir,  Douglas  Spruce.  Very 
large  tree,  50-100  m.  high,  1-4  m.  in  diameter;  bark  thick,  reddish  within, 
deeply  cracked  longitudinally;  branches  usually  short  and  horizontal;  leaves 
linear,  obtusish,  20-30  mm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  dark  green  above, 
paler  beneath;  staminate  aments  light  brown,  oblong-cylindric,  1  cm.  long, 
half  enclosed  in  the  large  bracts;  pistillate  aments  green  or  purplish;  cones 
pendent,  cylindric-ovate,  6-10  cm.  long,  the  tridentate  bracts  conspicuously 
exceeding  the  scale.  A  very  common  tree. 

Class  V.    ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (megasporangia)  enclosed  in  a  cavity  (the  ovary) 
formed  by  the  infolding  and  uniting  of  the  margins  of 
a  modified  rudimentary  leaf  (carpel),  or  of  several  such 
leaves  joined  together,  in  which  the  seeds  are  ripened; 
stigmas  present ;  cotyledons  one  or  two,  very  rarely  want- 
ing; perianth  present  or  wanting. 


TYPHACEAE.  13 

SUB-CLASS  I.     MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  of  the  seed  with  but  a  single  cotyledon,  that  is 
with  the  first  leaves  of  the  germinating  plantlet  alternate; 
stem  composed  of  a  mass  of  soft  tissue  in  which  the  woody 
bundles  appear  in  cross  section  to  be  irregularly  imbedded, 
there  being  no  distinction  into  bark,  wood  and  pith; 
leaves  usually  parallel-veined,  mostly  alternate  and  entire, 
commonly  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  base  and  often  with 
no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole;  parts  of  the  flowers 
mostly  in  threes. 

Family  9.    TYPHACEAE.     CAT  TAIL  FAMILY. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  linear 
flat  sheathing  leaves;  stems  erect,  terete;  flowers  monoecious, 
densely  crowded  in  terminal  spikes  which  are  subtended  by 
spathaceous  bracts;  ovary  one,  1-2-celled,  with  as  many  per- 
sistent styles ;  fruit  nutlike. 

22.   TYPHA. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike;  staminate  and  pistillate 
portions  of  the  spike  contiguous;  stamens  with  very  short  con- 
nate filaments,  mixed  with  numerous  long  hairs;  ovary  long- 
stalked,  1 -celled,  surrounded  by  numerous  bristles  and  rudi- 
mentary ovaries;  fruit  minute,  usually  splitting  on  one  side. 

Typha  latifolia  L.  Cat-tail.  Stout,  1-3  m.  tall;  leaves  flat,  sheathing  at 
base,  1-2  cm.  wide;  pistillate  and  staminate  portions  of  the  spike  close  to- 
gether, each  8-30  cm.  long,  the  pistillate  dark  brown;  stigmas  rhombic  - 
spatulate;  pollen  grains  in  fours.  In  shallow  water,  not  rare. 

Family  10.     SPARGANIACEAE.     BUR-REED  FAMILY. 

Marsh  or  pond  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  erect  or 
floating  stems;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  2-ranked,  sessile,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base;  flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  into 
globose  heads  which  are  in  a  raceme  on  the  upper  parts  of  the 
stem  and  branches,  the  staminate  above;  spathes  linear;  perianth 
of  a  few  chaffy  scales;  stamens  usually  5;  fruit  mostly  1 -celled, 
nut-like. 

23.   SPARGANIUM.     BUR  REED. 

Characters  of  the  family. 


14  POTAMOGETONACEAE. 

Fertile  flowers  sessile;  fruit  broadly  obovoid.  S.  eurycarpum. 

Fertile  flowers  stalked;  fruit  fusiform. 

Heads  all  axillary;  inflorescence  branched.  S.  androcladum. 

Heads,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  supra-axillary. 

Leaves,  or  at  least  the  larger  ones,  keeled;  usually 

terrestrial.  S.  simplex. 

Leaves  not  keeled;  floating  aquatics. 

Beak  of  fruit  short-conical;  stigma  oblong.  S.  minimum. 

Beak  of  fruit  slender;  stigma  linear.  5.  angustifolium. 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Stems  stout,  erect,  100-150  cm.  high; 
leaves  flat,  slightly  keeled;  staminate  heads  several  to  many;  pistillate  heads 
2-4,  sessile  or  peduncled,  15-30  mm.  in  diameter;  fruit  obtusely  4  or  5  angled, 
7-8  mm.  long,  abruptly  tipped  in  the  center.  Common  in  marshes  and  on 
lake  margins. 

Sparganium  androcladum  (Engelm.)  Morong.  Stems  stout,  40-100  cm. 
high;  leaves  5-12  mm.  wide,  dark  green;  inflorescence  branched,  the  branches 
strictly  axillary,  each  bearing  3-7  staminate  heads  and  usually  1  or  2  pistillate 
heads;  fruiting  heads  2-2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  fruits  dull,  the  fusiform  body 
5-6  mm.  long,  the  beak  about  3  mm.  long.  Mouth  of  St.  Joe  River,  Idaho. 

Sparganium  simplex  Huds.  Stems  rather  stout,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves 
thin,  6-15  mm.  broad,  scarious-margined  below;  inflorescence  simple;  fruiting 
heads  12-25  mm.  in  diameter,  some  of  them  supra-axillary;  fruit  fusiform, 
somewhat  shiny,  the  body  3-4  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  beak  about  as  long; 
stalk  1-2  mm.  long;  stigmas  linear.  In  bogs  or  pond  margins. 

Two  forms  occur  in  our  limits,  one  having  heads  about  2  cm.  in  diameter 
with  very  shiny  fruits  whose  conical  body  is  shorter  than  the  beak;  the  other 
with  smaller  heads,  15  mm.  in  diameter,  and  the  fruits  rather  dull,  with  the 
body  abruptly  tipped  with  a  shorter  beak.  Perhaps  neither  plant  is  true 
5.  simplex. 

Sparganium  minimum  Fries.  Aquatic;  stems  very  slender,  10-40  cm.  long; 
leaves  thin  and  grass-like,  2-4  mm.  broad,  floating;  inflorescence  simple; 
heads  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  pistillate  about  1  cm.  in  diameter  when  mature; 
nutlets  smooth,  ovoid,  conically  short-beaked,  easily  detached.  In  the  lakes 
of  Spokane  County  and  northern  Idaho. 

Sparganium  angustifolium  Michx.  Aquatic;  stems  slender,  30-100  cm. 
long;  leaves  very  long  and  narrow,  rather  firm,  2-4  mm.  wide;  inflorescence 
simple;  heads  sessile  or  the  lower  peduncled,  the  pistillate  15-20  mm.  in  di- 
ameter when  mature;  nutlets  abruptly  slender-beaked,  firmly  attached.  In 
the  lakes  of  northern  Idaho. 


Family  11.     POTAMOGETONACEAE. 

Herbs,  submersed  or  floating  in  fresh  or  salt  water;  with  mostly 
2-ranked  leaves;  flowers  mostly  small,  solitary  or  in  spikes, 
unisexual  or  perfect,  regular;  perianth  none  or  rarely  sheath-like; 
stamens  1-4;  carpels  1-4,  each  1-ovuled;  fruits  drupaceous  or 
membranaceous . 

Flowers  perfect,  in  spikes.  24.  POTAMOGETON,  15. 

Flowers  unisexual,  in  axillary  clusters.  25.  ZANNICHELLIA,  16. 


POTAMOGETONACEAE.  15 

24.  POTAMOGETON.     PONDWEED. 

Leaves  alternate  or  the  uppermost  opposite,  often  of  two 
kinds,  the  submersed  mostly  linear,  the  floating  lanceolate, 
ovate  or  oval ;  spathes  enclosing  the  young  buds  usually  perishing 
soon  after  expanding;  flowers  small,  perfect,  spicate,  green  or  red; 
parts  of  flower  in  fours;  ovaries  4,  sessile,  distinct,  1-celled, 
1-ovuled. 

Leaves  all  submersed,  linear. 

Stipules  free  from  the  blades;  fruit  1.5-2  mm.  long.  P.  californicus. 

Stipules  united  to  base  of  blades;  fruit  3-4  mm.  long.  P.  pectinatus. 

Leaves  not  all  submersed;  floating  ones  broad. 

Submersed  leaves  ribbon-like,  linear.  P.  epihydrus. 

Submersed  leaves  lanceolate. 

Floating  leaves  cordate  at  base.  P.  pulcher. 

Floating  leaves  rounded  or  tapering  at  base. 

Floating  leaves  30-50  nerved.  P.  amplifolius. 

Floating  leaves  10-25  nerved.  P.  americanus. 

Potamogeton  californicus  (Morong)  Piper.  Stems  slender,  much  branched, 
flattened  or  somewhat  winged,  30-50  cm.  long,  wholly  submersed;  leaves 
linear,  sessile,  2-5  cm.  long,  0.2-1  mm.  wide,  3-5-nerved,  the  midvein  thick; 
peduncles  erect,  club-shaped;  spike  containing  6-12  globose  fruits,  these 
crested  on  the  back,  angled  in  front,  short-beaked,  about  2  mm.  long.  Ponds, 
common. 

Potamogeton  pectinatus  L.  Stems  filiform,  branched,  30-90  cm.  long; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  1-nerved,  2-10  cm.  long;  pe- 
duncles slender;  flowers  in  whorls;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  compressed,  turgid, 
3.5-4.5  mm.  long;  style  straight  or  nearly  so.  In  ponds,  not  rare. 

Potamogeton  epihydrus  Raf.  (P.  nutlallii  C.  &  S.)  Stems  simple  or 
branched,  compressed,  60-120  cm.  long;  floating  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  attenuate  into  a  short  petiole;  submersed  leaves  numerous,  linear, 
thin,  5-7-nerved,  with  a  coarse  cellular  reticulation  between  the  inner  nerves; 
stipules  short,  obtuse;  spikes  1-4  cm.  long,  on  stout  peduncles;  fruit  obovoid, 
apiculate,  2-3  mm.  long,  3-keeled  when  dry.  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

Potamogeton  pulcher  Tuckerm.  Stems  mostly  simple,  slender,  terete, 
black-spotted,  30-70  cm.  long;  floating  leaves  large,  ovate,  somewhat  cordate 
at  base,  25-37-nerved,  large,  5-10  cm.  long;  submersed  of  two  kinds,  the  upper 
ones  very  thin,  10-15-nerved,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  the  lowermost  oval 
or  oblong  and  thicker;  peduncles  as  thick  as  the  stem,  5-10  cm.  long;  spikes 
2-4  cm.  long;  fruit  4-4.5  mm.  long,  turgid,  beaked,  3-keeled.  Reported  from 
Lake  Tesemini  (Spirit  Lake),  Idaho. 

Potamogeton  amplif olius  Tuckerm.  Stem  stout,  simple  or  branched ;  floating 
leaf-blades  oblong-oval,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  on  petioles 
one  to  two  times  as  long;  submersed  leaves  mostly  linear-lanceolate  to  lan- 
ceolate, the  uppermost  frequently  oval  or  oblong;  stipules  large,  5-10  cm.  long, 
spike  stout,  dense,  2-A  cm.  long,  on  stout  peduncles;  fruit  large,  4-5  mm.  long, 
with  a  broad  beak.  Pullman,  rare. 

Potamogeton  americanus  C.  &  S.  (P.  lonchitis  Tuckerm.)  Stems  slender, 
flaccid,  branched,  50-100  cm.  or  more  long;  floating  leaves  narrowly  elliptic, 
pointed  at  each  end,  5-10  cm.  long,  many-nerved,  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
a  petiole  about  as  long;  submersed  leaves  linear;  stipules  narrow,  3-8  cm.  long; 
spike  dense,  2-4  cm.  long,  on  rather  stout  peduncles;  fruit  about  3^tmm.  long. 
In  ponds  and  pools,  not  common. 


1.6  SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 

25.   ZANNICHELLIA. 

Submersed  herbs;  leaves  small,  linear;  stems,  flowers  and  leaf 
buds  at  first  enclosed  in  a  hyaline  envelope;  flowers  unisexual,  in 
axillary  clusters,  each  composed  of  one  staminate  and  2-5 
pistillate  flowers;  staminate  flower  with  no  perianth;  pistillate 
with  a  funnel-shaped  undivided  perianth;  ovary  flask-shaped 
with  a  short  style. 

Zannichellia  palustris  L.  Stems  slender,  branching,  leafy,  10-60  cm.  long; 
leaves  thin,  filiform,  1-nerved,  5-8  cm.  long;  fruit  nearly  sessile,  flattened, 
somewhat  incurved,  often  more  or  less  toothed  on  the  back,  2-3  mm.  long, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  style.  In  clear  ponds  and  slow  streams. 

Family  12.     NAJADACEAE. 

Submersed  aquatic  herbs  with  slender  branching  stems; 
leaves  flat  or  filiform,  opposite,  alternate  or  whorled;  flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  solitary;  staminate  enclosed 
in  a  membranous  sheath;  stamen  1,  sessile  or  stalked  with  a  1-4 
celled  anther;  ovary  1  with  a  short  style,  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  endo- 
sperm none. 

26.   NAJAS. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Najas  flexilis  (Willd.)  Rostk.  &  Schmidt.  Stems  slender;  leaves  numerous, 
linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  1-2  cm.  long,  minutely  serrulate,  the  sheath  broadly- 
oblong;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  oblong-linear,  tipped  with  the  persistent  style;  seed 
pale-brown,  shining.  Near  Viola,  Idaho,  Henderson. 

Family    1-3.     SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.    ARROW   GRASS 
FAMILY. 

Swamp  plants  with  narrow  leaves  and  terminal  racemose  or 
spike-like  inflorescences;  flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  naked  or 
with  a  usually  evanescent  bract-like  perianth;  stamens  2  or  3; 
carpels  3-6,  each  1-2-ovuled,  more  or  less  united  till  maturity, 
dehiscent  or  indehiscent. 

27.  TRIGLOCHIN.     ARROW  GRASS. 

Flowers  small,  perfect,  in  terminal  scapose,  spike-like  racemes; 
perianth  segments  3-6,  greenish,  evanescent;  stamens  3-6; 
anthers  2-celled,  on  very  short  filaments;  carpels  3-6,  united 
into  a  compound  pistil;  ovules  solitary;  capsule,  when  ripe, 
splitting  into  3-6  carpels  with  a  persistent  central  axis. 

Triglochin  maritima  L.  Scapes  subterete,  20-40  cm.  high,  exceeding  the 
leaves;  leaves  thickish,  narrow;  raceme  elongate,  15-40  cm.  long;  fruit  ovoid, 
angled,  5-6  mm.  long;  carpels  usually  6,  sometimes  3.  In  salt  marshes. 


ALISMACEAE.  17 

Family  14.    ALISMACEAE. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs  with  fibrous  roots,  scape-like  stems  and 
basal  long-petioled  leaves;  inflorescence  a  raceme  or  panicle; 
flowers  regular,  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  pedicelled;  the 
pedicels  whorled  and  subtended  by  bracts;  sepals  3,  persistent; 
petals  3,  deciduous;  stamens  6  or  more;  ovaries  numerous  or 
rarely  few,  1-celled,  usually  1-ovuled;  carpels  becoming  akenes 
in  fruit;  endosperm  none. 

Carpels  in  a  ring  upon  a  small  flat  receptacle;  leaves 
ovate  (in  ours).  28.  ALISMA,  17. 

Carpels  crowded  in  many  series  upon  a  large  convex  re- 
ceptacle; leaves  sagittate  (in  ours).  29.  SAGITTARIA,  17. 

28.   ALISMA. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs  with  erect  or  floating  leaves; 
inflorescence  a  panicle  or  umbel-like  panicle;  flowers  perfect, 
small,  numerous,  on  unequal  3-bracted  pedicels;  petals  small; 
stamens  6  or  9;  ovaries  few  or  many,  more  or  less  in  one  whorl 
on  a  small  flat  receptacle. 

Alisma  plantago-aquatica  L.  Water  Plantain.  Scapes  stout,  30-100  cm. 
tall;  leaves  all  radical,  erect  or  floating,  the  petioles  usually  long;  the  blades 
ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.  long,  5-7- 
neryed;  flowers  in  a  large  panicle  composed  of  3-6  whorls  of  branches,  these 
again  branched  once  or  twice;  flowers  on  pedicels  1-5  cm.  long;  petals  white, 
hardly  exceeding  the  sepals;  akenes  obliquely  obovate,  compressed,  arranged 
in  a  circle  on  the  receptacle.  Common  in  ponds  and  wet  places. 

29.   SAGITTARIA.     ARROWHEAD. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs  with  basal  long-petioled 
leaves;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  near  the  summits 
of  the  scapes  in  whorls  of  3,  the  staminate  usually  uppermost; 
petals  usually  conspicuous;  stamens  usually  numerous;  ovaries 
numerous,  crowded  in  globose  heads. 

Petioles  short,   usually  curved;  bracts  8-20  mm.  long;  usually 

terrestrial.  5.  arifolia. 

Petioles  long  and  slender;  bracts  4-6  mm.  long;  aquatic.  S.  cuneata. 

Sagittaria  arifolia  Nutt.  Terrestrial  or  rarely  aquatic,  10-50  cm.  tall; 
petioles  stout,  ascending,  10-30  cm.  long;  blades  6-18  cm.  long,  sagittate, 
acute,  the  basal  lobes  diverging  and  usually  much  smaller  than  the  terminal 
one;  sepals  becoming  reflexed;  petals  white;  fruiting  head  globose,  8-15  mm. 
in  diameter;  akenes  2  mm.  long,  obovate-cuneate,  much  flattened,  with  a 
minute  erect  beak.  Common  on  the  margins  of  ponds  and  streams. 

Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheldon.  Submerged  aquatic;  petioles  long  and  slender; 
blade  floating,  the  lobes  narrow;  inflorescence  scarcely  raised  above  the  water; 
fruiting  head  10  mm.  in  diameter;  akenes  1  mm.  long.  Phileo  Lake,  Suksdorf. 
This  is  probably  only  an  aquatic  form  of  5.  arifolia. 

3 


18 


POACEAE. 


Family  15.    POACEAE.     GRASS  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees ;  stems  (culms') 
generally  hollow;  nodes  closed;  leaves  2-ranked,  sheathing,  the 
sheaths  usually  split  to  the  base  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade; 
a  scarious  or  membranous  appendage  (the  ligule)  borne  at  the 
opening  of  the  sheath,  rarely  obsolete;  inflorescence  a  spike,  a 
raceme  or  a  panicle,  consisting  of  spikelets  composed  of  two  to 
many  2-ranked  imbricated  bracts;  the  lowest  two  (glumes) 
without  flowers  or  rarely  wanting;  one  or  more  of  the  upper 
(lemma}  containing  in  its  axil  a  flower,  which  is  usually  enclosed 
by  a  bract-like,  generally  2-keeled,  awnless  organ  (palea)  opposite 
the  glume  and  with  its  back  toward  the  axis  (rachilla}  of  the 
spikelet;  lemma  sometimes  bearing  an  indurated  thickening 
(callus)  at  the  base;  flowers  perfect  or  sometimes  monoecious  or 
dioecious,  subtended  by  1-3  minute  hyaline  scales  (lodicules) ; 
stamens  1-6,  usually  3;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  styles  1-3, 
commonly  2  and  lateral;  stigmas  hairy  or  plumose;  fruit  a  seed- 
like  grain  (caryopsis)  or  rarely  a  utricle;  endosperm  starchy. 

Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower. 
Spikelets  with  only  one  flower. 

Rachilla  jointed  below  the  glumes  which  fall 

with  the  seed.  Tribe  1.     PANICEAE. 

Rachilla  jointed  above  the  glumes  which  do 

not  fall  with  the  seed. 
First  two  lemmas  empty,  variously  modi 

fied,  the  third  with  a  flower. 
First  lemma  flower-bearing. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  two  rows  in  one- 
sided spikes. 

Spikelets  not  in  one-sided  spikes. 
Spikelets  in  two  opposite  rows. 

Hordeum  in  Tribe  7. 

Spikelets  not  in  two  opposite  rows.   Tribe  3. 
Spikelets  with  a  staminate  or  neutral  flower  in 

addition  to  the  perfect  one. 
Rachilla  jointed  below  the  glumes  which  fall 

with  the  seed. 
Rachilla  jointed  above  the  glumes  which  do 

not  fall  with  the  seed. 
Imperfect  flower  below  the  perfect. 

Arrhenatherum  in  Tribe  4. 
Imperfect  flower  above  the  perfect. 

Holcus  in  Tribe  4. 
Spikelets  with  two  or  more  perfect  flowers. 

Spikelets  sessile  on  the  rachis;  inflorescence  a 

spike.  Tribe  7. 

Spikelets    pedicelled;    inflorescence     a    panicle, 


Tribe  2. 


Tribe  6. 


PHALARIDEAE. 
CHLORIDEAE. 


HORDEAE. 
AGROSTIDEAE. 


Tribe  1.     PANICEAE. 


AVENEAE. 

AVENEAE. 

HORDEAE. 


POACEAE.  19 

spike-like  panicle  or  raceme. 
Lemmas  shorter  than  the  glumes,  usually 

with  a  bent  awn  rising  from  the  back.          Tribe  4.     AVENEAE. 
Lemmas  longer    than  the  glumes,    awnless 

or  with  a  straight  apical  awn.  Tribe  5.     FESTUCEAE. 

TRIBE  1.     PANICEAE. 

Spiketets  in  clustered  racemes  or  spikes.  30.  ECHINOCHLOA,  20. 

Spikelets  not  in  clusters. 

Inflorescence  a  dense  spike-like  panicle;  pedicels 
bristly.  31.  CHAETOCHLOA,  20. 

Inflorescence  a  loose  panicle;  pedicels  not  bristly.    32.  PANICUM,  21. 

TRIBE  2.     PHALARIDEAE. 

First  and  second  lemmas  small,  empty  and  not  awned.     33.  PHALARIS,  21. 

TRIBE  3.     AGROSTIDEAE. 

Lemma  with  a  long  terminal  awn  and  closely  en- 
veloping the  grain. 

Fruiting  lemma  thin  and  membranaceous.  34.  MUHLENBERGIA,  22. 

Fruiting  lemma  firm  and  indurated. 

Awns  3-branched.  35.  ARISTIDA,  22. 

Awns  simple,  twisted.  36.  STIPA,  22. 

Lemma  awnless  or  short-awned  and  loosely  en- 
veloping the  grain. 
Inflorescence    a    dense    spike-like    raceme    or 

panicle. 

Lemma  awnless.  37.  PHLEUM,  23. 

Lemma  awned. 

Glumes  awnless.  38.  ALOPECURUS,  24. 

Glumes  awned.  39.  POLYPOGON,  24. 

Inflorescence  a  loose  panicle. 

Palea  1 -nerved,  stamen  1.  40.  CINNA,  24. 

Palea  2-nerved;  stamens  3. 

Lemma  1-nerved,  rarely  3-nerved;  fruit  a 

utricle.  41.  SPOROBOLUS,  25. 

Lemma  3-5-nerved;  fruit  a  grain. 

Callus  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the 

base.  42.  CALAMAGROSTIS,  25. 

Callus  naked.  43.  AGROSTIS,  26. 

TRIBE  4.    AVENEAE. 

Perfect  flower  only  one,  the  other  staminate. 
Lower  flower  perfect,  awnless;  upper  staminate, 

awned.  44.  HOLCUS,  27. 

Lower  flower  staminate,   long  awned;   upper 

perfect,  awnless.  45.  ARRHENATHERUM,  27. 

Perfect  flowers  two  or  more. 

Awn  of  lemma  from  between  the  2  terminal 

teeth.  46.  MERATHREPTA,  28. 

Awn  of  lemma  dorsal  or  none. 

Spikelets  large,  more  than  15  mm.  long.        47.  AVENA,  28. 
Spikelets  small,  less  than  15  mm.  long. 

Lemma  erose-truncate.  48.  DESCHAMPSIA,  28. 

Lemma  2-toothed.  49.  TRISETUM,  29. 


20  POACEAE. 

TRIBE  5.     FESTUCEAE. 

Lemma  3-nerved,  rarely  1-nerved. 

Glumes  obtuse,  very  unlike.  SO.  SPHENOPHOLIS,    30. 

Glumes  acute,  subequal. 

Panicle  close;  spikelets  2^-flowered.  51.  KOELERIA,  30. 

Panicle     looser;     spikelets     usually     many- 
flowered.  52.  ERAGROSTIS,  30. 
Lemma  5-nerved  or  more. 

Spikelets    with    the    upper    florets    sterile    and 

folded  about  each  other.  53.  MELICA,  31. 

Spikelets    with    the    upper    florets    perfect,    or 

narrow  and  abortive. 

Stigmas  arising  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary.    54.  BROMUS,  32. 
Stigmas  arising  at  the  apex  of  the  ovary. 
Lemmas  compressed  and  keeled. 

Lemma  awn-pointed.  55.  DACTYLIS,  33. 

Lemmas  pointless.  56.  POA,  33. 

Lemmas  convex  or  rounded  on  the  back. 

Lemmas  acute  or  awned.  57.  FESTUCA,  36. 

Lemmas  obtuse  and  scarious  at  apex.    58.  PANICULARIA,  37.' 

TRIBE  6.     CHLORIDEAE. 

Spikelets  much  flattened;  glumes  unequal,  keeled.          59.  SPARTINA,  38. 
Spikelets  subterete;  glumes  equal,  convex.  60.  BECKMANNIA,  38. 

TRIBE  7.     HORDEAE. 

Spikelets  solitary  at  the  notches  of  the  rachis;  glumes 

usually  acute,  or  awned.  61.  AGROPYRON,  39. 

Spikelets  2-6  at  each  notch  of  the  rachis;  glumes  mostly 

long-awned. 
Rachis  not  readily  breaking  into  joints;  spikelets 

1-7-flowered,  2-4  at  each  joint.  62.  ELYMUS,  40. 

Rachis  readily  breaking  into  joints. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint,  only  the 

central  one  perfect.  63.  HORDEUM,  41. 

Spikelets   1-5-flowered,   2-4  at  each  joint,   all 
perfect.  64.  SITAMON,  42. 

30.  ECHINOCHLOA. 

Coarse  annuals  with  long  leaves;  spikelets  1-flowered,  with 
sometimes  a  staminate  flower  below,  nearly  sessile  in  1 -sided 
spikes  or  racemes;  glumes  unequal,  hispid,  mucronate;  sterile 
lemma  similar  and  usually  awned  from  the  apex. 

Echinochloa  crus-galli  (L.)  Beauv.  Barnyard^  Grass.  Glabrous;  stems 
stout,  branching  at  the  base,  30-120  cm.  tall;  panicle  dense,  10-20  cm.  long, 
composed  of  many  ascending  or  spreading  racemes;  spikelets  green  or  purple, 
3  mm.  long,  densely  crowded  in  3  or  4  rows;  sterile  lemma  awned  or  in  some 
forms  awnless.  Introduced  from  Europe,  a  weed  in  moist  ground. 

31.  CHAETOCHLOA. 

Annual  grasses  with  erect  stems  and  flat  leaves ;  spikelets  with 
one  perfect  flower  and  rarely  also  a  staminate  one,  in  spike-like 


POACEAE.  21 

panicles;  pedicels  bearing  bristles;  glumes  and  lower  lemma 
membranous,  the  latter  often  containing  a  palea  and  rarely  a 
staminate  flower;  upper  lemma  papery  with  a  similar  palea  and 
a  perfect  flower. 

Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn.  Green  Foxtail.  Annual,  usually  tufted, 
green;  stems  30-90  cm.  high;  leaf-blades  flat,  4-10  mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the 
margins;  spikes  green,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  rachis  villous;  bristles  1-3,  upwardly 
barbed,  6-12  mm.  long;  spikelets  2  mm.  long;  fertile  lemma  faintly  wrinkled. 
Introduced  in  fields  and  waste  places. 

32.  PANICUM. 

Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower,  often  with  a  staminate  one 
below  it;  glumes  2,  membranous;  lemmas  2,  the  lower  empty  or 
including  the  staminate  flower,  the  upper  papery,  shining, 
enclosing  a  similar  palea  and  the  perfect  flower;  awns  none  (in 
ours) ;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  glume  and  palea. 

Spikelets  acuminate.  P.  barbipulvinatum. 
Spikelets  obtuse. 

Stems  stout;  spikelets  3  mm.  long  P.  scribnerianum. 

Stems  slender;  spikelets  1.8-2  mm.  long.  P.  pacificum. 

Panicum  barbipulvinatum  Nash.  Annual;  stems  erect  or  decumbent  at 
the  base,  15-50  cm.  tall,  mostly  simple;  leaf  blades  5-30  cm.  long,  pubescent; 
sheaths  villous;  panicle  10-20  cm.  long,  the  capillary  branches  solitary  or  in 
twos,  ascending,  branched  and  spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets 
3  mm.  long,  ovoid,  usually  on  peduncles  as  long  or  longer.  In  sandy  soili 
common. 

Panicum  scribnerianum  Nash.  Annual,  the  stems  10-50  cm.  tall,  erect 
or  ascending,  simple  or  branched  above;  stem  leaves  about  6,  the  blades  lance- 
olate,  4-10  cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  wide,  stiff,  ascending,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
pilose  below;  sheaths  usually  pilose,  loose;  panicles  oblong  or  pyramidal, 
3-8  cm.  long,  loose,  exserted  or  the  smaller  ones  included;  spikelets  turgid, 
ovoid,  3  mm.  long.  Sandy  banks  of  Snake  River. 

Panicum  pacificum  Hitchc.  &  Chase.  Perennial,  the  stems  tufted,  25-50  cm. 
tall,  ascending  in  the  spring  and  prostrate  and  spreading  in  the  autumn, 
branching  from  the  upper  nodes,  leafy,  papillose-pilose  with  spreading  hairs; 
stem-leaves  5  or  6,  the  blades  erect  or  ascending,  5-10  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide, 
acuminate,  narrowed  toward  the  rounded  base,  papillose-pilose  above,  ap- 
pressed  papillose-pubescent  beneath;  sheaths  papillose-pilose;  panicles  usually 
rather  short-exserted,  5-10  cm.  long,  about  three  fourths  as  wide;  spikelets 
1.8-2  mm.  long,  obovate,  obtuse,  turgid.  Spokane,  Kreager. 

33.  PHALARIS. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  spike-like  or  narrow  panicles; 
spikelets  crowded,  1-flowered;  glumes  2,  about  equal,  compressed; 
lemmas  3,  the  first  two  much  reduced  and  sterile,  the  third 
enclosing  a  palea  and  a  perfect  flower;  stamens  3. 

Panicle  very  dense,  ovoid;  glumes  wing- keeled.  P.  canariensis. 

Panicle  branched;  glumes  wingless.  P.  arundinacea. 


22  POACEAE. 

Phalaris  canariensis  L.  Canary  grass.  Annual,  pale  green,  erect,  30-70 
cm.  high;  inflorescence  2-3  cm.  long;  spikelets  obovate,  5-6  mm.  long;  glumes 
white  with  green  veins.  Introduced  in  waste  places. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  Reed  canary  grass.  Stout  tufted  perennial, 
50-200  cm.  tall;  leaves  flat,  green,  6-10  mm.  wide;  panicle  erect,  6-15  cm.  long; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  5  mm.  long.  Common  in  wet  places,  often  in  shallow 
water. 

34.   MUHLENBERGIA. 

Perennial  grasses  with  small  1-flowered  spikelets;  glumes 
usually  unequal  and  shorter  than  the  lemma,  acute  or  sometimes 
awned;  lemma  narrow,  3-5-nerved,  with  a  straight  awn  from 
the  apex  or  from  between  the  teeth. 

Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  setiglumis  Wats.  Stems  erect  or  nearly  so, 
60-90  cm.  high,  branched;  leaves  flat,  3-4  mm.  wide,  6-12  cm.  long;  panicles 
purple,  narrow,  6-12  cm.  long,  exserted;  spikelets  crowded  on  short  appressed 
branches;  glumes  very  narrow,  scabrous,  awn-pointed;  lemmas  scabrous  and 
tipped  with  an  awn  6-12  mm.  long.  In  moist  rocky  places,  rare. 

35.   ARISTIDA. 

Spikelets  narrow,  1-flowered ;  glumes  2,  narrow,  slightly  keeled ; 
lemma  1,  convolute,  bearing  a  3-branched  awn;  palea  short; 
grain  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Aristida  purpurea  robusta  (Merrill)  Piper.  Perennial,  tufted,  15-40  cm. 
high;  radical  leaves  numerous;  stem  leaves  about  3,  all  strongly  involute  and 
filiform,  scabrous;  panicle  loose,  purplish,  10-20  cm.  long;  awns  of  the  flowering 
glume  capillary,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  central  slightly  longer  than  the  others. 
JDry  soil,  not  common. 

36.   STIPA. 

Tufted  grasses;  inflorescence  a  panicle;  spikelets  1-flowered, 
-narrow;  lemma  1,  bearing  a  twisted  or  bent  awn  which  is  spiral 
and  articulated  at  the  base;  grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  closed 
in  the  lemma.  All  in  our  limits  are  perennials. 

Awns  10-20  times  longer  than  the  lemmas.  S.  comata. 

Awns  4-7  times  longer  than  the  lemmas. 
Awns  plumose. 

Ligules  2-4  mm.  long;  sheaths  smooth  or  scabrous.      o.  tnuroenana. 
Ligules  1  mm.  long  or  less;  sheaths  pubescent.  S.  elmeri. 

Awns  not  plumose. 

Callus  very  short,  obtuse.  S.  lemmom. 

Callus  acute  or  acuminate. 

Awns  1-3  cm.  long.  5.  minor. 

Awns  3.5-6  cm.  long.  S.  nelsoni. 

Stipa  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Tufted,  pale  green,  40-80  cm.  high;  blades 
involute;  ligule  4-5  mm.  long,  conspicuous;  panicle  open,  20-30  cm.  long, 
often  included  at  base,  the  branches  spreading  and  few-flowered;  glumes  5- 
nerved,  subequal,  15-25  mm.  long;  lemma  10-12  mm.  long;  awn  10-15  cm. 
long.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Spokane  and  Walla  Walla.  Common  in  the 
sagebrush  region  of  Central  Washington. 


POACEAE.  23 

Stipa  thurberiana  Piper.  Tufted,  pale  green;  stem  slender,  30-75  cm. 
high,  pubescent  at  the  nodes;  blades  involute,  rather  rigid;  ligules  large  and 
conspicuous;  panicle  erect,  8-15  cm.  long,  rather  dense,  often  included  at  base 
in  the  upper  sheath;  lower  glume  5-nerved,  longer  than  the  3-nerved  upper 
glume;  lemma  6-7  mm.  long,  pubescent;  awn  3-5  cm.  long,  plumose  to  the 
second  bend.  Common  in  the  sagebrush  region  of  Central  Washington,  but 
rare  in  our  limits. 

Stipa  elmeri  Piper  &  Brodie.  Tufted,  pale  green,  60-75  cm.  high,  the 
whole  plant  pubescent;  blades  mostly  involute;  ligules  very  short;  panicle 
erect,  rather  dense,  5-20  cm.  long,  its  base  usually  included;  glumes  subequal, 
the  lower  5-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved;  lemma  6  mm.  long,  pubescent;  awn 
20-25  mm.  long,  pubescent  to  the  second  bend.  Near  Spokane,  but  more 
common  westward  in  the  sagebrush  region. 

Stipa  lemmoni  Scribn.  Stems  slender,  rigid,  glabrous,  40-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  rather  numerous;  sheaths  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
1.5  mm.  long;  blades  5-10  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  glabrous  beneath,  striate 
and  pubescent  above,  strongly  involute;  panicle  narrow,  erect,  5-12  cm.  long; 
spikelets  pale  green  or  purplish,  shiny;  glumes  nearly  equal,  broadly  lanceolate, 
long-acuminate,  scarious,  about  12  mm.  long;  lemmas  oblong,  5-7  mm.  long, 
2-toothed,  sparsely  pilose;  callus  obtuse,  short-bearded;  awns  10-12  mm.  long, 
sparsely  pilose  to  the  second  bend.  In  rocky  soil  in  the  mountains. 

Stipa  minor  (Vasey)  Scribn.  Perennial,  tufted,  50-100  cm.  tall,  dark  green; 
leaf-blades  involute,  long-attenuate,  10-30  cm.  long,  scabrous;  sheath  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  loose,  smooth ;  ligule  very  short ;  panicle  erect,  rather  dense, 
8-20  cm.  long,  narrow,  its  base  included  in  the  uppermost  sheath,  the  branches 
mostly  in  pairs;  spikelets  8-12  mm.  long,  purple-tinged;  lemma  sparsely 
appressed-hairy,  the  awns  20-30  mm.  long,  bent  near  the  middle,  below  which 
they  are  pubescent.  Grassy  hillsides  and  pine  woods,  infrequent. 

Stipa  nelson!  Scribn.  Stout,  glabrous,  70-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  rather 
few;  stem  leaves  3;  sheaths  long,  nearly  equalling  the  internodes;  ligules  very 
short,  fringed;  blades  10-30  cm.  long,  involute,  strongly  nerved;  panicle  erect, 
10-15  cm.  long,  the  branches  appressed;  glumes  subequal,  thin  and  hyaline, 
acuminate,  9-10  mm.  long;  lemmas  7  mm.  long,  pilose,  the  apex  2-toothed; 
awn  minutely  scabrous,  3.5-6  cm.  long;  callus  acute.  In  dry  ground,  rather 
common. 

37.   PHLEUM. 

Annuals  or  perennials ;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  raceme ;  spike- 
lets  1-flowered;  glumes  membranous,  compressed,  keeled,  the 
apex  obliquely  truncate,  the  mid-nerve  produced  into  an  awn; 
lemma  much  shorter;  grain  ovoid,  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma 
and  palea. 

Spike-like  racemes  cylindric;  awns  of  glumes  short.  P.  pratense. 

Spike-like  racemes  ovate-oblong;  awn  as  long  as  body  of  glume.     P.  alpinum. 

Phleum  pratense  L.  Timothy.  Tall,  erect,  60-150  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades 
15-20  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  scabrous;  spike-like  raceme  nar- 
rowly cylindrical,  erect,  5-15  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
ciliate  on  the  keels  which  are  prolonged  into  awns  1  mm.  long.  Abundantly 
introduced. 

Phleum  alpinum  L.  Mountain  Timothy.  Stems  20-60  cm.  high;  leaf 
blades  flat,  rather  short;  spike-like  raceme  usually  purple,  cylindric,  2-3  cm. 
long;  awns  of  glumes  2  mm.  long.  In  alpine  meadows,  Craig  Mountains. 


24  POACEAE. 

38.  ALOPECURUS. 

Annuals  or  perennials ;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  panicle ;  spike- 
lets  1-flowered,  flattened;  glumes  acute,  sometimes  short-awned; 
lemma  3-nerved,  awned  on  the  back,  usually  with  a  palea. 

Awns  scarcely  exceeding  the  glumes;  spikelets  2  to  2.5  mm. 

long.  A .  geniculatus. 

Awns  much  exceeding  the  glumes. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long;  anthers  orange.  A.  calif  or  nicus. 

Spikelets  4  mm.  long;  anthers  white.  A.  saccatus. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  fulvus  (Smith)  Sender.  Pale  green  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so;  stems  decumbent  and  branched  at  base,  15-60  cm.  long;  leaf 
blades  flat,  somewhat  scabrous  above;  sheaths  little  inflated;  panicles  slender, 
erect,  3-7  cm.  long;  spikelets  2.5  mm.  long;  glumes  ciliate  on  the  keels;  lemma 
shorter  than  the  glumes,  bearing  a  short  awn.  In  wet  places,  often  partly 
floating. 

Alopecurus  californicus  Vasey  (4.  pallescens  Piper).  Perennial,  tufted, 
pale  green,  the  smooth  stems  30-50  cm.  tall,  erect  or  slightly  geniculate  at 
the  base;  stem  leaves  3;  sheaths  rather  loose  and  inflated,  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  smooth;  blades  flat,  6-12  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  acuminate, 
strongly  scabrous  above,  less  so'  beneath;  ligule  scarious,  3-5  mm.  long; 
panicle  usually  well  exserted,  pale  and  silvery,  2-7  cm.  long,  about  5  mm. 
thick,  erect,  straight  or  somewhat  flexuous;  glumes  2-5  mm.  long,  nearly 
equal,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keels,  obtuse;  lemma  hyaline,  2-4-nerved,  as 
long  as  the  glumes,  obtuse,  bearing  from  near  the  base  a  stout  geniculate  awn, 
5  mm.  long,  scabrous  above  the  bend.  Common  in  wet  places. 

Alopecurus  saccatus  Vasey.  Pale  green,  glabrous,  simple  or  tufted,  10-30 
cm.  high,  erect  or  geniculate  at  base;  sheaths  much  inflated,  about  as  long  as 
the  internodes;  ligule  well  developed;  blades  short,  2-8  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
broad;  panicles  usually  exserted,  2-5  cm.  long,  thick,  pale  green  or  purplish; 
glumes  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keels;  lemma  shorter  than  the  glumes  and  bearing 
a  divergent  awn  6-7  mm.  long.  In  moist  ground,  local. 

39.  POLYPOGON. 

Annual  grasses;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  panicle;  spikelets 
1-flowered;  glumes  each  extended  into  an  awn;  lemma  smaller, 
generally  hyaline,  short-awned,  with  a  palea  which  is  shorter 
than  the  lemma;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Polypogon  monspeliensis  Desf.  Annual,  with  erect  or  ascending  stems, 
8-30  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  flat,  more  or  less  scabrous;  sheaths  loose,  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  spike-like  panicle  densely  flowered,  oblong,  rarely  inter- 
rupted, 2-7  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  elliptic,  notched  at  the  apex,  about  2  mm. 
long,  bearing  terminal  awns  3  or  4  times  as  long;  flowering  glume  truncate, 
1  mm.  long,  bearing  a  terminal  awn  somewhat  longer.  Moist  places,  especially 
where  somewhat  alkaline. 

40.   CINNA. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  conspicuous  hyaline 
ligules  and  usually  many-flowered  nodding  panicles;  spikelets 
1-flowered;  rachilla  articulated  below  the  glumes  and  prolonged 
behind  the  palea  into  a  minute  bristle;  glumes  narrow;  lemma 
3-5-nerved;  palea  1 -nerved;  stamen  1. 


POACEAE.  25 

Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.  Stems  solitary  or  few,  erect,  60-120  cm. 
high;  leaf  blades  flat,  green,  1-1.5  cm.  broad,  scabrous;  panicle  pale  green, 
drooping,  10-30  cm.  long;  glumes  subequal,  scabrous,  4  mm.  long;  lemma 
shorter,  scabrous,  bearing  a  short  straight  awn;  palea  2-nerved.  In  moist 
places  in  woods. 

41.   SPOROBOLUS. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  small  1-flowered  spikelets;  inflo- 
rescence an  open  contracted  panicle;  glumes  membranous,  the 
first  somewhat  shorter;  lemma  membranous,  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  glumes;  grain  free  and  often  deciduous. 

Panicle  open,  branches  mostly  spreading.  S.  cryptandrus. 

Panicle  contracted,  spike-like. 

Glume  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  lemma.  S.  richardsoni. 

Glume  from  two-thirds  to  almost  the  whole  length  of  the 

lemma.  5.  depauperalus. 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torn)  Gray.  Stems  50-100  cm.  tall,  erect, 
usually  simple,  smooth;  leaf  blades  flat,  becoming  involute,  10-15  cm.  long, 
3-4  mm.  wide;  ligule  minute;  sheaths  long,  bearded  at  the  throat;  panicle 
erect,  narrowly  pyramidal,  10^-20  cm.  long,  its  base  enclosed  in  the  uppermost 
sheath;  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  ascending;  spikelets  crowded,  leaden-colored, 
1.5  mm.  long.  Sandy  bars  of  Snake  River. 

Sporobolus  richardsoni  (Trin.)  Merrill.  Somewhat  tufted;  stems  very 
slender,  20-50  cm.  high,  minutely  roughened;  ligule  acute,  2  mm.  long; 
panicle  small;  spikelets  3  mm.  long,  acute;  lemma  cuspidate.  Medical  Lake, 
Henderson. 

Sporobolus  depauperatus  (Torr.)  Scribn.  Densely  matted,  10-15  cm.  high; 
stems  strongly  decumbent  at  base;  leaf  blades  5-8  cm.  long,  narrow,  involute, 
minutely  scabrous;  stem  leaves  4-5;  ligules  entire,  acute;  panicle  very  narrow, 
2-5  cm.  long,  erect,  frequently  with  its  base  in  the  uppermost  sheath;  spikelets 
2-2.5  mm.  long;  lemma  acuminate,  scabrous  above.  In  low  swales,  common. 

42.   CALAMAGROSTIS. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  small  spikelets  in  many-flowered 
terminal  panicles;  spikelets  1-flowered,  the  pubescent  rachilla 
prolonged  behind  the  palea;  glumes  subequal,  longer  than  the 
lemma  which  is  hyaline  and  obtuse,  and  bears  a  dorsal  awn; 
callus  copiously  hairy;  palea  shorter;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the 
lemma. 

Awn  strongly  geniculate;  callus  hairs  much  shorter  than  the 

lemma;  panicle  dense.  C.  rubescens. 

Awn  straight;  callus  hairs  not  much  shorter  than  the  lemma. 
Panicle  loose;  leaf -blades  soft. 

Glumes  2-2.5  mm.  long.  C.  macouniana. 

Glumes  3-4  mm.  long.  C.  canadensis. 

Panicle  narrow,  rather  close. 

Leaf -blades  soft,  not  stiff.  C.  neglecta. 

Leaf-blades  stiff.  C.  hyperborea. 


26  POACEAE. 

Calamagrostis  rubescens  Buckl.  Stems  tufted,  60-100  cm.  tall;  stem 
leaves  3  or  4,  2-4  mm.  wide;  panicle  usually  narrow  and  dense,  8-12  cm.  long, 
erect,  pale  green,  rarely  purple,  the  branches  short  and  flower-bearing  to  the 
base;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long;  lemma  shorter  than  the  glumes,  obtuse,  4-toothed 
at  apex,  bearing  a  stout,  nearly  basal,  geniculate  awn,  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  itself.  The  most  abundant  grass  in  pine  forests.  Includes  C.  suksdorfii 
Scribn. 

Calamagrostis  macouniana  Vasey.  Stems  60-120  cm.  high,  erect,  slender; 
leaf  blades  narrow,  flat,  long-attenuate,  15-25  cm.  long;  panicle  10-12  cm. 
long,  purple,  narrow  or  pyramidal,  loose,  the  branches  in  fives,  slender,  naked 
below;  spikelets  small,  2-2.5  mm.  long;  lemma  equalling  the  glumes,  2-lobed 
at  apex,  bearing  a  very  short  straight  awn  from  above  the  middle  of  the  back. 
Wet  banks  of  the  Palouse  at  Pullman,  not  common. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  Similar  to  C.  macouniana,  but 
usually  stouter;  panicle  looser;  spikelets  larger.  In  wet  meadows  and  along 
streams. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  acuminata  Vasey.  Spikelets  larger,  4-5  mm. 
long.  With  the  species  in  wet  meadows  and  along  streams. 

Calamagrostis  neglecta  (Ehrh.)  G.,  M.  &  S.  Rootstock  slender;  stems 
slender,  40-65  cm.  high;  leaves  soft,  1-3  cm.  long,  smooth;  panicle  narrow, 
glomerate  and  lobed,  5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  4  mm.  long;  glumes 
acute;  callus- hairs  a  little  shorter  than  the  floret  and  as  long  as  those  of  the 
rudiment;  awn  from  the  middle  of  the  thin  lemma  or  lower,  scarcely  exceeding 
it.  Spokane  County,  Suksdorf. 

Calamagrostis  hyperborea  Lange.  Stems  tufted,  40-90  cm.  high,  stiffly 
erect;  leaves  stiff,  erect,  scabrous,  somewhat  involute;  panicle  erect,  narrow, 
densely  flowered,  8-12  cm.  long;  glumes  scabrous,  acute,  4-4.5  mm.  long. 
In  wet  meadows,  Spokane  County. 

43.   AGROSTIS. 

Annual  or  usually  perennial  grasses  with  small  1 -flowered 
spikelets,  usually  in  diffuse  panicles;  glumes  membranous,  keeled, 
acute;  lemma  shorter,  obtuse,  hyaline,  sometimes  bearing  a  dorsal 
awn;  palea  shorter  than  the  lemma,  sometimes  minute  or  want- 
ing; grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Plants  with  rootstocks. 

Palea  present;  panicle  usually  large.  A.  alba. 

Palea  absent;  panicle  small.  A.  pattens. 

Plants  tufted,  without  rootstocks. 
Panicle  loose,  open. 

Inflorescence  very  diffuse;  herbage  scabrous.  A.  hyemalis. 

Inflorescence  not  diffuse;  herbage  smooth.  A.  idahoensis. 

Panicle  narrow,  close. 

Glumes  2.5-3.5  mm.  long;  panicle  5-30  cm.  long;  tall 

lowland  plant.  A.  exarata. 

Glumes  2  mm.  long;  panicle  3-6  cm.  long;  low  alpine 

plant.  A.  rossae. 

Agrostis  alba  L.  Redtop.  Perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks;  stems  erect, 
50-100  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  flat,  usually  scabrous,  the  sheaths  smooth;  panicle 
7-25  cm.  long,  open  at  first,  then  contracted,  greenish  or  purple;  palea  present, 
one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  lemma.  Abundantly  introduced. 


POACEAE.  27 

Agrostis  pallens  foliosa  (Vasey)  Hitchc.  Perennial  with  running  root- 
stocks;  stems  slender,  erect,  about  60  cm.  tall;  radical  leaves  numerous,  those 
of  the  stem  usually  2-3,  the  blades  flat,  1-2  mm.  broad,  7-10  cm.  long,  strongly- 
scabrous,  the  sheaths  nearly  smooth;  panicle  erect,  narrow,  purplish,  7-12  cm. 
long,  the  branches  scabrous,  naked  below.  In  moist  soil,  not  common. 

Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  B.S.P.  Annual,  tufted,  15-90  cm.  tall;  leaves 
flat  or  involute,  narrow,  very  scabrous;  panicle  very  loose,  15-30  cm.  long; 
branches  in  whorls  of  2-12,  capillary,  5-15  cm.  long,  branched  above  the  middle 
and  spikelet-bearing  only  near  the  tips.  Common  in  both  dry  and  moist 
places. 

Agrostis  idahoensis  Nash.  Delicate,  loosely-tufted,  glabrous,  perennial, 
10-30  cm.  high;  blades  flat,  narrow,  1-6  cm.  long;  panicle  loose,  green  or 
purple,  5-10  cm.  long;  rays  capillary;  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long;  lower 
glume  scabrous  on  the  keel,  slightly  larger  than  the  upper;  lemma  truncate, 
awnless,  1  mm.  long;  palea  minute.  In  alpine  woods,  Craig  Mountains. 

Agrostis  exarata  Trin.  Perennial,  tufted,  the  stems  30-90  cm.  tall;  leaves 
erect,  the  blades  flat,  2-6  mm.  broad,  5-10  cm.  long,  scabrous,  the  upper 
distant  from  the  panicle;  panicle  strict,  pale  green,  spike-like  or  interrupted, 
the  short  branches  appressed  and  spikelet-bearing  to  the  very  base;  glumes 
2.5—3.5  mm.  long,  usually  scabrous  on  the  back.  Common  in  moist  soil. 

Agrostis  rossae  Vasey.  Tufted,  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal, 
2-5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  broad,  flat  or  folded;  panicle  narrow,  erect,  3-6  cm. 
long,  green  or  purple;  glumes  2  mm.  long,  not  scabrous.  Meadows,  on  the 
highest  ridges  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

44.   HOLCUS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  densely-flowered  terminal 
panicles;  spikelets  deciduous,  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower  perfect, 
the  upper  staminate;  glumes  membranous,  keeled,  the  lower  1- 
nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved  and  often  short-awned;  lemmas  2, 
papery,  that  of  the  upper  flower  bearing  a  bent  awn;  palea 
narrow"  grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Holcus  lanatus  L.  Velvet  Grass  or  Mesquite.  Perennial;  the  whole  plant 
downy  with  pale  pubescence;  stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  flat, 
rather  broad  and  short;  sheath  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  panicle 
pale  purplish,  5-10  cm.  long,  rather  densely-flowered,  the  branches  in  twos 
or  threes;  spikelets  4-6  mm.  long;  upper  glume  short-awned  near  the -apex; 
lemma  of  the  staminate  flower  with  a  hook-like  awn.  Sparingly  introduced. 

45.   ARRHENATHERUM 

Tall  perennials  with  long  narrow  panicles;  spikelets  2-flowered, 
lower  flower  staminate,  upper  perfect;  rachilla  extending  beyond 
the  flowers;  glumes  thin-membranous,  keeled,  very  acute  or 
awn-pointed,  unequal,  persistent;  lemmas  2,  rigid,  5-7-nerved, 
deciduous,  the  first  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  dorsal  awn 
inserted  below  the  middle,  the  second  unawned;  palea  hyaline, 
2 -keeled;  grain  ovoid,  free. 

Arrhenatherum  elatius  (L.)  Beauv.  Tall  Meadow  Oatgrass.  Glabrous 
perennial,  100-150  cm.  high;  stem  leaves  3,  the  blades  flat,  minutely  scabrous, 


28  POACEAE. 

the  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  panicle  shining,  15-25  cm.  long,  rather 
narrow,  the  branches  suberect;  lemmas  6-7  mm.  long,  the  lower  bearing  a 
long  dorsal  geniculate  awn.  Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation. 

46.   MERATHREPTA. 

Flowers  solitary  or  few  in  a  small  raceme  or  panicle;  spikelets 
3  to  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate; 
rachilla  pubescent,  extending  beyond  the  flowers;  glumes  keeled, 
acute,  subequal,  persistent,  generally  extending  beyond  the 
uppermost  lemma;  lemmas  rounded  on  the  back,  2-toothed, 
deciduous,  tha  bent  awn  flat  and  twisted  at  the  base,  arising 
from  between  the  acute  or  awned  teeth;  palea  hyaline,  2-keeled 
near  the  margins,  obtuse  or  2-toothed ;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the 
lemma. 

Spikelets  in  small  racemes;  leaves  merely  scabrous.  M.  calif  arnica. 

Spikelets  mostly  solitary;  leaves  hairy.  M.  unispicata. 

Merathrepta  californica  (Boland.)  Piper.  Erect,  50-100  cm.  tall;  leaf 
blades  flat,  scabrous;  sheaths  loose,  shortly  retrorse-pubescent,  with  a  tuft 
of  hairs  at  the  throat;  spikelets  1-2  cm.  long,  3-5  in  a  raceme,  rarely  more 
numerous  or  even  solitary,  usually  long-pedicelled;  lemma  long-ciliate  below 
the  middle,  two  cleft  at  apex,  bearing  an  awn  of  about  equal  length.  Common 
in  low  places. 

Merathrepta  unispicata  (Thurb.)  Piper.  Closely  resembling  M.  californica 
but  not  so  large,  15-30  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  sparsely  hairy,  the  sheaths  villose 
with  long  white  hairs;  spikelets  small,  solitary.  In  dry  soils,  rare. 

47.   AVENA.     OATS. 

Annuals  with  large  spikelets;  inflorescence  a  panicle;  spike- 
lets  2-many-flowered ;  lower  flowers  perfect,  the  upper  often 
staminate;  glumes  somewhat  unequal,  membranous,  persistent; 
lemmas  deciduous,  rounded  on  the  back,  acute,  generally  bearing 
a  dorsal  awn;  apex  often  2-toothed;  palea  narrow,  2-toothed; 
grain  oblong,  deeply  furrowed,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea, 

free  or  sometimes  adheren'c  to  the  latter. 

^ 

Avena  fatua  glabrata  Petermann.  Smooth  Wild  Oat.  Stems  stout,  pale, 
smooth,  50-100  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaf  blades  broad  and  flat,  the  sheaths  about 
equalling  the  internodes;  panicle  loose  15-30  cm.  long;  spikelets,  including 
awns,  3.5-^4  cm.  long,  erect  or  drooping,  on  slender  branches;  lemma  smooth, 
except  the  scabrous  apex  and  the  ring  of  stiff  white  hairs  at  the  base,  bearing 
on  the  back  a  geniculate,  stout,  twisted  awn  below  the  2-cleft  apex.  A  trouble- 
some weed  in  cultivated  land. 

48.   DESCHAMPSIA. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  inflorescence  a  contracted  or  open 
panicle;  spikelets  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  hairy 
rachilla  extending  beyond  the  flowers  or  rarely  terminated  by  a 
staminate  one;  glumes  keeled,  acute,  membranous,  shining, 


POACEAE.  29 

persistent;  lemmas  of  about  the  same  texture,  deciduous,  each 
bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  the  apex  erose-truncate ;  palea  narrow; 
grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Glumes  scarcely  equalling  the  lemma.  D.  caespilosa. 
Glumes  exceeding  the  lemma. 

Glume  about  4  mm.  long.  D.  elongata. 

Glume  about  7  mm.  long.  D.  calycina. 

Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Densely  tufted  perennial;  stems  60- 
150  cm.  high,  much  exceeding  the  numerous  basal  leaves;  stem  leaves  3,  the 
blades  narrow,  involute,  5-12  cm.  long,  scabrous,  the  smooth  sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  panicle  10-30  cm.  long,  usually  open,  the  capillary 
branches  in  whorls  of  2-5,  flower-bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  shining, 
greenish  or  purplish,  2-3  mm.  long;  lemma  hairy  at  the  base,  erose-toothed 
at  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender  awn  near  the  base.  Plentiful  in  wet  ground. 

Deschampsia  elongata  (Hook.)  Munro.  Stems  densely  tufted,  smooth, 
30-90  cm.  tall;  leaves  filiform,  commonly  involute,  smooth;  panicle  narrow, 
15-45  cm.  long,  somewhat  nodding;  branches  very  unequal,  ascending  or 
appressed,  very  slender,  naked  below;  spikelets  pale  green,  usually  purple- 
tinged  near  the  apex;  lemmas  hairy  at  base,  shining,  irregularly  toothed  at 
apex,  bearing  a  slender  awn  about  twice  as  long.  Common  in  dry  soil. 

Deschampsia  calycina  Presl.  Annual;  the  slender  stems  erect,  15-40  cm. 
tall;  leaves  narrow,  involute,  the  blades  2-6  cm.  long;  panicle  very  loose,  7-20 
cm.  long,  with  subequal  branches  mostly  in  twos,  these  capillary,  branched 
above  and  bearing  spikelets  near  the  tips;  spikelets  pale  green,  sometimes 
purple-tinged,  about  7  mm.  long;  lemma  long-hairy  at  the  base,  minutely 
toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  geniculate  awn  three  or  four  times  as  long. 
Very  abundant  in  dry  soil. 

49.   TRISETUM. 

Ours  all  cespitose  perennials;  inflorescence  a  spike-like  or 
open  panicle;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  or 
the  uppermost  staminate;  rachilla  glabrous  or  with  long  soft 
hairs,  extending  beyond  the  flowers;  glumes  unequal,  acute, 
persistent;  lemmas  2-4,  usually  shorter  than  the  glumes,  decidu- 
ous, 2-toothed,  bearing  a  dorsal  awn  below  the  apex  or  sometimes 
awnless;  palea  narrow,  hyaline,  2-toothed;  grain  free,  enclosed 
in  the  lemma. 

Lemmas  awnless;  panicle  narrow.  T.  muticum. 
Lemmas  awned. 

Panicle  dense  and  spike-like;  ovary  smooth.  T.  spicatum. 
Panicle  loose  and  open;  ovary  hairy  at  apex. 

Sheaths  glabrous;  lemma  3-4  mm.  long.  T.  cernuum. 

Sheaths  pubescent;  lemma  7  mm.  long.  T.  canescens. 

Trisetum  muticum  (Boland.)  Scribn.  Stems  erect,  30-75  cm.  high; 
blades  flat,  scabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent;  panicles  narrow,  erect,  rather 
dense;  spikelets  2-flowered;  glumes  subequal,  acute;  lemmas  smooth,  awnless 
or  very  short  awned.  A  rare  grass  only  known  in  our  limits  from  near  Spangle. 

Trisetum  spicatum  (L.)  Richter.  Densely  tufted,  10-40  cm.  high,  pubes- 
cent to  glabrous  with  the  sheaths  pubescent;  panicle  oblong-ovate,  5-15  cm. 


30  POACEAE. 

long,  shining  and  often  brownish-purple;  glumes  ciliate  on  the  keels,  the  lower 
short;  lemma  5-6  mm.  long,  its  awn  divergent  and  about  as  long.  A  common 
alpine  grass  occurring  in  the  Blue  Mountains  at  1700  meters  altitude. 

Trisetum  cernuum  Trin.  Stems  60-100  cm.  tall,  erect,  the  nodes  pale; 
leaf  blades  flat,  merely  scabrous,  15-20  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide;  panicle 
10-15  cm.  long,  loose,  nodding;  branches  in  distant  whorls,  capillary,  cernuous, 
flower-bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  6-7  mm.  long  without 
the  awn;  lemma  3-4  mm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  about  twice  its  length.  Moist 
woods  and  copses. 

Trisetum  canescens  Buckl.  Much  like  T.  cernuum,  the  leaf  blades  and 
sheaths  pubescent;  nodes  usually  dark;  panicle  erect,  7-16  cm.  long;  lemma 
7  mm.  long.  In  coniferous  woods. 

50.    SPHENOPHOLIS. 

Panicles  contracted;  spikelets  2-flowered;  the  rachilla  extend- 
ing beyond  the  flowers;  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  the 
lower  linear,  acute,  1-nerved;  the  uppei  much  broader,  3-nerved, 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  or  sometimes  acute,  the  margins 
scarious;  lemmas  narrower,  generally  obtuse,  1-3-nerved,  awn 
less;  palea  narrow,  2-nerved;  grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  palea. 

Panicle  dense,  erect;  lemma  obtuse.  S.  obtusata. 

Panicle  loose,  usually  nodding;  lemma  acutish.  5.  pollens. 

Sphenopholis  obtusata  lobata  (Trin.)  Scribn.  Somewhat  tufted,  perennial, 
60-100  cm.  tall,  the  stems  smooth;  leaf  blades  flat,  scabrous,  10-15  cm.  long, 
3-5  mm.  wide;  panicle  erect,  narrow,  5-12  cm.  long,  pale  green,  the  branches 
short  and  densely  flowered;  lemma  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse.  Rather  rare, 
on  sandy  bars  of  Snake  River. 

Sphenopholis  pallens  major  (Torr.)  Scribn.  Stems  30-90  cm.  tall,  gla- 
brous; leaf  blades  6-15  cm.  long;  panicle  slender,  8-15  cm.  long,  usually  loose 
and  nodding,  the  branches  3-7  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  3  cm.  long,  usually 
numerous;  lemma  narrow,  acutish.  Infrequent. 

51.  KOELERIA. 

Tufted  perennial  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  densely 
flowered  spike-like  panicles;  spikelets  2-4-flowered;  rachilla 
articulated  between  the  lemmas;  glumes  acute,  subequal,  keeled, 
scarious  on  the  margins;  lemmas  3-nerved,  keeled,  acute;  palea 
hyaline,  acute;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Perennial,  the  erect  stems  densely  tufted, 
30-70  cm.  tall,  usually  glabrous;  leaves  narrow,  commonly  involute;  panicle 
dense,  greenish  or  purplish,  shining,  5-15  cm.  long,  often  more  or  less  inter- 
rupted; spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  2-4-flowered.  Common  on  dry  hillsides. 

52.   ERAGROSTIS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses;  inflorescence  a  contracted  or 
open  panicle;  spikelets  many-flowered,  more  or  less  flattened; 


POACEAE.  31 

glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  lemmas,  keeled,  1-nerved; 
lemmas  membranous,  keeled,  3-nerved,  awnless;  palea  shorter 
than  the  lemmas,  prominently  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  usually 
persisting  on  the  rachilla  after  the  lemma  has  fallen;  grain  free, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Stems  erect;  leaves  2-12  cm.  long.  E.  lutescens. 

Stems  creeping;  leaves  15-30  mm.  long.  E.  hypnoides. 

Eragrostis  lutescens  Scribn.  Stems  tufted,  erect,  10-30  cm.  high,  branched 
near  the  base;  leaf  blades  2-12  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  scabrous  above; 
panicle  silvery  green,  narrow,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  branches  ascending,  naked 
below;  spikelets  oblong,  4-7  mm.  long,  usually  10-12-flowered.  Very  rare, 
on  the  sandy  banks  of  Snake  River  near  Almota. 

Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  B.S.P.  Stems  prostrate,  creeping,  much 
branched  from  the  base,  forming  dense  circular  mats;  leaf  blades  2-3  cm.  long, 
somewhat  pubescent;  sheaths  loose,  inflated,  hairy;  panicles  very  numerous, 
pale  green,  dense,  1-\  cm.  long,  usually  with  their  bases  included  in  the  upper- 
most sheaths;  spikelets  oblong,  4-7  mm.  long.  Banks  of  Snake  River,  common. 

S3.   MELICA. 

Perennial  grasses  with  simple  stems;  inflorescence  a  contracted 
or  open  panicle;  spikelets  1 -several-flowered,  often  one-sided; 
rachilla  extending  beyond  the  flowers  and  usually  bearing  2-3 
empty  club-shaped  or  hooded  lemmas  twisted  around  each  other; 
glumes  membranous,  the  lower  3-5-nerved,  the  upper  5-9-nerved; 
lemmas  larger,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  awnless,  the 
margins  more  or  less  scarious;  palea  broad,  shorter  than  the 
lemma;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Lemma  notched  at  the  apex,  awned.  M.  smithii. 
Lemma  not  notched  at  the  apex,  awnless. 

Apex  of  lemma  long-acuminate.  M.  subulata. 

Apex  of  lemma  obtuse.  M.  spectabilis. 

Melica  smithii  (Porter)  Vasey.  Glabrous;  stems  tufted,  usually  few,  not 
bulbous  at  base;  blades  flat;  panicle  loose,  the  solitary  branches  at  length 
spreading  or  reflexed;  spikelets  3-6-flowered;  glumes  unequal;  lemmas  glabrous, 
10  mm.  long,  the  straight  awns  half  as  long  or  less.  Rich  open  woodlands, 
Blue  Mountains. 

Melica  subulata  (Griseb.)  Scribn.  Glabrous;  stems  tufted,  usually  few, 
bulbous  at  base;  blades  flat,  shining;  panicle  narrow  and  rather  loose,  suberect, 
10-20  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  glumes  unequal,  usually  purplish; 
lemmas  pubescent,  12  mm.  long.  In  open  woods  and  copses. 

Melica  spectabilis  Scribn.  Stems  30-90  cm.  tall,  erect,  smooth,  mostly 
solitary,  with  bulbous  bases  about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  these  appearing  on  the 
apices  of  stout  rootstocks;  stem  leaves  3,  rarely  4;  sheaths  strongly  veined, 
scabrous,  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes,  sometimes  overlapping;  blades 
flat,  linear,  attenuate  at  apex,  10-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  glabrous  on 
both  sides;  panicle  erect,  narrow,  5-15  cm.  long;  lower  branches  mostly  in 
threes,  the  two  outer  of  which  are  short  and  bear  a  single  spikelet,  the  central 
longer  and  bearing  2-5  spikelets;  upper  branches  solitary,  bearing  a  single 


32  POACEAE. 

spikelet;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  10-12  cm.  long,  5-7-flowered,  usually 
purple;  lower  glume  5  mm.,  the  upper  7-8  mm.  long,  acutish;  lemmas  about 
7  mm.  long,  all  minutely  scabrous.  In  low  meadows,  infrequent. 

54.  BROMUS.     BROMEGRASS. 

Annuals,  biennials  or  perennials  with 'flat  leaves  and  terminal 
panicles  of  large  spikelets;  peduncles  thickened  at  the  summit; 
spikelets  few-many-flowered;  glumes  unequal,  acute;  lemmas 
rounded  on  the  back,  or  sometimes  compressed-keeled,  5-9- 
nerved,  the  apex  usually  2-toothed,  generally  bearing  an  awn 
just  below  the  summit;  palea  shorter  than  the  lemma;  grain 
adherent  to  the  palea. 

Spikelets  strongly  flattened. 

Awns  less  than  7  mm.  long.  B.  marginatus. 

Awns  more  than  7  mm.  long.  B.  carinatus. 

Spikelets  subterete,  not  strongly  flattened. 

Perennial,  native;  spikelets  narrow,  pubescent.  B.  eximius. 

Annuals  or  biennials,  introduced. 

Awn  much  longer  than  the  body  of  the  lemma. 

Lemma  pubescent;  awns  13-15  mm.  long.  B.  tectorum. 

Lemma  not  pubescent;  awns  longer. 

Awns  20-30  mm.  long.  B.  sterilis. 

Awns  35-45  mm.  long.  B.  maximus. 

Awn  not  longer  than  the  body  of  the  lemma,  or  none. 

Awns  minute  or  wanting.  B.  brizaeformis . 

Awns  well  developed. 

Panicle  dense,  small.  B.  hordeaceus. 

Panicle  loose,  open. 

Sheaths  glabrous.  B.  secalinus. 

Sheaths  pubescent.  B.  commutatus. 

Bromus  marginatus  Nees.  Perennial,  tufted;  the  stout  stems  about  1  m. 
high;  leaf  blades  coarse,  sparsely  pubescent;  panicle  15-25  cm.  long,  rather 
narrow,  the  branches  in  whorls  of  2-4,  about  7  cm.  long,  and  bearing  two  spike- 
lets;  spikelets  2.5-4  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  compressed  and  keeled,  7-9- 
flowered;  lemma  rough-pubescent,  11-14  mm.  long,  2-toothed  at  apex,  and 
bearing  a  stout  awn  4-7  mm.  long.  Mostly  in  mountain  woods. 

Bromus  marginatus  latior  Shear.  Larger  and  stouter,  100-150  cm.  tall; 
panicle  20-30  cm.  long;  the  lower  branches  10-20  cm.  long.  Common  at  the 
edges  of  wheat  fields,  roadsides,  etc. 

Bromus  carinatus  Hook.  &  Arn.  Short-lived  perennial  or  sometimes 
annual;  sheaths  and  blades  pilose;  glumes  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  awns  of  the 
lemmas  7-10  mm.  long;  otherwise  similar  to  B.  marginatus.  In  sandy  or 
gravelly  soil,  especially  along  Snake  River. 

Bromus  eximius  umbraticus  Piper.  Perennial;  the  stem  slender,  80-100 
cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  15-25  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose;  sheaths 
pilose  with  spreading  or  reflexed  hairs;  ligule  truncate,  fringed,  3-5  mm.  long; 
panicle  sparse,  more  or  less  nodding,  8-12  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-3  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  wide;  lemma  8-10  mm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  on  the  back,  some- 
what ciliate  on  the  margin,  the  awn  6-9  mm.  long.  In  woods,  Thatuna  Hills. 

Bromus  tectorum  L.  Annual,  20-60  cm.  tall,  mostly  erect;  panicle  one- 
sided, drooping,  the  slender  branches  in  threes  and  fours,  and  bearing  several 


POACEAE.  33 

spikelets  above  the  middle;  spikelets  nodding,  15-20  mm.  long,  rather  dense; 
lemma  lanceolate,  pubescent,  11-13  mm.  long,  the  awn  13-15  mm.  long. 
Sparingly  introduced  in  waste  places. 

Bromus  sterilis  L.  Annual,  the  stout  stems  50-100  cm.  high,  usually 
decumbent  at  base;  panicle  10-20  cm.  long,  loose  and  drooping,  its  branches 
in  whorls  of  2-6,  long  and  slender,  usually  bearing  but  one  spikelet;  spikelets 
drooping,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  6-10-flowered;  lemma  narrowly  lanceolate,  17-20 
mm.  long,  bearing  a  stout  rough  awn,  20-30  mm.  long.  In  waste  places, 
infrequent. 

Bromus  maximus  Desf.  Stems  20-40  cm.  high;  sheaths  and  blades  pilose; 
panicle  erect,  5-10  cm.  long,  somewhat  one-sided,  the  branches  rather  short 
and  erect  or  nearly  so  after  flowering.  Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Bromus  brizaeformis  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Annual,  erect,  30-60  cm.  tall;  leaf 
blades  pubescent;  panicle  5-25  cm.  long,  loose,  one-sided,  nodding;  spikelets 
15-25  mm.  long,  elliptical,  compressed;  lemmas  very  broad,  smooth,  awnless, 
or  the  uppermost  with  short  awns,  1-2  cm.  long.  Introduced  and  becoming 
abundant. 

Bromus  hordeaceus  L.  Annual,  erect,  20-60  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  pilose 
or  smooth,  the  sheaths  pubescent  with  retrorse  hairs;  panicle  narrow,  dense, 
5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  erect,  12-15  mm.  long,  5-1 2 -flowered;  lemma  pu- 
bescent, bearing  a  stout  straight  or  somewhat  twisted  awn  6-9  mm.  long. 
Very  common. 

Bromus  hordeaceus  glabrescens  (Coss.)  Shear.  Spikelets  smooth  or 
nearly  so.  Very  common. 

Bromus  secalinus  L.  Annual,  erect,  30-70  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  10-20  cm. 
long,  sparsely  hairy  above,  smooth  beneath;  sheaths  glabrous;  panicle  8-18 
cm.  long,  pyramidal,  erect  at  first,  in  fruit  somewhat  drooping;  spikelets 
oblong-lanceolate,  turgid  in  fruit,  10-18  mm.  long;  lemma  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  margins  involute  in  fruit,  tipped  with  an  awn  2-5  mm. 
long;  palea  nearly  equal  to  the  lemma.  Common  in  fields. 

Bromus  commutatus  Schrad.  Very  similar  to  B.  secalinus;  panicle  more 
drooping;  lemma  broader,  not  inrolled  in  fruit,  tipped  with  a  stout  straight 
awn  7-8  mm.  long.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

55.   DACTYLIS. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves;  inflorescence  a  densely 
clustered  or  interrupted  panicle;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  short- 
pedicelled,  in  small  fascicles,  the  flowers  all  perfect  or  the  upper 
staminate;  glumes  thin,  membranous,  keeled,  unequal,  mucro- 
nate;  lemmas  larger  than  the  glumes,  rigid,  5-nerved,  keeled, 
the  midnerve  extending  into  a  point  or  short  awn ;  palea  shorter 
than  the  lemma;  grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea. 

Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Orchardgrass.  Perennial,  tufted,  the  stout  stems 
60-150  cm.  tall;  leaf  blad^  flat,  scabrous,  6-8  mm.  broad;  sheath  scabrous, 
exceedirg  the  internode;  panicle  3-10  cm.  long,  pyramidal-ovate,  greenish  or 
purplish;  branches  solitary,  ascending,  spikelet-bearing  above;  lemmas  con- 
spicuously ciliate  on  the  keels.  Escaped  from  cultivation. 

56.  POA.     BLUEGRASS. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  simple  stems  and  narrow 
usually  flat  leaves;  inflorescence  a  contracted  or  open  panicle; 

4 


34 


POACEAE. 


spikelets  2-6-flowered,  compressed,  the  rachilla  usually  glabrous; 
flowers  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious;  glumes  membranous,  keeled, 
1-3-nerved;  lemmas  membranous,  keeled,  awnless,  longer  than 
the  glumes,  generally  with  a  tuft  of  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base, 
5-7-nerved,  marginal  nerves  usually  pubescent,  often  also  the 
dorsal  one;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  lemma,  2-nerved  or 
2-keeled ;  grain  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  palea. 

Annual;  lemma  without  cobwebby  hairs  at  base.  P.  annua. 

Perennials. 

Plants  with  creeping  rootstocks. 

Stems  compressed,  2-edged;  panicles  small.  P.  compressa. 

Stems  cylindric. 

Lemma  webbed,  that  is  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  base.    P.  pratensis. 
Lemma  without  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  base.  P.  olneyae. 

Plants  tufted,  without  rootstocks. 
Web  present  at  base  of  lemma. 

Panicle  close;  leaf  blades  flat,  thin  and  lax.  P.  bolanderi. 

Panicle  open;  leaf  blades  narrow,  not  thin  and  lax. 
Ligule  3-5  mm.  long;  panicle  loose,  somewhat 

drooping,  10-30  cm.  long.  P.  Iriflora. 

Ligule  very  short;  panicle  erect,  4-10  cm.  long.    P.  nemoralis. 
Web  absent  from  base  of  lemma. 

Stems  coarse  and  tall,  60^-100  cm.  high. 

Leaves  narrow,  pale,  involute;  panicle  narrow, 

erect.  P.  brachyglossa. 

Leaves  flat,  rarely  involute,  green  or  rarely 

glaucescent;  panicle  ample.  P.  ampla. 

Stems  not  coarse  or  tall,  usually  less  than  60  cm. 

tall. 
Leaves  flat  or  folded,  not  filiform. 

Lemmas  pubescent  at  base;  leaves  1  mm. 

broad,  usually  folded.  P.  sandbergii. 

Lemmas  puberulent  at  base;  leaves  2  mm. 

broad,  usually  flat.  P.  saxalilis. 

Leaves  involute  and  filiform. 

Florets  close;  ligule  long.  P.  idahoensis. 

Florets  loose;  ligule  short.  P.  capillarifolia. 

Poa  annua  L.  Annual  Bluegrass.  Annual,  the  compressed  stems  5-15  cm. 
tall;  leaves  glabrous,  the  blades  short  and  soft;  panicle  pyramidal,  sometimes 
1-sided;  spikelets  3-7-flowered,  crowded,  4  mm.  long;  lemma  3-3.5  mm.  long, 
not  hairy  at  base.  In  moist  places  becoming  common,  apparently  native 
in  the  foothills. 

Poa  compressa  L.  Canada  Bluegrass.  Usually  low,  spreading  by  root- 
stocks  and  forming  dense  mats;  the  much  compressed  stems  15-40  cm.  high, 
decumbent  at  base,  glabrous;  panicle  3-7  cm.  long,  contracted,  the  branches 
spikelet-bearing  to  the  base  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  3-9-flowered;  lemmas  ob- 
scurely nerved,  the  nerves  slightly  pubescent  below.  Sparingly  introduced. 

Poa  pratensis  L.  Kentucky  Bluegrass.  Perennial,  with  conspicuous  run- 
ning rootstocks,  the  terete  stems  30-90  cm.  tall;  panicle  pyramidal,  open, 
6-20  cm.  long,  the  ascending  or  spreading  branches  in  whorls  of  3-5,  spikelet- 
bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  3-5-flowered ;  lemmas  3-5  mm.  long  with 
prominent  intermediate  nerves,  silky-pubescent  on  the  midnerve  and  margins, 
cobwebby  at  the  base.  Everywhere  introduced. 


POACEAE.  35 

Poa  olneyae  Piper.  Glabrous  tufted  perennial,  the  stems  30-50  cm.  high; 
leaf  blades  numerous,  flat  or  folded;  ligule  small,  usually  1-1.5  mm.  long; 
panicle  green  or  purple,  narrow,  more  or  less  drooping;  spikelets  4-6-flowered, 
7-10  mm.  long;  lemma  smooth,  excepting  the  scabrous  nerves.  In  open  pine 
woods  about  Spokane. 

Poa  bolanderi  Vasey.  A  glabrous,  loosely  tufted,  short-lived  perennial, 
30-50  cm.  high,  erect;  leaf  blades  few,  thin,  soft,  rather  short;  panicle  erect, 
narrow,  10-12  cm.  long,  the  branches  few  at  the  well  separated  nodes  and 
usually  remaining  erect;  spikelets  1-3-flpwered,  2-3  mm.  long;  lemma  smooth, 
the  basal  web  scanty.  In  open  woods  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Poa  triflora  Gilib.  Fowl  Meadow  Grass.  Tufted,  the  stems  60-90  cm.  high; 
leaves  narrow  linear,  smooth  and  soft;  ligule  conspicuous;  panicle  usually 
purple,  10-30  cm.  long,  the  branches  mostly  in  fives;  spikelets  2-5-flowered; 
lemma  obscurely  nerved.  In  wet  meadows. 

Poa  nemoralis  L.  Similar  to  P.  triflora;  stems  tufted,  slender,  30-70  cm. 
high;  blades  3-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  glabrous;  panicle  open  in  flower, 
pyramidal,  4-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-5-flowered;  lemmas  2-3  mm.  long,  the 
marginal  and  middle  nerves  pubescent,  che  intermediate  ones  faint;  webby 
hairs  at  base  scanty.  Rare  in  our  limits  and  perhaps  only  introduced. 

Poa  brachyglossa  Piper.  Perennial,  densely  tufted,  glabrous,  pale  green 
or  glaucescent;  stems  60-100  cm.  high;  leaves  very  narrow,  folded  or  involute, 
rather  stiff,  almost  leathery  in  texture,  5-20  cm.  long;  panicle  narrow,  erect; 
spikelets  3-6-flowered,  7-10  mm.  long;  lemma  oblong-ovate,  rather  obtuse, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  faintly  nerved,  the  sides  inrolled.  In  moist  usually 
alkaline  soil;  in  such  situations  often  abundant. 

Poa  ampla  Merrill.  Tufted,  pale  and  glaucous  throughout;  the  stout 
stems  60-90  cm.  tall;  basal  leaves  numerous,  30-40  cm.  long,  flat  or  involute, 
smooth  or  nearly  so;  stem  leaves  2 ;  panicle  erect,  10-25  cm.  long,  narrow,  dense, 
the  appressed  branches  in  half-whorls  of  3-5,  the  shorter  ones  spikelet-bearing 
to  the  base;  spikelets  8-12  mm.  long,  4-8-flowered;  lemmas  minutely  scabrous^ 
4-5  mm.  long.  A  common  bunch  grass. 

Poa  sandbergii  Vasey.  Perennial,  glabrous,  not  glaucous,  tufted;  the 
stems  15-50  cm.  tall;  basal  leaves  numerous,  the  blades  5-10  cm.  long,  linear; 
stem  leaves  2,  low  down,  the  blades  1-2  cm.  long,  the  sheaths  often  purple; 
panicle  4-10  cm.  long,  narrow,  the  ascending  branches  in  whorls  of  2-5, 
spikelet-bearing  near  the  top;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  usually  purplish;  lemmas 
oblong,  3.5  mm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  above,  villous  near  the  base.  The 
commonest  native  species,  flowering  early. 

Poa  saxatilis  Scribn.  &  Williams.  Densely  tufted  alpine  perennial,  20- 
30  cm.  tall;  basal  leaves  numerous,  green,  the  blades  2-6  cm.  long,  flat,,  slightly 
scabrous,  about  2  mm.  broad;  stem  leaves  2;  ligules  well  developed;  sheaths 
loose,  becoming  scarious;  panicles  green  or  purple,  erect,  rather  loose,  4-7  cm. 
long,  the  rays  mostly  in  twos;  spikelets  lanceolate,  6-9  mm.  long,  loosely  3-5- 
flowered;  glumes  subacute,  smooth,  subequal,  about  4  mm.  long;  lemma  ob- 
scurely 5-nerved,  oblong,  subacute,  scabrous  on  the  back,  puberulent  at  base 
and  on  the  keel,  4-4.5  mm.  long.  In  rocky  places,  high  ridges  of  the  Blue 
Mountains. 

Poa  idahoensis  Beal.  Perennial,  pale  green,  in  dense  tufts;  stems  30-70 
cm.  high,  scabrous  above;  leaves  filiform,  involute,  scabrous,  15-30  cm.  long; 
ligule  very  short;  panicle  narrow,  the  rays  in  threes  or  fours,  scabrous;  spikelets 
5-9  mm.  long,  loosely  4-7-flowered;  lemma  scabrous.  Hatwai  Creek,  Idaho. 

Poa  capillarifolia  Scribn.  &  Williams.  Very  similar  to  P.  idahoensis,  but 
bright  green  and  quite  smooth;  ligules  well  developed;  panicle  closely-flowered, 
the  rays  mostly  in  twos  or  threes;  spikelets  5-9  mm.  long,  2-5-flowered.  Bluffs 
of  Snake  River,  rare. 


36  POACEAE. 

57.  FESTUCA.    FESCUE. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  terminal  panicles,  sometimes 
reduced  to  racemes;  spikelets  2-many-flowered ;  glumes  more  or 
less  unequal,  acute,  keeled,  the  lower  1-,  rarely  3-nerved,  the 
upper  3-,  rarely  5-nerved;  lemmas  lanceolate,  firm  in  texture 
at  least  near  the  base,  narrow,  rounded  on  the  back  or  slightly 
keeled,  always  5-nerved,  acute  or  usually  awned;  palea  usually 
about  equalling  the  lemma;  grain  glabrous,  elongated,  often 
adherent  to  the  palea. 

Annuals;  stamen  usually  solitary. 

Spikelets  densely  8-13-flowered.  F.  octoflora. 

Spikelets  loosely  2-5  rarely  6-flowered. 

Lemma  ciliate;  panicle  rays  not  spreading.  F.  megalura. 

Lemma  not  ciliate;  panicle  rays  at  length  spreading.     F.  pacifica. 
Perennials;  stamens  three. 
Leaves  flat,  rather  broad. 

Lemma  coriaceous,  not  at  all  keeled.  F.  elatior. 

Lemma  membranaceous,  keeled.  F.  subulata. 

Leaves  narrow,  involute. 

Plants  with  rootstocks.  F.  rubra. 

Plants  without  rootstocks. 

Leaves  smooth;  ovary  hairy  at  apex. 

Lemmas  awned.  F.  occidenlalis. 

Lemmas  awnless.  F.  viridula. 

Leaves  rough ;  ovary  not  hairy  at  apex. 

Lemmas  awned.  F.  ovina  ingrata. 

Lemmas  awnless  or  nearly  so.  F.  hattii. 

Festuca  octoflora  Walt.  Tufted  annual,  8-30  cm.  tall;  panicle  2-6  cm. 
long,  rather  dense,  often  one-sided;  spikelets  6-10  mm.  long,  7-13-flowered; 
'lemmas  3-4  mm.  long,  scabrous,  attenuate  into  an  awn  about  as  long.  Banks 
«of  Snake  River  near  Lewiston,  rare;  also  near  Steptoe  Butte. 

Pestuca  megalura  Nutt.  Tufted  annual,  30-40  cm.  tall,  smooth;  panicle 
"spike-like,  elongated,  flexuous,  5-25  cm.  long,  pale-green;  spikelets  4-5-flowered, 
2-2.5  cm.  long,  including  the  awns;  lemma  lanceolate,  scabrous,  the  body  5 
mm.,  the  awn  10-15  mm.  long.  Recently  introduced  but  now  abundant. 

Festuca  pacifica  Piper.  Annual;  stem  single  or  a  few  in  a  loose  tuft, 
5-30  cm.  tall;  panicle  4-10  cm.  long;  branches  mostly  solitary,  longest  below, 
all  erect  at  first  but  becoming  spreading  or  reflexed  by  means  of  a  prominent 
pulvinus  at  the  base;  spikelets  2-6-flowered;  lemma  6-7  mm.  long,  the  awn 
two  to  three  times  as  long.  Very  common. 

Festuca  elatior  L.  Perennial;  the  stout  stem  100-150  cm.  tall,  smooth  and 
glabrous  throughout;  leaves  flat,  dark  green,  7-15  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide; 
panicle  narrow,  erect,  10-25  cm.  long,  the  branches  solitary  or  in  twos;  spike- 
lets  rather  crowded,  lanceolate-oblong,  12-18  mm.  long,  5-10-flowered;  lemma 
scarious-margined,  acute,  awnless.  Escaped  from  cultivation. 

Festuca  subulata  Trin.  Loosely  tufted,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  40- 
120  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  flat,  thin,  3-10  mm.  broad;  panicle  very  loose  and 
somewhat  drooping,  15-40  cm.  long;  rays  in  3-5  sets;  spikelets  pale  green, 
3-5-flowered,  7-12  mm.  long;  lemma  membranaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
keeled  its  entire  length,  5-7  mm.  long,  with  an  awn  5-20  mm.  long.  In  wet 
places  in  woods. 


POACEAE.  37 

Festuca  rubra  L.  Perennial,  with  short  running  rootstocks;  the  whole 
plant  smooth;  stems  60-100  cm.  tall,  slender;  leaves  narrow,  involute,  10-20 
cm.  long;  panicle  narrow,  erect,  about  10  cm.  long,  the  short  erect  branches 
in  twos,  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base;  spikelets  frequently  purplish,  10-12  cm. 
long,  5-6-fl  owered ;  lemma  smooth,  5-6  mm.  long,  tipped  with  an  awn  3—4  mm. 
long.  In  moist  soil. 

Festuca  occidentalis  Hook.  Densely  tufted,  the  whole  plant  smooth  and 
bright  green;  stems  30-60  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  smooth,  becoming  longitudi- 
nally grooved  when  dry;  panicle  narrow,  loose,  8-20  cm.  long,  often  drooping 
at  the  summit;  spikelets  green,  3-5-flowered;  lemmas  scabrous  near  the  apex 
or  smooth,  5-6  mm.  long,  bearing  a  slender  awn  of  equal  length.  In  open 
coniferous  woods. 

Festuca  viridula  Vasey.  Densely  tufted,  dark  green,  smooth;  stems  50- 
100  cm.  high;  leaves  narrow,  erect,  soft,  7-nerved,  the  basal  ones  involute; 
panicle  loose  and  open,  suberect,  10-15  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-6-flowered; 
lemma  firm,  keeled  toward  the  apex,  5-nerved,  acute  or  sometimes  mucronate, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  6-7  mm.  long.  Mt.  Carlton,  Kreager.  Abundant  in 
high  mountain  meadows. 

Festuca  ovina  ingrata  Hack.  Blue  Bunchgrass.  Densely  tufted,  the 
whole  plant  pale  or  glaucescent;  stems  30-40  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades  very  nu- 
merous, setaceous,  mostly  basal,  firm  and  harshly  scabrous;  panicle  3-8  cm. 
long,  narrow,  one-sided,  the  branches  erect;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  lemma  3-5 
mm.  long,  tipped  by  an  awn  of  equal  length.  Abundant  on  the  prairies. 

Festuca  hallii  (Vasey)  Piper.  Densely  tufted  perennial,  50-100  cm.  tall, 
scabrous  throughout;  leaf  blades  very  scabrous,  strongly  involute,  breaking 
away  early  from  the  sheaths  which  remain  for  several  seasons  at  the  base; 
panicle  7-10  cm.  long,  narrow,  the  ascending  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  spikelet- 
bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelet  8-10  cm.  long,  3-5-flowered;  lemmas  6-7 
mm.  long,  very  short  awned.  Near  Steptoe  Butte. 

58.   PANICULARIA. 

Tall  aquatic  perennial  grasses  with  terminal  panicles ;  spikelets 
few-many-flowered,  terete,  or  somewhat  flattened;  glumes  un- 
equal, obtuse  or  acute,  1-3-nerved;  lemmas  membranous,  obtuse, 
rounded  on  the  back,  5-9-nerved,  the  nerves  disappearing  in  the 
hyaline  apex;  palea  scarcely  shorter  than  the  lemma,  rarely 
longer;  grain  smooth,  enclosed  in  the  lemma  and  palea,  free, 
or  when  dry  slightly  adhering  to  the  latter. 

Spikelets  10-17  mm.  long,  linear.  P.  borealis. 
Spikelets  2-8  mm.  long,  ovate  or  oblong. 

Lemma  with  5  prominent  nerves.  P.  pauciflora. 
Lemma  with  7  prominent  nerves. 

Spikelets  3—4  mm.  long.  P.  nemala. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long.  P.  americana. 

Panicularia  borealis  Nash.  Stems  weak,  erect,  glabrous,  50-100  cm.  tall; 
leaf  blades  8-20  cm.  long,  pale  green,  nearly  smooth;  sheaths  loose,  longer  than 
the  internodes;  panicle  lax,  15-30  cm.  long,  the  branches  single  or  in  twos, 
usually  short  and  erect;  spikelets  linear,  10-15  mm.  long;  lemmas  thin,  3.5-4 
mm.  long,  7-nerved,  the  nerves  minutely  hispid.  Common  in  shallow  ponds. 


442879 


38  POACEAE. 

Panicularia  pauciflora  (Presl.)  Kuntze.  Stems  50-100  cm.  high,  smooth; 
leaf  blades  10-20  cm.  long,  nearly  1  cm.  broad,  acute,  scabrous;  sheaths  nearly 
equalling  the  internodes;  panicle  loose,  15-20  cm.  long,  usually  purplish,  its 
base  included  in  the  upper  sheath;  branches  slender,  spreading,  2-5  at  a  node, 
flower-bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  4-6-flowered ; 
lemmas  prominently  5-nerved,  rarely  7-nerved.  In  moist  places  or  even  in 
water,  not  rare. 

Panicularia  nervata  (Willd.)  Kuntze.  Stems  50-100  cm.  tall,  slender,  gla- 
brous; leaf  blades  15-30  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  wide,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
6-20  cm.  long,  long-peduncled,  its  branches  in  twos  and  threes,  slender  and 
spreading;  spikelets  2-4  mm.  long,  4-7-flowered;  lemma  prominently  7-nerved. 
In  wet  places,  infrequent. 

Panicularia  nervata  elata  (Nash)  Piper.  Leaf  blades  5-8  mm.  broad;  stems 
taller  and  panicles  larger.  In  wet  places  in  woods. 

Panicularia  americana  (Torr.)  MacM.  Reed  Meadow  Grass.  Stems  stout, 
100-150  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  6-^15  mm.  wide;  panicle  large  and  loose,  20-40 
cm.  long,  nodding  at  the  top;  spikelets  4-7-flowered;  second  glume  2-2.5  mm. 
long.  In  wet  places,  Steptoe,  G.  R.  Vasey;  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

59.   SPARTINA. 

Coarse  perennial  grasses  with  strong  creeping  rootstocks,  rigid 
simple  stems  and  long  tough  leaves;  inflorescence  of  one-sided 
spreading  or  erect  alternate  spikes;  spikelets  1-flowered,  narrow, 
deciduous,  borne  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis,  articulated  with  the 
very  short  pedicels  below  the  glumes;  glumes  keeled,  very  un- 
equal; lemma  keeled,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  second  glume; 
palea  often  longer  than  its  lemma;  grain  free. 

Plant  stout;  spikelets  12-14  mm.  long.  S.  michauxiana. 

Plant  slender;  spikelets  6-9  mm.  long.  S.  gracilis. 

Spartina  michauxiana  Hitchc.  Stems  1-2  m.  tall,  simple,  smooth;  leaf 
blades  flat,  keeled,  long-acuminate,  involute  in  age,  scabrous  on  the  margins; 
spikes  5-20,  5-12  cm.  long,  ascending,  sometimes  peduncled;  spikelets  closely 
imbricated;  glumes  very  scabrous  on  the  keels,  awn-pointed;  lemma  scabrous 
on  the  midrib,  which  terminates  below  the  2-toothed  apex.  Rocky  banks  of 
Snake  River  at  Almota  and  Lake  Tesemini,  Idaho. 

Spartina  gracilis  Trin.  Stems  30-60  cm.  high,  erect,  stiff;  leaf  blades  pale 
green,  flat  or  slightly  involute,  15-30  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  somewhat 
scabrous;  spikes  mostly  5-^7,  appressed,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  glumes  acute,  scabrous 
on  the  keels;  lemma  entire,  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keels.  In  alkaline  soil, 
Spokane  County. 

60.   BECKMANNIA. 

Tall  erect  perennials ;  inflorescence  a  terminal  panicle  of  erect 
spikes;  spikelets  1-2-flowered,  globose,  compressed;  glumes  mem- 
branous, saccate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute;  lemmas  1  or  2, 
narrow,  thin-membranous;  palea  hyaline;  grain  oblong,  free, 
enclosed  in  the  lemma. 

Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (L.)  Host.  Perennial,  the  stems  stout,  60- 
90  cjn.  tall,  glabrous  throughout;  leaf  blades  10-30  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide, 


POACEAE.  39 

scabrous,  the  loose  sheaths  exceeding  the  internodes;  panicle  narrow,  10-30 
cm.  long,  the  densely-flowered  branches  mostly  solitary  and  erect;  spikelets 
nearly  orbicular,  flattened,  2  mm.  long.  In  shallow  water  or  very  moist 
places. 

61.  AGROPYRON.    WHEATGRASS. 

Perennials  with  simple  stems  and  terminal  spikes;  spikelets 
3-many-flowered,  sessile,  single  and  alternate  at  each  notch  of 
the  usually  continuous  rachis,  the  side  of  the  spikelet,  that  is  the 
edge  of  the  glumes  toward  the  rachis;  lemmas  rigid,  rounded 
on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or  awned  at  the  apex; 
palea  often  with  hairy  keels ;  grain  pubescent  at  the  apex. 

Plants  densely  tufted,  seldom  producing,  stolons. 

Spikelets  subterete,  the  florets  close;  lemma  shgrt-awned.       A.  tenerum. 
Spikelets  flattened,  the  florets  loose;  lemma  usually  awned. 

Glumes  awnless.  A.  spicatum. 

Glumes  awned.  A .  flexuosum. 

Plants  producing  abundant  stolons. 

Lemma  puberulent.  A.  lanceolatum 

Lemma  glabrous. 

Leaves  pale,  scabrous  above;  nerves  prominent.  A.  occidentale. 

Leaves  green,  pubescent  above ;  nerves  rather  obscure.    A .  repens. 

Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey.  Perennial,  tufted;  stems  erect,  30-100  cm. 
high,  rather  slender,  glabrous;  stem  leaves  3  or  4,  the  blades  becoming  in- 
volute, scabrous  on  both  sides;  the  sheaths  glabrous  and  shorter  than  the 
internodes;  spike  10-20  cm.  long,  narrow,  the  spikelets  densely  crowded; 
lemmas  linear-oblong,  5-nerved,  scabrous,  acuminate  or  short-awned. 
Common  in  low  ground. 

Agropyron  spicatum  (Pursh)  Scribn.  &  Smith.  Wheat  Bunch-grass,  Stems 
50-100  cm.  tall,  densely  tufted,  glabrous  and  glacuous;  stem  leaves  3,  the 
blades  becoming  strongly  involute,  minutely  pubescent  above,  scabrous 
beneath,  the  sheaths  smooth  or  pubescent;  spikes  erect,  5-15  cm.  long; 
spikelets  regularly  scattered,  lanceolate-oblong,  10-20  mm.  long,  without 
the  awns;  lemma  tipped  with  a  stout  divergent  awn,  1-2  cm.  long.  Very 
abundant  on  dry  hills  and  exposed  edges.  Under  some  conditions,  the  plants 
produce  long  stolons. 

Agropyron  spicatum  inerme  (Scribn.  &  Smith)  Heller.  Stems  usually 
more  slender;  spikelets  smaller;  awns  wanting.  Very  abundant  on  dry  hills 
and  exposed  ledges.  The  species  and  the  subspecies  are  frequently  found 
growing  together. 

Agropyron  flexuosum  Piper.  (Sitanion  flexuosum  Piper.)  Very  similar 
in  appearance  to  A.  spicatum.  Spikelets  looser,  flexuous;  spikelets  often  two 
at  a  node;  glumes  awned,  often  trifid;  lemma  usually  bifid,  its  awn  3.5-4  cm. 
long.  Banks  of  Snake  River  at  Wawawai. 

Agropyron  lanceolatum  Scribn.  &  Smith.  Stems  erect,  60-120  cm.  tall, 
smooth,  from  elongated  creeping  rootstocks;  stem  leaves  4,  the  blades  becoming 
involute,  rather  narrow,  ascending,  strigose  above,  smooth  beneath,  the  sheath 
loose,  exceeding  the  internodes;  spikes  erect,  15-25  cm.  long;  spikelets  not 
crowded,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  6-10-flowered;  lemmas  sparsely  pubescent,  tipped 
with  a  very  short  awn.  Common  on  the  dry  sandy  bars  of  Snake  River. 

Agropyron  occidentale  Scribn.  Bluestem.  Whole  plant  pale  or  glaucous; 
stems  erect,  30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  firm,  the  nerves  thick  and  prominent; 


40  POACEAE. 

spike  8-15  cm.  long,  compact;  spikelets  7-13-flowered,  12-20  mm.  long, 
glabrous;  lemma  firm,  awn-pointed,  the  nerves  faint.  Introduced  along  the 
railway,  probably  from  Montana. 

Agropyron  repens  L.  ( Couch  or  Quack  Grass.)  Stems  erect,  100-150  cm. 
high;  leaf  blades  green,  pilose  above,  the  nerves  not  prominent;  spike  5-15  cm. 
long;  spikelets  5-flowered;  lemma  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  strongly  nerved, 
usually  awn-pointed.  A  dangerous  weed  sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

62.  ELYMUS.     RYEGRASS. 

Perennial  or  annual  grasses  with  spike-like  inflorescences  which 
do  not  readily  break  up  into  segments;  spikelets  1-7-flowered, 
2-4  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis  or  rarely  solitary;  glumes  entire, 
equal,  rigid,  narrow;  lemmas  acute,  acuminate  or  awned,  entire. 

Annual;  awns  5-10  cm.  long.  E.  caput-medusae. 

Perennials;  awns  short  or  none. 

Plants  spreading  by  rootstocks;  lemma  glabrous.  E.  triticoides. 

Plants  tufted. 

Culms  very  stout,  1-2  m.  high.  E.  condensatus. 

Clums  slender,  seldom  1  m.  high. 

Lemma  pubescent;  spike  nodding.  E.  canadensis. 

Lemma  not  pubescent;  spike  erect. 

Glumes  lanceolate.  E.  glaucus. 

Glumes  subulate.  E.  leckenbyi. 

Elymus  caput-medusae  L.  Glabrous  annual;  stems  20^50  cm.  high, 
erect  or  geniculate  at  base;  leaves  1-2  mm.  broad,  becoming  involute;  spike 
stout,  erect,  green  or  becoming  purplish,  1-4  cm.  long  without  the  awns; 
spikelets  2  at  each  node,  1  or  rarely  2-flowered;  glumes  subulate,  rigid,  2-2.5  cm. 
long;  lemma  lanceolate,  very  scabrous,  tipped  with  a  stout  awn  5-10  cm.  long. 
Introduced  from  Europe  about  Steptoe  Butte  and  spreading  rapidly. 

Elymus  triticoides  Buckl.  Stems  erect,  about  1  m.  tall,  not  densely  tufted; 
leaves  4-6  mm.  wide,  sometimes  scabrous;  panicle  spike-like  or  with  some  of 
the  lower  branches  elongated,  usually  purplish,  rather  loose;  lemma  acuminately 
short-awned.  Moist  places. 

Elymus  condensatus  Presl.  Stems  1-2  m.  tall,  stout,  densely  tufted; 
leaf  blades  flat,  glaucous,  smooth  except  the  scabrous  margin,  usually  1-2  cm. 
broad;  spikes  3-30  cm.  long,  erect;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  usually  several  at 
each  node,  commonly  densely  crowded;  lemmas  mucronate-pointed.  Abun- 
dant in  moist  soil. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.  Stems  stout,  about  1  m.  tall,  pale  and  somewhat 
glaucous  throughout;  leaf  blades  flat  or  involute,  nearly  smooth;  spike  pale- 
green,  flexuous  or  nodding,  10-15  cm.  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  mostly  in 
pairs,  somewhat  divergent;  lemma  pubescent,  the  awn  2-3  cm.  long,  usually 
spreading.  Not  common. 

Elymus  glaucus  Buckl.  Stems  50-100  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaf  blades  spreading 
or  drooping,  10-30  cm.  long,  6-16  mm.  wide;  spike-like  panicle  narrow,  erect 
or  rarely  nodding  above,  5-15  cm.  long,  greenish  or  purplish,  glaucescent; 
spikelets  usually  appressed,  mostly  in  pairs,  3-6-flowered;  glumes  lanceolate; 
lemma  not  pubescent  but  rough  near  the  apex,  tipped  with  an  awn  about  twice 
as  long.  Common  and  variable;  some  forms  approach  E.  canadensis. 


POACEAE.  41 

Elymus  leckenbyi  Piper.  Stems  stout,  erect,  60-80  cm.  tall;  leaf  blades 
stiff,  erect  or  ascending,  4-12  cm.  long,  involute,  glabrous  beneath,  strigose 
above,  sharply  acuminate;  sheaths  glabrous,  or  on  sterile  shoots  ciliate;  spike 
10-15  cm.  long,  slender,  usually  erect,  long-exserted ;  glumes  2,  equal,  entire, 
or  unequally  bifid,  subulate,  2.5-3  cm.  long;  lemma  lanceolate,  8-9  mm.  long, 
smooth  at  base,  scabrid  above,  bifid  at  apex  and  tipped  with  a  straight  awn, 
3-4  cm.  long.  Bars  of  Snake  River  at  Wawawai. 

63.  HORDEUM.    WILD  BARLEY. 

Cespitose  annuals  or  perennials  with  terminal  cylindrical 
spikes;  spikelets  1 -flowered,  usually  in  threes  at  each  joint  of  the 
rachis,  the  lateral  generally  short-stalked  and  imperfect;  rachilla 
produced  beyond  the  flower;  lower  glumes  often  reduced  to  awns 
and  forming  an  apparent  involucre  around  the  spikelets ;  glumes 
rigid ;  lemmas  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved  at  the  apex,  awned ; 
palea  scarcely  shorter  than  the  lemma;  grain  usually  adherent 
to  the  lemma,  hairy  at  the  summit. 

Floret  of  central  spikelet  pedicelled,  its  glumes  ciliate.  H.  murinum. 

Floret  of  central  spikelet  sessile,  its  glumes  not  ciliate. 

Glumes  not  all  subulate,  the  inner  ones  obliquely  lanceo- 
late. H.  geniculatum. 
Glumes  all  alike,  subulate. 

Lateral  florets  long-awned.  H.  jubatum. 

Lateral  florets  awnless  or  short-awned. 

Florets  of  lateral  spikelets  neutral.  H.  nodosum. 

Florets  of  lateral  spikelets  perfect.  H.  boreale. 

Hordeum  murinum  L.  Wall^  Barley.  Stems  15-30  cm.  tail;  leaf  blades 
2-12  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  spikes  5-10  cm.  long,  thick;  spikelets  mostly  in 
threes,  all  stalked ;  both  glumes  of  the  central  spikelet  and  the  inner  glume  of 
the  lateral  spikelets  ciliate  and  flattened,  bearing  awns  20-25  mm.  long;  outer 
glumes  of  lateral  spikelets  neither  flattened  nor  ciliate;  lemma  scabrous  at  the 
apex,  long-awned.  A  troublesome  weed,  sparsely  introduced. 

Hordeum  geniculatum  All.  Annual,  glabrous,  10-30  cm.  high;  upper 
sheath  inflated;  spike  cylindrical,  green,  2-5  cm.  long;  lemma  2-2.5  cm.  long 
including  the  stiff  straight  awn.  Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

Hordeum  jubatum  L.  Squirrel  Tail.  Annual,  tufted,  erect,  30-60  cm. 
high,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent;  leaf  blades  flat,  becoming  involute, 
the  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  spike-like  panicle  pale  green  or  yel- 
lowish, 7-10  cm.  long,  readily  breaking  apart;  central  spikelet  sessile,  fertile, 
the  lateral  ones  peduncled  and  sterile;  glumes  all  subulate,  3-6  cm.  long.  In 
moist  places. 

Hordeum  nodosum  L.  Annual  or  perennial,  30-90  cm.  high,  erect;  leaf 
blades  flat  or  involute,  the  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy;  spikelike  panicle  3-8  cm. 
long,  narrow,  usually  flexuous,  readily  separating  into  joints;  central  spikelet 
sessile,  fertile,  the  lateral  ones  peduncled  and  sterile;  glumes  all  subulate,  2 
cm.  or  less  in  length.  Common  in  moist  ground. 

Hordeum  boreale  Scribn.  &  Smith.  Similar  in  every  way  to  H.  nodosum 
except  for  the  perfect  lateral  florets.  It  is  probably  a  subspecies  at  best. 
In  moist  ground. 


42  CYPERACEAE. 

64.  SITANION. 

Cespitose  perennials,  with  spike-like  panicles,  which  readily 
break  up  into  segments;  spikelets  2-3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis, 
rarely  solitary,  1-5 -flowered ;  glumes  subulate  and  entire,  or 
lanceolate  and  bifid,  or  parted  into  several  long-awned  lobes; 
lemmas  lanceolate  and  acute,  or  those  of  the  lowest  floret  sterile 
and  subulate,  entire  with  a  single  awn,  or  trifid  and  three-awned. 
This  genus  is  hardly  distinct  from  Elymus. 

Glumes  cleft  or  parted  into  3  to  many  lobes;  awns  of  lemma  8-10 

cm.  long.  S.  jubatum. 

Glumes  entire  or  only  2-cleft  or  2-parted. 
Sheaths  and  upper  leaf  surfaces  glabrous. 

Blades  2-5  mm.  broad.  5.  rigidum. 

Blades  5-7  mm.  broad.  S.  latifolium. 

Sheaths  and  upper  leaf  surfaces  pubescent. 

Culm  leaves  7-12  cm.  long.  S.  hyslrix. 

Culm  leaves  2-6  cm.  long.  5.  velulinum. 

Sitanion  jubatum  J.  G.  Smith.  Stems  stout,  mostly  erect,  20-30  cm.  high; 
leaf  blades  short,  flat,  strigpse-pubescent  and  somewhat  hirsute,  4-8  cm.  wide ; 
sheaths  densely  hirsute ;  spike  6-8  cm.  long,  the  base  enclosed  in  the  elongated 
upper  leaf  sheath ;  glumes  3-8-parted,  each  lobe  bearing  a  slender  awn  3-8  cm. 
long;  lowest  floret  sterile,  its  lemma  resembling  the  glumes;  lemma  of  perfect 
florets  lanceolate,  3-awned,  the  middle  awn  stout,  8-10  cm.  long,  the  lateral 
ones  slender  and  usually  shorter.  Common  in  dry  ground. 

Sitanion  rigidum  J.  G.  Smith.  Stems  10-20  cm.  high;  leaf  blades  green 
or  slightly  glaucous,  rigid,  2-5  mm.  wide,  flat  or  at  length  involute;  spike 
green,  2-8  cm.  long,  erect  or  nearly  so,  often  included  at  base  in  the  upper 
sheath;  glumes  or  glume  divisions  4  and  entire  or  6,  that  is  the  lateral  ones 
divided  to  the  base,  all  awned;  lemma  7-9  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  stout  awn 
3-4  mm.  long.  On  high  ridges  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Sitanion  latifolium  Piper.  Similar  to  S.  rigidum  but  larger;  leaves  broader; 
glumes  or  their  divisions  8  or  sometimes  6,  all  awned.  Perhaps  not  distinct 
from  5.  rigidum.  High  alpine  ridges  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Sitanion  hystrix  (Nutt.)  J.  G.  Smith.  Stems  10-30  cm.  high;  sheaths  and 
blades  pilose-canescent,  the  blades  1-4  mm.  wide,  flat  or  at  length  involute; 
spike  5-7  cm.  long,  erect  or  nearly  so;  glumes  or  divisions  8,  all  awned;  lemma 
puberulent,  3-awned,  the -recurved  middle  awn  about  3  cm.  long.  In  dry  soil, 
Spokane  and  Walla  Walla. 

Sitanion  velutinum  Piper.  Stems  30-40  cm.  high;  whole  plant  densely 
puberulent  with  white  soft  hairs;  blades  flat;  spikes  4-8  cm.  long,  erect; 
glumes  puberulent,  entire,  or  rarely  cleft  or  divided,  all  awned;  lemma  puberu- 
lent, 3-awned,  the  awns  3-5.5  cm.  long.  Steptoe,  G.  R.  Vasey. 

Family  16.     CYPERACEAE.    SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs;  stems  slender,  solid  (rarely 
hollow),  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  compressed;  leaves 
narrow  with  closed  sheaths ;  flowers  perfect  or  unisexual  in  spike- 
lets,  one  (rarely  two)  in  the  axil  of  each  scale  (glume  or  bract} ; 


CYPERACEAE.  43 

spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  1  to  many-flowered;  scales  two- 
ranked  or  in  a  spiral,  persistent  or  deciduous;  perianth  hypogy- 
nous,  of  bristles,  or  interior  scales  wanting;  stamens  1-3,  rarely 
more;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  style  2- or  3-cleft;  fruit  a  lenticular 
or  three-sided  akene;  endosperm  mealy;  embryo  minute. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,   usually   borne  in 

separate  spikes.  65.  CAREX,  43. 

Flowers  of  the  spikelet  all,  or  at  least  one  of  them 

perfect;  spikelets  all  similar. 

Spikelets  compressed;  scales  2-ranked.  66.  CYPERUS,  49. 

Spikelets  not  compressed;  scales  in  a  spiral. 

Base  of  style  swollen,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on 

the  akene.  67.  ELEOCHARIS,  50. 

Base  of  style  not  swollen,  deciduous  or  per- 
sistent as  a  subulate  tip. 

Bristles  present;  hyaline  scales  none.  68.  SCIRPUS,  51. 

Bristles  none;  perianth  of  a  single  minute 
posterior  scale.  69.  HEMICARPHA,  52. 

65.   CAREX.    SEDGE. 

Grass-like  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks;  stems  mostly 
triangular;  leaves  3-ranked,  the  upper  (bracts)  elongated  or  very 
short,  and  subtending  the  spikes  of  flowers,  or  wanting;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  (scales),  monoecious  or  dioecious; 
spikes  either  wholly  staminate,  or  pistillate,  or  sometimes 
androgynous;  perianth  none;  staminate  flowers  of  3  stamens; 
pistillate  flower  of  a  single  pistil  with  a  style  and  2-3  stigmas 
borne  in  the  axil  of  a  second  bract  (the  perigynium)  which  com- 
pletely encloses  the  akene;  akene  3-angled,  lenticular  or  plano- 
convex. 

SECTION  1.  Spikes  sessile,  all  alike,  bearing  the  inconspicuous  staminate 
flowers  either  at  the  base,  at  the  top,  or  rarely  scattered;  stigmas  2;  akenes 
lenticular.  Subgenus  VIGNEA. 

Spikes  not  densely  aggregated,  the  individual  ones  easily  dis- 
tinguished. 
Perigynia  wing-margined. 

Perigynia  6-7  mm.  long;  spikes  acute.  C.  liddoni. 

Perigynia  3—4  mm.  long;  spikes  obtuse. 

Bract  present;  perigynia  twice  as  long  as  broad.       C.  bebbii. 
Bract  wanting;  perigynia  as  broad  as  long.  C.  festucacea. 

Perigynia  not  wing-margined. 

Spikes  10-30-flowered;  perigynia  straight.  C.  bolanderi. 

Spikes  4-8-flowered ;  perigynia  curved.  C.  laeviculmis. 

Spikes  densely  aggregated,  the  individual  ones,  at  least  the 

uppermost,  distinguishable  with  difficulty. 
Perigynia  margined. 

Dioecious  or  with  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers 
irregularly  scattered. 


44 


CYPERACEAE. 


Heads  pale,  dense,  ovoid;  perigynia  lanceolate,  the 

smooth  beak  as  long  as  the  body. 
Heads  brown,  looser,  elongate;  perigynia  ovate,  the 


C.  douglasii. 
C.  camporum. 


short  beak  serrulate. 
Not  dioecious,  the  staminate  flowers  either  at  the  top 

or  the  base  of  the  spikelets;  heads  very  dense. 
Bract  exceeding  the  head.  C.  athrostachya. 

Bract  small  or  wanting. 

Spikes  staminate  at  top;  perigynia  dark,  nar- 
rowly margined.  C.  hoodii. 
Spikes  staminate  at  base;  perigynia  pale,  rather 

broadly  margined. 

Heads  pyramidal-ovate,  very  dense.  C.  pachystachya. 

Heads   looser,   some   of  the   lower   spikes 

separate.  C.  multimoda. 

Perigynia  not  margined. 

Staminate  flowers  at  base  of  spikelets;  head  bractless; 

beak  of  the  perigynium  serrulate.  C.  arcta. 

Staminate    flowers   at    the    top    of   spikelets;    bract 

present;  beak  of  perigynium  not  serrulate. 
Inflorescence  dense,  oblong  or  pyramidal;  perigynia 

pale,  spongy  at  base,  4-5  mm.  long.  C.  stipata. 

Inflorescence  branched  at  base,  rather  loose;  peri- 
gynia brown,  not  spongy  at  base,  3  mm.  long.          C.  diandra. 

SECTION  2.  Spikes  of  two  sorts,  except  when  solitary,  the  lower  wholly 
pistillate,  sessile  or  stalked,  the  upper  one  or  two  slender  and  wholly  staminate, 
or  sometimes  bearing  pistillate  flowers  at  base  or  apex;  stigmas  3  and  akenes 
3-angled,  or  if  stigmas  2  and  akenes  lenticular  the  lower  spikes  are  stalked. 

Subgenus  EUCAREX. 
Spike  solitary  and  terminal. 

Leaves  filiform;  bract  scale-like.  C.  filifolia. 

Leaves  flat;  bract  foliaceous.  C.  geyeri. 

Spikes  several,  distinct. 

Stigmas  2;  akenes  lenticular. 

Perigynia  subglobose,  almost  beakless.  C.  aurea. 

Perigynia  flattened,  short-beaked. 

Scales  acute;  perigynia  strongly  nerved.  C.  nebrascensis. 

Scales  obtuse;  perigynia  faintly  nerved. 

Perigynia  stipitate;  scales  partly  green;  sheaths 

green.  C.  kelloggii. 

Perigynia  not  stipitate;  scales  wholly  purple; 

sheaths  purple.  C.  prionophylla. 

Stigmas  3;  akenes  3-angled. 

Beak  of  perigynium  short,  entire  or  merely  emarginate. 
Perigynia  pubescent. 

Scales  acuminate.  C.  rossii. 

Scales  obtuse.  C.  concinnoides. 

Perigynia  glabrous. 

Leaves  broad;  spikes  6-10  cm.  long.  C.  amplifolia. 

Leaves  rather  narrow;  spikes  1-3  cm.  long.          C.  aperta. 
Beak  of  perigynium  rather  long,  bidentate. 

Perigynia  hairy,  firm.  C.  lanuginosa. 

Perigynia  glabrous. 

Perigynia  not  inflated,   strongly  nerved,  the 

teeth  2  mm.  long,  recurved. 

Sheaths  pubescent;  spikes  ascending.  C.  atherodes. 

Sheaths  glabrous;  spikes  nodding.  C.  comosa. 

Perigynia  inflated,  thin. 


CYPERACEAE.  45 

Leaves  and   sheaths  conspicuously  cross- 
veined;  stems  spongy  at  base.  C.  utriculata. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  slightly  or  not  at  all 
cross- veined ;    stems    not    spongy   at 
base. 
Perigynia    ascending,    straight;    leaves 

firm.  C.  monile. 

Perigynia  curved,  spreading;  leaves  soft.    C.  retrorsa. 

Carex  liddoni  Boott.  Culms  erect,  30-60  cm.  tall,  scabrous  above;  leaves 
2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stems;  spikes  3-6,  ovoid  or  oblong,  pointed 
at  each  end,  2  cm.  long,  all  androgynous,  pale,  sessile,  distinct  but  usually 
close  together;  perigynium  smooth,  broadly  lanceolate,  6-7  mm.  long,  the 
broad  beak  exceeding  the  body  in  length;  scales  acuminate,  about  as  long  as 
the  perigynia.  Infrequent. 

Carex  bebbii  Olney.  Stems  slender,  erect,  20-60  cm.  high;  leaves  not  stiff, 
2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stems;  bracts  setaceous;  spikes  3-12,  brown, 
ellipsoid,  5-8  mm.  long,  closely  crowded  in  an  ovoid  cluster;  scales  oblong, 
acuminate;  perigynia  ascending,  firm,  narrowly  ovate,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  exceed- 
ing the  scales,  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved;  stigmas  2.  In  low  meadows,  rare. 

Carex  festucacea  brevior  (Dewey)  Fernald.  Stems  tufted,  slender,  erect, 
40-60  cm.  high;  leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  stiff,  shorter  than  the  stem;  sheaths  with 
a  pale  marginal  band;  spikes  3-6,  straw-colored,  approximate,  broadly  ovoid, 
obtuse,  8-12  mm.  long,  staminate  at  base;  scales  obtuse;  perigynia  spreading, 
firm,  broadly  ovate,  strongly  7-15-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  4.5-5  mm.  long, 
the  orifice  minutely  bidentate;  stigmas  2.  In  rather  dry  soil,  not  common. 

Carex  bolanderi  Olney.  Tufted,  pale  green;  stems  20-100  cm.  long,  rather 
slender,  weak  and  spreading;  leaves  soft,  smooth,  2-4  mm.  wide,  shorter  than 
the  stems;  inflorescence  of  4-10  scattered  spikes;  spikes  oblong,  10-15  mm. 
long,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  perigynia  lanceolate,  faintly  nerved,  4  mm.  long,  the 
body  gradually  tapering  into  the  nearly  equal  serrulate  deeply  2-toothed  beak; 
scales  white,  scarious,  with  a  broad  green  midvein,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate- 
cuspidate,  as  long  as  the  perigynia.  In  moist  mountain  woods. 

Carex  laeviculmis  Meinsch.  Glabrous  throughout,  tufted;  stems  very 
slender,  30-50  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  flat,  1-1.5  mm.  broad,  shorter 
than  the  culms;  spikes  3-7,  sessile,  3-5  mm.  long,  the  lower  ones  scattered; 
bract  solitary,  usually  shorter  than  the  inflorescence;  perigynia  spreading 
when  mature,  lanceolate,  shortly  stipitate,  strongly  curved,  flat  above,  convex 
beneath,  pale  green,  short-beaked,  faintly  7-nerved  on  each  face;  scales 
ovate,  hyaline  except  the  midrib,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In  moist  shady 
places  in  the  mountains. 

Carex  douglasii  Hook.  Dioecious;  rootstocks  creeping,  brownish;  stems 
erect,  15-30  cm.  high,  smooth;  leaves  pale,  2-4  mm.  wide,  very  tapering, 
shorter  than  the  stems;  bracts  slender,  usually  exceeding  the  head;  heads  ovate- 
oblong,  pale  brown,  2-3  cm.  long,  composed  of  many  crowded  spikes;  peri- 
gynia 4  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  narrowly  margined,  stipitate,  acuminate,  ob- 
scurely nerved,  the  smooth  beak  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceolate,  acute 
or  cuspidate,  much  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2,  very  long.  Abundant 
in  alkaline  soil. 

Carex  camporum  Mackenzie.  (C.  marcida  Boott.)  Stems  slender,  erect, 
scabrous,  30-40  cm.  high,  from  stout  scaly  black  rootstocks;  leaves  pale,  1-3, 
usually  2  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems;  inflorescence  narrow,  2-4  cm. 
long,  of  about  6-12  crowded  spikes;  spike  brown,  ovate,  4-7  mm.  long;  perigynia 
stipitate,  broadly  ovate,  beaked,  bidentate,  narrowly  margined,  minutely 
serrulate,  2  mm.  long;  scales  ovate,  acute  to  cuspidate,  hyaline-margined,  as 


46  CYPERACEAE. 

long  as  the  perigynia.     This  species  tends  to  be  dioecious  and  is  sometimes 
truly  so.     Common  in  alkaline  soil. 

Carex  athrostachya  Olney.  Stems  tufted,  30-60  cm.  tall;  leaves  2-3  mm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  stems;  inflorescence  a  dense  ovoid  straw-colored  head 
composed  of  5-20  crowded  spikes,  these  staminate  below;  lower  bracts  2-5, 
exceeding  the  head;  perigynia  lanceolate,  spongy  at  base,  the  long  beak 
2-toothed,  its  margins  serrulate;  scales  acuminate,  about  equalling  the  peri- 
gynia. Common  in  wet  places. 

Carex  hoodii  Boott.  Slender,  erect,  tufted,  very  smooth,  30-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  many,  pale,  2-3  mm.  broad,  snorter  than  the  stems;  spikes  about  6, 
densely  crowded  into  an  ovoid  or  oblong  head,  1-2  cm.  long;  perigynia  spread- 
ing, lanceolate,  rather  thick,  5  mm.  long,  dark  when  mature,  obscurely  nerved, 
narrowly  wing-margined,  somewhat  stipitate  at  base,  narrowed  into  a  rough- 
margined  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lance-ovate,  acuminate, 
scarious  margined,  brownish,  as  long  as  the  perigynia.  In  moist  places,  not 
common. 

Carex  pachystachya  Cham.  Stems  tufted,  30-90  cm.  tall;  leaves  flat, 
flaccid,  3^4  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems;  inflorescence  a  dense  oblong 
head  10-12  mm.  long,  composed  of  6-12  crowded  sessile  brownish  spikes; 
perigynia  spreading,  ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  about  4  mm.  long,  the  beak  bi- 
dentate,  serrulate  on  the  thin  margins;  scales  acutish,  equalling  the  perigynia. 
Very  common  in  wet  meadows. 

Carex  multimoda  Bailey.  Very  similar  to  C.  pachystachya  but  the  head 
less  dense,  one  or  more  of  the  lower  spikes  clearly  separate  or  if  crowded  the 
head  oblong;  perigynia  indistinguishable.  Common  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Carex  arcta  Boott.  Loosely  tufted,  pale  green;  stems  20-60  cm.  high, 
smooth  or  nearly  so;  leaves  pale  green,  2.5-4  mm.  long,  usually  larger  than 
the  stems;  head  ovate-oblong,  green  or  brownish,  of  5-12  crowded  spikes; 
spikes  oblong  or  ovoid,  6-8  mm.  long;  perigynia  spreading,  ovate,  somewhat 
cordate,  gradually  tapering  into  the  serrulate  beak,  strongly  nerved  on  the 
outer  face,  2-3  mm.  long;  scales  hyaline,  often  brownish,  acute,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia.  In  moist  meadows  and  copses. 

Carex  stipata  Muhl.  Stems  50-100  cm.  tall,  sharp-angled;  leaves  flat, 
6-8  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem;  sheaths  somewhat  rugulose  on  the 
inner  side;  inflorescence  a  dense  ovate  head  of  many  crowded  spikes,  3-5  cm. 
long,  straw-colored  or  olivaceous,  commonly  exceeded  by  the  slender  lowest 
bract;  perigynia  spreading,  triangular-ovate,  many- nerved,  tapering  into  a 
long  stout  2-toothed  beak,  whose  margins  are  serrulate;  scales  much  shorter 
than  the  perigynia.  Moist  woods  and  copses. 

Carex  diandra  ampla  (Bailey)  Piper  n.  comb.  ( C.  leretiuscula  ampla  Bailey.) 
Densely  tufted,  the  slender  stems  90-120  cm.  high;  leaves  narrow,  2-4  mm. 
broad,  mostly  shorter  than  the  stems;  spikes  6-20,  brown,  in  elongated  often 
nodding  usually  branched  inflorescences,  5-12  cm.  long;  terminal  florets  stami- 
nate; perigynia  spreading,  ovoid,  stipitate,  nerved  at  the  base  on  both  sides,  3 
mm.  long,  the  serrulate  beak  as  long  as  the  thick  body;  scales  brown,  ovate, 
acuminate-cuspidate,  as  long  as  the  perigynia.  In  boggy  places,  Latah 
County,  Idaho. 

Carex  filifolia  Nutt.  Wool  grass.  Densely  matted  in  extensive  tufts; 
stems  10-20  cm.  tall;  leaves  numerous,  filiform,  about  equalling  the  stem; 
inflorescence  a  solitary  terminal  spike,  the  upper  portion  of  which  is  staminate ; 
perigynium  triangular-ovoid,  pale  below,  darker  at  apex  and  very  minutely 
pubescent,  the  short  beak  with  an  entire  orifice.  In  dry  soil,  sometimes  very 
abundant.  Exceedingly  difficult  to  plow  up. 


CYPERACEAE.  47 

Carex  geyeri  Boott.  Densely  tufted,  30-45  cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  rigid, 
very  scabrous,  2  mm.  wide,  about  as  long  as  the  stems;  inflorescence  a  single 
terminal  straw-colored  spike,  the  upper  and  larger  portion  of  which  is  stami- 
nate;  pistillate  flowers  several,  usually  but  one  maturing;  perigynium  smooth, 
oblong,  with  a  very  short  entire  beak,  1 -nerved  on  each  side;  scales  pale  or 
rusty,  elongated,  acuminate,  exceeding  the  perigynia.  Very  abundant  on 
dry  hillsides. 

Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Stems  loosely  tufted,  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks, 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  pale  green,  3-4  mm.  wide,  usually  overtopping  the 
stems;  spikes  3-6,  all  stalked,  the  uppermost  staminate  and  linear,  or  rarely 
androgynous,  the  rest  pistillate,  narrowly  cylindrical,  loosely  flowered,  1-3 
cm.  long;  bracts  mostly  exceeding  the  stem;  perigynia  globose,  very  minutely 
beaked,  reddish  when  mature,  strongly  nerved.  In  low  meadows. 

Carex  nebrascensis  Dewey.  Stems  50-100  cm.  tall,  from  stout  horizontal 
rootstocks;  leaves  pale,  5-10  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  stems;  inflorescence 
of  from  3-6  spikes,  these  sessile  or  nearly  so;  bracts  foliaceous,  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  stems;  staminate  spikes  1-3;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  cylindric,  dense, 
2-3  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  thick;  perigynia  oval  or  obovate,  brownish,  resinous- 
dotted,  short-beaked,  the  beak  bidentate;  scales  purple,  with  a  green  midrib, 
usually  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  Wet  places,  frequent. 

Carex  kelloggii  Boott.  Stems  tufted,  [slender,  15-40  cm.  tall,  erect; 
leaves  numerous,  flat,  2-3  mm.  wide,  commonly  as  long  as  the  stem,  some- 
times longer;  spikes  4-15,  the  bracts  commonly  exceeding  the  stem;  staminate 
spike  usually  single,  slender,  purplish;  pistillate  spikes  3  to  many,  mostly 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  greenish,  dense,  2-4  cm.  long,  3  mm.  thick;  perigynia 
promptly  deciduous,  2  mm.  long,  smooth,  flattened,  3-  or  4-nerved  on  the  outer 
face,  stipitate  at  the  base,  short-beaked,  the  beak  emarginate;  scales  green 
with  purple  margins,  obtusish,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  On  wet  stream 
banks  and  lake  shores. 

Carex  prionophylla  Holm.  Stoloniferous,  in  loose  clumps;  stems  slender, 
60-100  cm.  high,  rough  near  the  top;  sheaths  purple,  the  lower  bladeless; 
leaves  flat,  soft,  bright  green,  4-5  mm.  wide,  as  long  as  the  stems;  bract  5-8 
cm.  long,  not  equalling  the  inflorescence;  spikes  4,  sessile,  the  terminal  stami- 
nate, 1-2  cm.  long;  perigynia  2  mm.  long,  obovate,  narrowed  at  base,  abruptly 
short-beaked,  2  mm.  long,  the  beak  emarginate;  scales  obtuse,  dark  purple, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  perigynia.  In  moist  woods,  Mt.  Carlton. 

Carex  rossii  Boott.  Densely  tufted,  the  stems  20-40  cm.  tall;  leaves  pale, 
flat,  scabrous,  1-3  mm.  wide,  commonly  equalling  the  stems;  inflorescence  of 
1-4  spikes,  the  uppermost  staminate;  staminate  spike  slender,  2-3  mm.  long, 
pale,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  distinct,  loosely  few-flowered;  peri- 
gynia oblong,  pubescent,  with  a  2-toothed  beak;  scales  purple  with  hyaline 
margins,  or  greenish,  sharply  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In 
stony  soil,  in  the  mountains. 

Carex  concinnoides  Mackenzie.  Stoloniferous;  stems  10-20  cm.  high, 
erect;  leaves  numerous,  firm,  pale,  strongly  striate,  shorter  than  the  stems, 
3-5  mm.  broad;  stem  leaves  bladeless  or  with  very  small  blades;  bract  short; 
pistillate  spikes  1  or  2,  5-10  mm.  long,  nearly  sessile,  few-flowered;  staminate 
10-20  mm.  long,  with  purple  ovate  obtuse  scales;  perigynia  oblong-elliptic, 
shortly  stipitate,  abruptly  short-beaked,  loosely  pubescent,  2.5-3  mm.  long; 
scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  purple,  hyaline-margined,  shorter  than  the 
perigynia.  In  coniferous  woods,  Blue  Mountains  and  Thatuna  Hills.  Very 
closely  allied  to  the  more  eastern  C.  richardsoni  R.  Br. 

Carex  amplifolia  Boott.  Stems  about  2  m.  tall,  smooth;  leaves  flat,  12-20 
mm.  broad,  longer  than  the  stem;  bracts  very  large,  the  lower  overtopping 


48  CYPERACEAE. 

the  stem;  spikes  5-7,  the  uppermost  staminate,  5-8  cm.  long;  pistillate  spikes 
narrowly  cylindrical,  straight  or  curved,  6-10  cm.  long,  dark  olivaceous,  the 
lower  ones  long-peduncled;  perigynium  subglobose,  glabrous,  the  beak  with 
an  oblique  entire  orifice ;  scales  purple  with  a  green  midrib.  Along  streams  in 
woods. 

Carex  aperta  Boott.  (C.  bovina  Howell.)  Tufted,  smooth  throughout; 
stems  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  flat  but  keeled,  4-6  mm.  broad,  rather  shorter 
than  the  stems;  spikes  3-4,  the  terminal  staminate,  mostly  short  peduncled; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3  cm.  long,  densely  flowered,  5  mm.  thick;  scales  equalling 
the  perigynia,  acuminate,  purple  with  a  green  midrib;  perigynia  2  mm.  long, 
turgid,  broadest  at  the  middle,  tapering  to  each  end,  brown  when  mature, 
the  two  or  three  angles  pale;  beak  short  and  entire.  On  overflowed  river 
bottoms,  often  very  abundant  and  cut  for  hay. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  Stems  erect,  slender,  30-60  cm.  tall,  somewhat 
tufted;  leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  wide,  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem;  stami- 
nate spikes  1-3,  sometimes  pistillate  at  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  mostly 
long-peduncled,  18-30  mm.  long;  perigynia  oval,  densely  pubescent,  with  a 
short  2-toothed  beak;  bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  about  equal  to  the  perigynium. 
Swamps,  not  rare. 

Carex  atherodes  Spreng.  (C.  aristata  R.  Br.)  Rather  stout,  60-100  cm. 
high;  stems  sharply  angled;  leaves  numerous,  3-5  mm.  wide,  exceeding  the 
stems,  the  lower  surface  and  sheaths  hairy;  spikes  2-8,  scattered,  short  pe- 
duncled, the  upper  1-4  staminate;  staminate  spikes  pale,  slender,  2-6  cm. 
long;  pistillate  spikes  2-5  cm.  long,  rather  loosely  flowered;  perigynia  ovoid- 
lanceolate,  strongly  nerved,  the  body  5  mm.  long,  the  stout  recurved  teeth 
2  mm.  long;  scales  paler,  awn-pointed,  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  In  wet 
places,  infrequent. 

Carex  comosa  Boott.  Tufted,  the  stem  stout,  50-150  cm.  high,  rough  and 
sharply  angled;  leaves  broad,  6-15  mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins;  spikes 
4-6,  drooping,  on  slender  peduncles,  the  uppermost  staminate,  linear,  brown- 
ish, 3-9  cm.  long,  often  partly  pistillate ;  pistillate  spikes  pale  green,  cylindric, 
about  1.5  cm.  thick,  densely  flowered;  perigynia  spreading,  firm,  lance-ovate, 
strongly  many-nerved,  attenuate  into  a  long  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  1-2 
mm.  long  and  spreading;  scales  brownish,  awned,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 
Usually  in  shallow  water. 

Carex  utriculata  Boott.  Stems  stout,  spongy  at  base,  60-100  cm.  high; 
leaves  broad,  4-10  mm.  wide,  much  longer  than  the  stems,  nodose-reticulate; 
bracts  leaf-like,  exceeding  the  stem;  staminate  spikes  2-5,  linear,  3-12  cm. 
long,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  top;  pistillate  spikes  2-6,  peduncled,  cylindric, 
green  or  brownish,  2-12  cm.  long,  often  staminate  at  the  top;  perigynia  5-6 
mm.  long,  ovoid-conic,  inflated,  shining,  gradually  contracted  into  the  beak, 
strongly  nerved;  scales  lance-oblong,  purple,  mostly  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
perigynia.  Common  in  wet  places. 

Carex  monile  pacifica  Bailey.  Stems  30-100  cm.  tall,  rather  slender; 
leaves  pale,  flat,  3-5  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem  or  little  exceeding  it, 
more  or  less  nodose,  reticulate;  lower  sheaths  fibrose-margined;  inflorescence 
of  from  3-6  spikes,  overtopped  by  the  long  bracts;  staminate  spikes  1-3, 
2-4  cm.  long,  sometimes  pistillate  at  top;  pistillate  spikes  usually  3,  yellow, 
3-5  cm.  long,  short-stalked  or  sessile;  perigynia  7-8  mm.  long,  ovate,  turgid, 
strongly  nerved,  with  a  stout  2-toothed  beak;  scales  pale,  acuminate,  much 
shorter.  Wet  places,  quite  common. 

Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.  Tufted;  stems  stout,  smooth,  40-80  cm.  high; 
leaves  5-10  mm.  broad,  longer  than  the  stem;  bracts  leaf-like;  staminate 
spikes  usually  1-4,  slender,  2-5  cm.  long,  sometimes  only  part  of  the  terminal 


CYPERACEAE.  49 

spike  staminate;  pistillate  spikes  3-8,  usually  close  together,  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  2-5  cm.  long;  perigynia  thin,  much  inflated,  8-10  mm.  long,  ovoid,  attenuate 
into  a  long  beak,  strongly  nerved,  reflexed,  much  longer  than  the  sharp  pointed 
scales.  In  wet  places. 

66.    CYPERUS. 

Annual  or  perennial;  stems  simple,  triangular,  leafy  near  the 
base,  and  with  one  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  which  form  an 
involucre  for  the  simple  or  compound  umbellate  or  capitate 
inflorescence;  rays  of  the  umbel  sheathed  at  the  base,  usually 
very  unequal,  one  or  more  of  the  heads  or  spikes  commonly 
sessile;  spikelets  flat  or  roundish,  few  to  many-flowered;  scales 
concave,  2-ranked,  all  but  the  lower  one  flower-bearing;  flowers 
perfect;  perianth  none;  stamens  1-3;  akene  lenticular  or  tri- 
angular. 

Rachilla  of  spikelets  not  winged;  annuals. 

Scales  with  recurved  tips.  C.  aristatus. 

Scales  acuminate,  without  recurved  tips.  C.  acuminatus. 

Rachilla  of  spikelets  winged. 

Wing  of  rachilla  separating  in  scale-like  pieces;  annual.          C.  erythrorhizos. 


Wing  of  rachilla  persistent;  perennials. 
Scales  of  spikelets 


pikelets  deciduous  from  the  rachilla;  plant 

stoloniferous  and  tuberiferous.  C.  esculentus. 

Scales  of  spikelets  persistent,  the  whole  spikelet 
breaking  away  from  the  axis  early;  plants  with 
hard  corm-like  bases. 

Spikelets  much  flattened;  akene  narrowly  oblong.     C.  strigosus. 
Spikelets  not  much  flattened;  akenes  broadly  ob- 

ovoid.  C.  houghtonii. 

Cyperus  aristatus  Rottb.  Annual,  stems  1-15  cm.  tall,  ascending;  leaves 
flat,  about  1  mm.  wide,  often  curved,  about  equalling  the  stems;  bracts  much 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  3-5  mm.  long,  in 
dense  heads,  terminating  the  branches  of  an  unequally  rayed  umbel,  or  rarely 
all  aggregated  into  a  single  compound  head;  scales  green,  becoming  brown, 
all  with  strongly  recurved  awn-like  tips.  Stream  banks,  common. 

Cyperus  acuminatus  Torr.  &  Hook.  Much  like  C.  aristalus,  usually  taller; 
spikelets  pale  green,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  scales  merely  acuminate,  the  tips 
but  slightly  recurved.  Banks  of  Snake  River  at  Almota,  rare. 

Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.  Annual;  stems  usually  15-60  cm.  tall, 
sometimes  much  smaller;  leaves  flat,  commonly  2—4  mm.  broad,  shorter  than 
the  stem;  involucral  leaves  4-8,  broad  at  base,  far  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
spikelets  bright  chestnut,  linear,  5-6  mm.  long,  densely  crowded  into  flattened 
spikes,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  latter  umbelled  on  the  unequal  branches  of  the  primary 
umbel;  scales  oblong,  keeled,  the  green  midrib  prolonged  into  a  short,  mucro- 
nate  tip;  wings  of  the  rachis  separating  to  the  base,  forming  pairs  of  small 
scales.  Banks  of  Snake  River,  frequent. 

Cyperus  esculentus  L.  Nut  Grass.  Perennial,  with  horizontal  tuber- 
bearing  rootstocks;  stems  30-60  cm.  tall;  leaves  flat,  4-5  mm.  long,  exceeding 
the  stem;  involucral  leaves  as  long  as  the  others,  far  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
umbel  usually  simple  or  nearly  so,  the  rays  very  unequal,  the  spikelets  arranged 
in  loose  spikes;  spikelets  linear,  diverging,  mostly  two-ranked,  8-12  mm.  long; 

5 


50  CYPERACEAE. 

scales  yellowish  or  rusty,  strongly-nerved,  scarious-margined,  the  green  mid- 
ribs ending  in  very  short  points;  wing  of  the  rachis  narrow,  not  becoming  di- 
vided into  scale-like  parts.  Banks  of  Snake  River,  rare. 

Cyperus  strigosus  L.  Perennial  from  a  globose  tuber;  stems  erect,  10-50 
cm.  high;  leaves  flat,  4-6  mm.  wide;  umbel  simple  or  compound,  the  longest 
rays  8-12  cm.  long,  their  sheaths  terminating  in  2  bristles;  spikelets  linear, 
8-16  mm.  long,  7-15-flowered;  scales  pale,  oblong-lanceolate,  appressed, 
subacute;  akene  linear-oblong,  acute.  Sandy  bars  of  Clearwater  River. 

Cyperus  houghtonii  Torr.  Perennial;  stems  20-60  cm.  high,  much  exceed- 
ing the  leaves;  leaves  narrow,  1-2  mm.  wide;  involucral  leaves  about  as  long 
as  the  inflorescence;  umbel  with  1-5  unequal  rays,  some  nearly  sessile,  a  few 
elongate;  spikelets  in  loose  heads,  oblong-linear,  8-14  mm.  long,  11-15- 
flowered;  scales  brownish,  mucronate,  strongly  nerved,  exceeding  the  brown 
akene.  Along  the  Clearwater  River  near  Lewiston,  Idaho. 

67.  ELEOCHARIS.    SPIKE  RUSH. 

Annual  or  perennial;  stems  simple,  triangular,  quadrangular, 
terete,  flattened  or  grooved,  the  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  or  the 
lowest  very  rarely  blade-bearing;  spikelets  solitary,  terminal, 
erect,  several-many-flowered,  not  subtended  by  an  involucre; 
scales  concave,  in  a  spiral;  perianth  of  1-12  bristles  usually 
barbed ;  stamens  2  or  3 ;  akene  3-angled  or  biconvex ;  base  of  the 
style  persistent  on  the  summit  of  the  akene  forming  a  terminal 
tubercle. 

Akenes  3-angled;  spikelets  few-flowered.  E.  acicularis. 
Akenes  biconvex;  spikelets  many-flowered. 

Plants  not  tufted;  perennial  with  running  rootstocks.  E.  palustris. 
Plants  tufted,  annual. 

Heads  ovoid ;  bristles  longer  than  the  akenes.  E.  obtusa. 

Heads  oblong;  bristles  not  longer  than  the  akenes.  E.  monticola. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  Roem.  &  Schult.  Perennial  by  creeping  root- 
stocks,  usually  forming  extensive  mats;  stems  very  slender,  7-15  cm.  tall, 
erect;  spikes  3-10-flowered,  3-5  mm.  long;  bristles  3  or  4,  shorter  than  the  akene, 
or  wanting;  akene  oblong  or  obovoid,  somewhat  3-angled,  marked  with  9-12 
longitudinal  ribs,  with  very  numerous  cross-lines  between  them;  tubercle 
broad,  contracted  at  its  junction  with  the  akene;  style  3-cleft.  Very  abundant 
in  wet  places. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  bella  Piper.  Rootstocks  very  short,  so  that  the  plant 
forms  dense  round  tufts  5-10  cm.  in  diameter;  stems  ascending  or  spreading, 
only  2-5  cm.  long;  otherwise  as  in  the  species.  Rare  on  muddy  banks  of 
streams.  In  habit  very  different  from  E.  acicularis,  but  lacking  good  mor- 
phological characters.  In  marked  contrast  to  the  species,  the  subspecies 
produces  akenes  freely. 

Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  Roem.  &  Schult.  Rootstocks  extensively  creeping; 
stems  30-70  cm.  tall;  spike  lanceolate-oblong,  1-2  cm.  long;  bristles  4,  usually 
exceeding  the  obovate  smooth  biconvex  akene;  tubercle  {obtuse,  contracted 
at  its  junction  with  the  akene;  style  2-cleft.  Abundant  at  the  edges  of  ponds 
or  in  shallow  water. 

Eleocharis  obtusa  Schult.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  densely  tufted, 
5  to  7  cm.  high;  spikelets  brownish,  ovoid,  obtuse,  2-13  mm.  long;  bristles 
6-8,  exceeding  the  brown  shining  akene;  tubercle  very  short  and  broad,  deltoid, 
acute.  In  muddy  places,  uncommon. 


CYPERACEAE.  51 

Eleocharis  monticola  leviseta  Fernald.  Stems  in  dense  tufts,  10-25  cm. 
high;  heads  lance-ovate  to  lance-oblong,  6-9  mm.  long;  scales  chestnut-brown 
with  paler  margins  and  midribs,  acutish;  akenes  obovate,  the  flattish  tubercle 
nearly  as  broad  and  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  very  short, 
not  barbed.  In  wet  places  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joe  River,  Idaho, 
Humphrey. 

68.    SCIRPUS. 

Annual  or  perennial ;  stems  leafy  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  basal 
sheaths;  spikelets  terete  (in  ours),  solitary,  or  in  a  terminal 
cluster,  when  it  is  subtended  by  a  1-several-leaved  involucre; 
scales  in  a  spiral,  usually  all  fertile,  one  or  two  of  the  lowest 
sometimes  empty;  flowers  perfect;  perianth  of  1-6  bristles,  or 
sometimes  none;  stamens  2-3;  style  2-3-cleft,  not  swollen  at  the 
base;  akene  triangular,  lenticular  or  planoconvex. 

Spikelet  solitary,  terminal;  plant  very  small.  5.  nanus, 

Spikelets  several  to  many;  plants  large. 
Stems  terete. 

Akenes  2.5-3  mm.  long,  the  scales  one-fourth  longer.       S.  occidentalis. 
Akenes  2  mm.  long,  the  scales  little  longer.  S.  validus. 

Stems  3-angled. 

Involucral  leaf  solitary,  erect.  5.  americanus. 

Involucral  leaves  several,  spreading. 

Akenes  plano-convex;  bristles  4.  S.  microcarpus. 

Akenes  3-angled;  bristles  6.  5.  atrovirens. 

Scirpus  nanus  Spreng.  Densely  tufted,  the  stems  flattened  and  grooved, 
1-6  cm.  high;  roots  with  minute  tubers;  spikelet  ovoid,  greenish,  bearing  2-4 
or  rarely  more  florets;  scales  acutish,  the  lowest  usually  larger,  when  present 
longer  than  the  smooth  shining  akene.  In  wet  places,  near  Viola,  Idaho. 

Scirpus  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.  Western  Bulrush  or  Tule.  Stems 
1-2  m.  high,  from  stout  scaly  rootstocks;  panicle  loose,  the  suberect  slender 
branches  1-9  cm.  long,  slender;  spikelets  mostly  in  clusters  of  2-7,  pale  brown, 
subcylindric,  10-20  mm.  long;  scales  oblong-ovate,  viscid  near  the  apex, 
aristate.  Common  in  the  shallow  water  of  lake  margins. 

Scirpus  validus  Vahl.  Very  similar  to  5.  occidentalis;  panicle  not  so  large, 
its  branches  1-6  cm.  long;  spikelets  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2-5,  rusty  brown, 
ovoid,  5-10  cm.  long;  scales  almost  orbicular,  pubescent  on  the  back,  mucro- 
nate.  Waitsburg,  Homer.  Rare  in  our  limits. 

Scirpus  americanus  Pers.  Stems  sharply  3-angled,  20-90  cm.  high,  from 
stout  elongated  rootstocks;  leaves  1-4,  shorter  than  the  stem,  channeled; 
bract  2-10  cm.  long,  pointed;  spikelets  1-6,  ovoid,  closely  crowded;  scales 
brown,  ovate,  2-cleft  at  apex  and  often  awned;  bristles  2-6,  shorter  than  the 
plano-convex  smooth  akene.  In  wet  places  especially  where  somewhat 
alkaline. 

Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl.  Perennial,  the  stout  stems  about  1  m.  tall; 
leaves  8-10  mm.  broad,  smooth  beneath,  rough  on  the  margins  and  upper 
surface  of  the  midvein,  the  upper  leaf  usually  exceeding  the  stem;  inflorescence 
a  two  to  three  times  compound  umbel,  the  primary  rays  3-10  cm.  long,  unequal; 
bracts  leaf-like,  about  equalling  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  ovoid,  numerous, 
dark  green,  3-5  mm.  long,  in  heads  of  3-12  or  more;  scales  broadly  ovate, 
acute;  stamens  2;  styles  bifid;  bristles  4;  nutlet  white,  oblong-lenticular,  very 
short-beaked.  Common  on  the  margins  of  ponds  and  streams. 


52  ARACEAE. 

Scirpus  atrpvirens  Muhl.  Similar  to  5.  microcarpus;  stems  taller,  often 
100-150  cm.  high;  panicle  much  denser;  spikelets  dark  greenish-brown,  ovoid 
to  cylindric,  3-8  mm.  long,  in  heads  of  10-30;  scales  acuminate;  akene  oblong- 
obovoid,  sharply  pointed.  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

69.  HEMICARPHA. 

Mostly  annual,  low  tufted  plants;  stems  and  leaves  erect  or 
spreading,  almost  filiform;  spikelets  terete,  terminal,  clustered  or 
solitary,  subtended  by  a  1-3-leaved  involucre;  scales  in  a  spiral, 
deciduous,  all  subtending  perfect  flowers;  perianth  of  a  single 
hyaline  bract  between  the  flower  and  the  rachilla;  bristles  none; 
stamens  1-3;  style  2-cleft,  deciduous,  not  swollen  at  the  base; 
akene  oblong,  turgid  or  lenticular. 

Hemicarpha  aristulata  (Coville)  A.  Nelson.  Tufted,  glabrous,  the  nu- 
merous stems  5-8  cm.  tall,  erect  or  spreading;  leaves  narrow,  involute,  the 
recurved  blades  1-3  cm.  long,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  sheaths;  spikelets 
ovoid,  obtuse,  solitary  or  two  in  a  cluster,  2-4  mm.  long;  involucral  bracts  3, 
the  uppermost  1-3  cm.  long,  the  others  much  shorter;  scales  1—1.5  mm.  long, 
broadly  obovate,  the  abruptly-acuminate  recurved  apex  as  long  as  the  body; 
akene  oblong,  ovate  or  obovate,  0.5  mm.  long,  with  a  short  beak,  the  surface 
very  minutely  and  regularly  hexagonal-reticulate  and  rugose;  styles  shorter 
than  the  akene,  2-cleft  half-way  to  the  base;  hyaline  bract  triangular-ovate. 
Very  rare  on  the  banks  of  Snake  River  at  Almota.  The  species  has  the  habit 
of  H.  subsquarrosa  Nees,  but  the  heads  of  H.  occidentalis  Gray. 

Family  17.    ARACEAE.    ARUM  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  acrid  or  pungent  juice  and  simple  or  compound 
leaves;  flowers  crowded  on  a  spadix,  perfect,  monoecious  or 
dioecious;  spathe  present  or  none;  perianth  of  4-6  sepals  or 
none;  fruit  usually  a  1-4-celled  1-seeded  berry. 

70.   LYSICHITON. 

Acaulescent  swamp  herbs  with  large  leaves  from  a  thick 
horizontal  rootstock;  spathe  sheathing  at  base,  with  or  without 
a  broad  colored  lamina,  at  first  enveloping  the  cylindrical  spadix 
which  later  becomes  long-exserted  on  a  stout  peduncle;  flowers 
perfect,  crowded,  covering  the  spadix;  perianth  4-lobed;  stamens 
4,  opposite  the  perianth-segments;  ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled; 
fruit  fleshy,  somewhat  immersed  in  the  rachis  and  coalescent. 

Lysichiton  camtschatcense  (L.)  Schott.  Yellow  Skunk  Cabbage.  Leaves 
large,  30-90  cm.  long,  oblong,  acute  or  acutish,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short 
margined  petiole;  spathe  golden-yellow,  the  blade  oblong,  acute,  narrowed  into 
a  sheathing  petiole;  peduncle  stout,  20-30  cm.  long;  spadix  cylindric,  in  fruit 
5-12  cm.  long.  In  swamps,  the  brilliant  malodorous  flowers  appearing  before 
the  leaves. 


PONTEDERIACEAE.  53 

Family  18.     LEMNACEAE.     DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 

Very  small  thallose  plants  floating  free  on  the  water,  propagat- 
ing by  the  division  of  the  thallus;  flowers  1-3,  monoecious,  from 
the  edge  or  upper  surface,  rare;  fruit  a  1-7-seeded  utricle. 

Thallus  1-5-nerved,  with  a  single  rootlet.  71.     LEMNA,  53. 

Thallus  5-12-nerved,  with  several  rootlets.  71a.  SPIRODELA,  53. 

71.   LEMNA. 

Thallus  1-5-nerved,  producing  a  single  rootlet  beneath; 
flowers  produced  from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  thallus,  usually 
3  together,  surrounded  by  a  spathe;  two  staminate,  each  of  a 
single  stamen,  the  other  pistillate  of  a  simple  pistil;  ovary 
1 -celled. 

Thalli  oblong,  separate  or  soon  separating.  L.  minor. 

Thalli  oblong,  each  narrowed  into  a  sheath-like  base,  remaining 

connected.  L.  Irisulca. 

Lemna  minor  L.  Thalli  round  to  elliptic-ovate,  2-5  mm.  long,  very  ob- 
scurely 3-nerved;  seeds  oblong-obovate,  amphitropous,  with  prominent  oper- 
culum.  Common  in  ponds,  very  rarely  fruiting. 

Lemna  trisulca  L.  Thalli  thin,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate 
into  a  stalk-like  base,  usually  several  remaining  connected,  each  faintly  3- 
nerved;  seeds  ovate,  amphitropous,  with  a  small  round  operculum.  In  ponds 
near  Potlatch,  Idaho. 

71a.     SPIRODELA. 

Very  similar  to  Lemna  but  rootlets  several,  with  axile  vascular 
tissue;  anther-cells  divided  by  a  vertical  partition  and  dehiscing 
longitudinally. 

Spirodela  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  Thallus  round-obovate,  3-8  mm.  long, 
thick,  purple  and  rather  convex  beneath,  dark  green  above,  palmately,  mostly 
7-nerved.  Silver  Lake,  Pullman,  Darlington. 

Family  19.    PONTEDERIACEAE.     PONDWEED  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  flowers,  sur- 
rounded by  a  spathe ;  perianth  of  6  petal-like  segments  free  from 
the  3-celled  ovary ;  stamens  3  or  6,  unequal  or  dissimilar,  on  the 
throat  of  the  perianth ;  style  1 ;  fruit  a  1-3-celled  capsule  or 
1 -celled  utricle. 

72.   HETERANTHERA. 

Low  herbs  living  in  mud  or  shallow  water,  with  a  1-few- 
flowered  spathe  bursting  from  the  sheathing  side  or  base  of  a 
petiole ;  perianth-limb  somewhat  equally  6-parted ;  stamens  in  the 
throat,  usually  unequal;  capsule  1  or  incompletely  3-celled. 


54  JUNCACEAE. 

Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq.)  MacM.  Stems  slender,  branched,  leafy, 
30-100  cm.  long;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  acute;  spathe  terminal,  1-flowered; 
flowers  small,  pale  yellow,  the  tube  very  slender,  3-6  cm.  long;  capsule  1 -celled, 
6-8  mm.  long.  Marshall  Junction,  Suksdorf. 

Family  20.     JUNCACEAE.     RUSH  FAMILY. 

Perennial,  grass-like,  usually  tufted  herbs;  inflorescence  a  com- 
pound panicle,  corymb  or  umbel,  with  the  flowers  singly  or  loosely 
clustered  or  aggregated  into  spikes  or  heads  (rarely  reduced  to  a 
single  flower);  flowers  small,  regular,  with  or  without  bractlets; 
perianth  6-parted,  the  parts  glumaceous;  stamens  6,  rarely  3; 
pistil  superior,  tricarpellary ;  ovary  3-celled,  or  1-celled  with  3 
parietal  placentae ;  ovules  3-many ;  stigmas  3 ;  fruit  a  loculicidal 
capsule;  seeds  3-many,  small. 

Leaf-sheaths  open;  capsule  1  or  3-celled,  many-seeded; 

placentae  parietal  or  axial.  73.  JUNCUS,  54. 

Leaf-sheaths  closed;  capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded;  placentae 

basal.  74.  JUNCOIDES,  57. 

73.   JUNCUS.     RUSH. 

Annual  or  perennial  plants;  stems  leaf-bearing  or  scapose; 
leaves  glabrous,  round,  grass-like  or  channeled;  inflorescence  a 
panicle  or  corymb,  often  one-sided,  bearing  its  flowers  either 
singly  and  with  two  bractlets  or  in  heads  and  without  bractlets, 
Ibut  each  head  in  the  axil  of  a  bract;  stamens  6,  rarely  3;  ovary 
1-celled  or  3-celled;  placentae  parietal  or  axial;  seeds  several 
to  many. 

Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  appearing  like  a  continu- 
ation of  the  stem,  the  inflorescence  therefore  appearing 
lateral. 
Flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2  or  3. 

Inner  sheaths  bristle-tipped;  capsule  retuse.  /.  subtriflorus. 

Inner  sheaths  bearing  a  leaf  blade;  capsule  acute.          /.  parryi. 
Flowers  numerous,  in  compound  panicles. 

Perianth  segments  brown,  a  green  stripe  on  each  side 
of  the  midrib;  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  stem.  /.  balticus. 

Perianth  segments  green;  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  as 

long  as  the  stem.  /.  filiformis. 

Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  not  appearing  like  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  stem. 
Leaves  not  provided  with  cross  partitions,  either  flat  and 

grass-like  or  terete  and  channeled. 
Annuals;  stems  branched,  leafy. 

Capsule  oblong.  /.  bufonius. 

Capsule  globose.  /•  sphaerocarpus. 

Perennials;  stems  simple. 

Flowers  bracteolate,  loosely  scattered  or  some- 
what congested  but  not  in  true  heads. 


JUNCACEAE.  55 

Auricles  at  summit  of  sheaths  short  and  carti- 
laginous. J.  dudleyi. 
Auricles  at  summit  of  sheaths  elongated  and 

scarious. 

Capsule  ovate  or  oval,  1-celled;  perianth- 
segments  spreading,  three-fourths  the 
length  of  the  capsule.  /.  tennis. 

Capsule  oblong,  3-celled;  perianth-segments 

erect,  about  equalling  the  capsule. 
Perianth-segments  straw-colored,  4  mm. 
long,  the  outer  scarious  only  at  base; 
cyme  rather  crowded.  /.  brachyphyllus. 

Perianth-segments  fuscous,  3.5-4  mm. 
long,  scarious  margined  to  the  apex; 
cyme  congested.  /.  confusus. 

Flowers  not  bracteolate,  in  true  heads. 

Auricles    of    leaf-sheaths    present;     perianth 

parts  smooth.  /.  longistylis. 

Auricles    of    leaf-sheaths    wanting;    perianth 

parts  rough. 

Seeds  tailed.  J.  regelii. 

Seeds  not  tailed.  /.  orthophyllus. 

Leaves  provided  with  distinct  cross  partitions. 
Blade  of  the  leaves  equitant. 

Head  black,  solitary;  stem  terete.  /.  mertensianus. 

Heads  black  or  brown,  2-many;  stem  2-edged.        /.  ensifolius. 
Blade  of  the  leaves  cylindric  or  only  slightly  com- 
pressed. 

Capsules  subulate;  bract  exceeding  the  inflores- 
cence. /.  nodosus. 
Capsules  oblong,  acute;  bract  not  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence. 

Panicle  loose;  heads  dark  brown.  J.  suksdorfii. 

Panicle  dense;  heads  cinnamon  brown.  J.  columbianus. 

Juncus  subtriflorus  (Meyer)  Coville.  Tufted;  stems  slender,  10-25  cm. 
high;  inner  leaf-blades  reduced  to  bristles;  bract  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 
inflorescence;  perianth  segments  acute  or  acuminate,  brownish,  the  outer 
longer,  exceeding  the  brown  oblong  retuse  capsule.  Alpine  on  the  higher 
parts  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Juncus  parryi  Engelm.  Densely  tufted;  stems  20-40  cm.  high;  inner  leaf 
blades  not  reduced ;  bract  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence ;  perianth  segments 
brown,  acute,  the  outer  7  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  inner;  capsule 
oblong,  acute,  exceeding  the  perianth.  Mt.  Carlton,  Kr eager. 

Juncus  balticus  Willd.  Stems  erect,  terete,  naked,  30-60  cm.  tall,  from 
stout  horizontal  rootstocks;  leaves  consisting  only  of  sheaths;  panicle  appar- 
ently lateral,  the  elongated  bract  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem; 
panicle  simple  or  compound,  1-10  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  lanceolate, 
acute,  or  obtusish,  about  4  mm.  long,  usually  brown;  stamens  6;  capsule 
acutely  angled  and  short-beaked;  seeds  oblong,  the  surface  reticulated. 
Abundant  in  wet  places. 

Juncus  filiformis  L.  Stems  very  slender,  15-60  cm.  high,  most  of  them 
usually  sterile;  sheaths  obtuse,  the  blades  small  and  bristle-like;  inflorescence 
few-flowered,  cymose,  nearly  simple;  segments  of  the  perianth  green,  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  inner  a  little  shorter,  about  3  mm.  long;  capsule  green,  obovoid, 
shorter  than  the  perianth;  seeds  thick,  short-pointed  at  each  end.  Lake 
Tesemini,  Idaho. 


56  JUNCACEAE. 

Juncus  bufpnius  L.  Annual,  branching  from  the  base,  5-30  cm.  tall;  leaf 
blades  flat  or  involute,  slender;  flowers  loosely  scattered,  usually  on  but  one 
side  of  the  long  branches  of  the  panicle;  perianth  segments  pale,  scarious- 
margined,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens  6;  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  with  a 
short  blunt  beak;  seeds  very  finely  reticulate.  Everywhere  common. 

Juncus  sphaerocarpus  Nees.  Very  similar  to  /.  bufonius  in  all  respects 
save  the  capsule  which  is  globose.  Probably  common  but  rarely  collected. 

Juncus  dudleyi  Wiegand.  Densely  tufted,  stiffly  erect,  30-50  cm.  high; 
leaves  short,  usually  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  stems;  auricles  yellowish; 
panicle  rather  close,  2-7  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  spreading,  pale,  4—5  mm. 
long,  slightly  exceeding  the  1-celled  ovoid  capsule.  Common  in  low  ground; 
easily  distinguished  by  the  cartilaginous  auricles. 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  Densely  tufted,  15-30  cm.  tall;  leaves  flat  or  some- 
what involute,  narrow,  shorter  than  the  stems;  auricles  whitish,  1-1.5  mm. 
long;  panicle  loose,  seldom  exceeded  by  the  slender  bract;  perianth  segments 
lanceolate,  pale,  3-4.5  mm.  long;  capsule  ovoid,  thin-walled,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae;  seeds  minutely  reticulate.  Very  common. 

Juncus  brachyphyllus  Wiegand.  Stems  tufted,  stiff,  erect,  30-50  cm.  high; 
leaves  flat,  1.5-2  mm.  broad,  only  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the 
culms;  inflorescence  many-flowered,  short  and  rather  crowded,  usually  ex- 
ceeded by  the  bracts;  perianth-segments  subulate,  acute;  capsule  oblong,  the 
triangular  apex  usually  obtuse.  Blue  Mountains  and  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Juncus  confusus  Coville.  Pale  green,  tufted,  erect,  the  culms  40-50  cm. 
high;  leaves  very  narrow,  flat  or  involute,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  culms;  inflorescence  dense,  5-20  mm.  long,  exceeded  by  the  bracts; 
perianth-segments  lanceolate,  acutish,  3.5-4  mm.  long,  the  margins  scarious; 
capsule  oblong,  the  triangular  apex  retuse.  Spangle,  Suksdorf. 

Juncus  longistylis  Tprr.  Stems  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  15-30  cm.  long; 
bract  shorter  than  the  inflorescence;  panicle  consisting  of  5-20  heads,  these 
few-flowered;  perianth  segments  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  pale  brown, 
smooth;  stamens  6;  capsule  oblong,  3-angled  above,  much  shorter  than  the 
segments. 

Juncus  regelii  Buch.  Perennial,  stoloniferous,  pale  green;  stems  smooth 
or  minutely  scabrous,  12-50  cm.  high,  erect;  leaves  flat,  1.5-2  mm.  broad; 
heads  solitary  or  sometimes  2  or  3,  globose,  many-flowered;  outer  perianth  seg- 
ments lanceolate,  acute,  inner  ovate,  obtuse,  all  rough,  brown  with  pale 
margins;  stamens  6;  capsule  longer  than  the  perianth;  seeds  linear,  tailed  at 
each  end.  In  springy  places,  rare. 

Juncus  orthophyllus  Coville.  Perennial,  with  creeping  rootstocks;  stems 
leafy,  30-70  cm.  tall;  leaves  flat,  2-3  mm.  broad,  pale  green,  shorter  than  the 
sheaths,  without  ligules;  flowers  aggregated  into  few-flowered  heads,  these 
panicled;  perianth  segments  straw-colored,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarious- 
margined,  rough,  5  mm.  long;  stamens  6;  capsule  3-angled,  oblong,  acute, 
short-beaked.  Common  along  streams. 

Juncus  mertensianus  Bong.  Stems  terete,  weak,  crowded,  10-30  cm. 
high,  from  short  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide; 
ligules  scarious;  heads  solitary,  globose,  dark  brown,  about  1  cm.  broad; 
perianth  segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  obtuse 
capsule.  Moist  meadows  in  the  Blue  Mountains  at  high  altitudes. 

Juncus  ensifolius  Wiks.  Rootstocks  thick,  creeping;  stems  leafy,  15-30 
cm.  high;  heads  few,  globose,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black;  perianth  segments 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  3  mm.  long;  stamens  3  (rarely  6);  capsule  3-angled, 
acute,  barely  exceeding  the  perianth.  In  wet  places  especially  in  the  moun- 
tains. 


JUNCACEAE.  57 

Juncus  ensifolius  major  Hook.  Differs  from  the  species  in  its  larger  size, 
30-60  cm.  high,  and  numerous  smaller  brown  heads.  Common  in  wet  places. 

Juncus  nodosus  L.  Stems  15-60  cm.  high,  terete,  from  slender  creeping 
tuberiferous  rootstocks;  leaves  narrow;  bract  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
heads  few  to  several,  globose,  8-20-flowered ;  perianth  segments  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  the  inner  longest;  capsule  subulate,  exceeding  the  perianth.  Wet 
places,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Juncus  suksdorfii  Rydberg.  Stems  terete,  leafy,  30-60  cm.  tall,  from 
running  rootstocks;  leaves  slightly  flattened,  with  few  partitions,  2-3  mm. 
wide,  15-30  cm.  long;  ligules  present;  panicle  loose,  composed  of  numerous 
small  dark  brown  heads,  these  few-flowered;  perianth  segments  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  4  mm.  long,  smooth;  stamens  6.  Common  along  streams.  It 
very  rarely  produces  good  seeds. 

Juncus  columbianus  Coville.  Stems  terete,  leafy,  30-45  cm.  tall,  slender; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  becoming  somewhat  involute,  with  few  cross  partitions, 
10-15  cm.  long;  heads  cinnamon  color,  aggregated  into  a  dense  panicle; 
perianth  segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  equalling  the  three-angled  acute 
capsule;  stamens  6.  In  springy  places,  rare. 


74.   JUNCOIDES.    WOOD  RUSH. 

Perennial,  with  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  herbage; 
stems  leaf-bearing;  leaf  sheaths  with  united  margins;  blades 
grass-like;  inflorescence  umbellate,  paniculate  or  congested  into 
head-like  clusters;  flowers  always  bracteolate;  ovary  1 -celled 
with  3  basal  ovules. 

Flowers  congested  into  1-several  head-like  clusters.  J.  campestre. 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2  or  3  in  an  open  panicle. 

Leaves  10-12  mm.  broad;  perianth  brown,  3-3.5  mm.  long.  J.  glabratum. 

Leaves  6-8  or  10  mm.  broad;  perianth  pale  green,  1.5-2.5 

mm.  long.  /.  parviflorum. 

Juncoides  campestre  (L.)  Kuntze.  Stems  tufted,  15-40  cm.  tall,  the 
whole  plant  loosely  yillous;  leaves  flat,  2-5  mm.  broad,  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers 
in  short  spikes,  these  in  cymes;  longest  bract  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
spikes  oblong,  5-15  mm.  long,  on  peduncles  1-5  cm.  long,  erect  or  nodding; 
perianth  segments  straw-color  or  brownish,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3  mm.  long; 
capsules  obtuse,  short-beaked,  equalling  the  perianth.  Dry  woods,  common. 

Juncoides  glabratum  (Hoppe)  Sheldon.  Glabrous  throughout;  stems 
30-50  cm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  dark  green,  flat,  10-20  cm. 
long,  10-12  mm.  broad,  acute;  panicle  loose  and  nodding;  bracts  small;  perianth 
segments  dark  brown,  lance-ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  apiculate  nearly 
black  capsule.  Mt.  Carlton,  Kreager.  An  alpine  species  greedily  eaten  by 
horses. 

Juncoides  parviflorum  (Ehrh.)  Coville.  Very  similar  to  J.  glabratum  but 
taller  and  more  slender;  leaves  usually  with  a  few  long  hairs  at  base;  panicle 
very  loose;  perianth  segments  straw-color,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  hardly 
equalling  the  straw-colored  capsule.  In  swamps  in  woods. 


58  LILIACEAE. 

Family  21.    LILIACEAE.     LILY  FAMILY. 

Terrestrial  herbs  or  sometimes  woody  plants;  stems  usually 
from  bulbs,  corms,  or  more  or  less  thickened  rootstocks;  flowers 
mostly  perfect,  regular;  perianth  not  glumaceous,  of  6  separate 
or  united  segments  free  from  the  ovary;  stamens  6,  opposite 
the  perianth-segments;  ovary  3-celled;  fruit  a  few  to  many- 
seeded  3-celled  capsule  or  berry. 

Plants  with  bulbs  or  corms. 
Flowers  in  umbels. 

Perianth-lobes  united,  funnel-form;  stamens 

on  the  throat.  75.  HOOKERA,  58. 

Perianth-lobes  not  at  all  or  but  slightly  united ; 

stamens  on  the  bases  of  the  lobes.  76.  ALLIUM,  59. 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  racemes  or  cymes. 

Outer  perianth-segments  narrower  than  the 

inner.  77.  CALOCHORTUS,  60. 

Perianth-segments  all  alike  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  on  the  stem. 

Leaves  only  two  at  the  surface  of  the 
ground  but  near  the  middle  of  the 
stem,  appearing  basal;  flowers  bract- 
less.  78.  ERYTHRONIUM,  61. 
Stem  leafy;  flowers  leafy-bracted.  79.  FRITILLARIA,  61. 
Leaves  linear,  basal;  flowers  bracted. 

Flowers  small,  greenish- white.  80.  ZIGADENUS,  62. 

Flowers  large,  blue.  81.  QUAMASIA,  62. 

Plants  with  rootstocks. 

Leaves  all  basal.  82.  CLINTONIA,  63. 

Leaves  cauline. 

Leaves  in  a  whorl  of  three  below  the  flower.      83.  TRILLIUM,  63. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  axillary.  84.  STREPTOPUS,  63. 

Flowers  terminal. 

Leaves  linear,  rigid.  85.   XEROPHYLLUM,  64. 

Leaves  broader,  not  rigid. 

Flowers  umbelled  or  solitary,  ter- 
minal. 86.  DISPORUM,  64. 
Flowers  racemed  or  panicled. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  monoe- 
cious, rather  large.  87.  VERATRUM,  64. 
Flowers  perfect,  small.                 88.  VAGNERA,  65. 

75.   HOOKERA. 

Usually  erect  scapose  herbs  from  a  membranous-coated  cormr 
leaves  linear;  inflorescence  a  several-bracted  umbel  of  few  to 
many  flowers,  on  jointed  pedicels;  perianth  funnel-form  not 
contracted  at  the  throat,  blue,  purple,  yellow  or  white,  the  seg- 
ments united;  stamens  3  on  the  throat  opposite  the  inner  lobes 
and  alternate  with  three  sterile  stamens,  or  6  in  one  or  two  rows; 
ovary  stalked  or  sessile,  3-celled,  each  cavity  containing  3-8 
seeds. 


LILIACEAE.  59 

Flowers  white,  the  stamens  in  one  row.  H.  hyacinthina. 

Flowers  blue,  the  stamens  in  two  rows.  H.  douglasii. 

Hookera  hyacinthina  (Lindl.)  Kuntze.  Scapes  30-70  cm.  tall;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  stem,  5-8  mm.  broad;  flowers  numerous; 
perianth  open-campanulate,  white,  each  lobe  with  a  green  midvein,  the  tube 
about  half  as  long  as  the  lobes;  stamens  in  one  row,  the  filaments  broadly 
dilated,  equal;  capsule  subglobose.  Low  meadows,  common. 

Hookera  douglasii  (Wats.)  Piper.  Wild  Hyacinth.  Scape  tall;  corm 
globose,  the  outer  coats  coarsely  fibrous;  leaves  two  or  three,  shorter  than  the 
stem,  2-4:  mm.  broad;  flowers  blue,  usually  numerous,  in  a  dense  umbel; 
pedicels  2-30  mm.  long;  perianth  tubular-campanulate,  2-3  cm.  long,  the 
tube  longer  than  the  lobes;  stamens  in  two  rows,  the  upper  and  longer  ones 
on  the  petals;  filaments  naked;  capsule  oblong-ovate,  short-stipitate.  Plenti- 
ful on  hillsides. 

76.  ALLIUM.     ONION. 

Pungent  herbs  with  the  characteristic  odor  of  the  onion,  the 
leaves  and  usually  scapose  erect  stem  from  a  coated  bulb ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  or  rarely  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sheathing;  in- 
florescence a  terminal  simple  umbel,  in  the  axils  of  2  or  3  mem- 
branous, separate  or  united  bracts;  pedicels  slender,  not  jointed; 
flowers  white,  or  pink;  perianth-segments  6,  separate  or  united 
by  their  very  bases;  stamens  6,  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth- 
segments;  ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so,  completely  or  incompletely 
3-celled ;  ovules  1-6  in  each  cavity. 

Outer  bulb-coat  fibrous.  A.  geyeri. 

Outer  bulb-coats  not  fibrous,  with  or  without  reticulations. 
Flowers  white;  umbel  flat. 

Reticulations  narrow,  wavy.  A.  cottinum. 

Reticulations  none.  A.  macrum. 

Flowers  red;  umbel  globose  or  flat. 

Leaves    narrow;    umbel    flat;    reticulations    distinct, 

polygonal.  A.  acuminatum. 

Leaves  rather  broad;  umbel  globose  or  flat;  reticu- 
lations wanting  or  very  obscure. 
Scapes  compressed,  8-15  cm.  high;  umbel  flat  or 

merely  convex.  A.  cusickii. 

Scapes  terete. 

Heads  dense,  globose;  stems  20-40  cm.  high; 

perianth  segments  8-10  mm.  long.  A.  douglasii. 

Heads  convex;  stems  15-30  cm.  high;  perianth 

segments  6-8  mm.  long.  A.  nevii. 

Allium  geyeri  Wats.  Stems  slender,  15-30  cm.  tall;  bulbs  elongate,  the 
coats  fibrous;  leaves  2-4,  slender,  blunt,  10-20  cm.  long;  flowers  pale  rose- 
color;  bracts  broad;  perianth  segments  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  ovary 
crested.  Low  meadows,  not  common. 

Allium  collinum  Dougl.  Usually  cespitose;  bulbs  globose,  the  outer  coats 
marked  with  fine  narrow  curved  reticulations;  stems  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves 
narrowly  linear;  flowers  white,  in  flat-topped  small  umbels;  perianth  segments 
5-8  mm.  long,  acute.  High  ridges  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 


60  LILIACEAE. 

Allium  macrum  Wats.  Similar  to  A.  collinum  in  all  respects,  but  outer 
bulb  coat  without  reticulate  markings.  High  ridges  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Allium  acuminatum  Hook.  Stems  10-20  cm.  tall;  bulbs  globose,  the 
outer  coats  finely  reticulate;  leaves  terete,  narrow,  shorter  than  the  stem; 
flowers  many,  pink,  on  pedicels  2-3  cm.  long;  perianth  segments  ovate,  acu- 
minate, 10-12  mm.  long;  ovary  only  obscurely  crested.  Rocky  soil,  abundant. 

Allium  acuminatum  cuspidatum  Fernald.  Perianth  segments  smaller, 
7-8  mm.  long,  abruptly  cuspidate.  Near  Wawawai. 

Allium  cusickii  Wats.  Scapes  flattened,  2-edged,  10-15  cm.  high;  bulb 
ovoid,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  outer  coats  black,  not  reticulated;  leaves  two,  falcate, 
4-8  mm.  broad,  exceeding  the  scape;  umbel  rather  densely  many-flowered, 
convex;  pedicels  slender,  15-20  mm.  long;  perianth  pink,  the  segments  atten- 
uate-acuminate, 8-10  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  stamens  and  style. 
Bluffs  of  the  Snake  and  Clearwater  Rivers,  in  thin  rocky  soil. 

Allium  douglasii  Hook.  Stems  stout,  15-25  cm.  tall;  bulb  ovate,  2  cm. 
long,  the  coats  not  reticulated;  leaves  two,  10-20  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  wide, 
flat;  flowers  very  numerous,  in  a  dense  globose  umbel,  dark  red;  bracts  2, 
large;  perianth  segments  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  7-10  mm.  long; 
pedicels  15-20  mm.  long;  ovary  not  crested.  In  gravelly  springy  places,  rare. 

Allium  nevii  Wats.  Stems  stout,  10-20  cm.  high;  bulb  ovate,  about  2  cm. 
long,  the  coats  usually  purplish  and  the  reticulations  very  obscure,  trans- 
versely polygonal;  leaves  2,  flat,  3-4  mm.  broad,  10-20  cm.  long;  flowers  pink, 
rather  numerous;  bracts  2,  large;  perianth  segments  ovate,  cuspidate,  6-7  mm. 
long;  pedicels  5-7  mm.  long;  ovary  not  crested.  Spokane,  Henderson;  more 
common  in  central  Washington. 

77.   CALOCHORTUS.    MARIPOSA  LILY. 

Branched  or  simple  herbs  with  coated  corms ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear;  flowers  large,  showy,  peduncled;  perianth-segments  sepa- 
rate, spreading,  whitish,  purplish  or  variegated;  the  three  outer 
sepal-like,  narrow;  the  three  inner  petal-like,  gland-bearing,  and 
bearded  or  spotted  within;  stamens  6,  hypogynous;  ovary  3- 
celled;  ovules  numerous. 

Flowers  white  or  yellowish,  nodding. 

Petals  pale  yellow,  sparsely  hairy.  C.  apiculatus. 

Petals  white,  very  hairy  inside.  C.  elegans. 
Flowers  erect,  usually  pink. 

Petals  obtuse,  with  a  peacock-eye  spot  at  the  base.  C.  nitidus. 

Petals  acute  or  acuminate,  yellow  at  base.  C.  macrocarpus. 

Calochortus  apiculatus  Baker.  Stem  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  bearing  1-3 
flowers;  leaf  solitary,  15-30  cm.  long,  6-18  mm.  broad;  bracts  linear,  acuminate; 
sepals  acute,  lanceolate,  1-2  cm.  long;  petals  yellowish,  broadly  obovate, 
sparingly  hairy,  except  about  the  deep  pit  at  the  base  which  lacks  a  scale; 
anthers  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  filaments;  capsule  oblong,  2.5-3  cm.  long. 
In  moist  grassy  places,  common  near  Priest  Lake,  Idaho.  Near  Spokane, 
Miss  Reed. 

Calochortus  elegans  Pursh.  Low,  the  stems  5-15  cm.  tall,  bearing  a  single 
lanceolate  leaf,  which  much  exceeds  the  stem;  flowers  solitary,  or  2-5  in  a 
cyme,  the  pedicels  ascending,  2-6  cm.  long,  each  subtended  by  a  lanceolate- 
acuminate  bract;  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  greenish  or  purplish, 


LILIACEAE.  6l 

shorter  than  the  petals;  petals  ovate,  obtuse,  greenish- white  with  a  purple- 
violet  blotch  at  base,  very  hairy  on  the  upper  surface;  nectary  covered  by  a 
fringed  scale.  Common  especially  in  open  pine  woods. 

Calochortus  nitidus  Dougl.  Stems  slender,  30-50  cm.  tall;  cauline  leaves 
2,  the  lower  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem;  flowers  usually  2-4  in  an  umbel-like 
cyme;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  2-3  cm.  long,  scarious-margined,  purple 
tinged;  petals  cuneate-obovate,  truncate  or  rounded,  lilac-purple,  sparsely 
hairy  over  the  upper  surface,  about  4  cm.  long;  nectary  oblong,  covered  with 
a  small  densely  hairy  scale,  the  whole  surrounded  with  several  arched  bands 
of  yellow  and  purple;  capsule  oval,  acuminate,  prominently  winged,  2-3  cm. 
long.  Common  in  low  meadows. 

Calochortus  macrocarpus  Dougl.  Stems  stout,  30-60  cm.  tall;  leaves 
3-5,  involute,  narrow,  7-15  cm.  long;  flowers  1-4;  sepals  greenish  or  purplish, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarious-margined,  3-5  cm.  long,  equalling  the  petals; 
petals  broadly  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  pink-purple,  paler  toward  the 
base;  nectary  oblong,  hairy;  capsule  lance-oblong,  not  winged,  3-4  cm.  long. 
Dry  hills,  quite  common.  A  white  flowered  form  rarely  occurs. 

78.  ERYTHRONIUM.    ADDER'S  TONGUE. 

Low  herbs,  from  deep  membranous-coated  corms;  stem  simple; 
leaves  but  one  pair,  broad  or  narrow,  usually  below  the  middle 
of  the  stem  where  it  rises  from  the  ground  and  thus  appears 
basal;  flowers  large,  nodding,  bractless,  solitary  or  several; 
perianth-segments  separate,  lanceolate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate ; 
stamens  6,  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  ovary  sessile, 
3-celled ;  ovules  numerous  or  several  in  each  cavity. 

Anthers  purple;  perianth  yellow.  E.  grandiflorum. 
Anthers  white. 

Perianth  white.  E.  grandiflorum  candidum. 

Perianth  yellow.  E.  parviflorum. 

Erythronium  grandiflorum  Pursh.  Scape  15-30  cm.  tall;  corm  elongate; 
leaves  dark  green,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  10-20  cm.  long;  petioles  short, 
grooved  above;  flowers  solitary  or  rarely  2-6  in  a  cluster;  perianth  segments 
yellow,  pale  at  base,  becoming  recurved;  anthers  purple;  capsule  oblanceolate, 
attenuate  at  base,  2-3  cm.  long.  Abundant  on  north  hillsides. 

Erythronium  grandiflorum  candidum  Piper  n.  subsp.  Flowers  wholly 
white.  Near  Cheney,  Professor  J.  W.  Hungate. 

Erythronium  parviflorum  (Wats.)  Goodding.  Very  similar  to  E.  grandi- 
florum, but  usually  a  little  smaller;  flowers  paler,  the  perianth  segments  usually 
shorter;  anthers  white.  In  Blue  Mountains  at  1500  to  2000  meters  altitude. 
This  species  or  perhaps  subspecies  always  replaces  E.  grandiflorum  in  the 
mountains  and  the  two  seem  never  to  grow  together. 

79.  FRITILLARIA. 

Bulbous  herbs;  stems  simple,  leafy;  inflorescence  of  rather 
large  nodding  solitary  or  racemed  leafy-bracted  flowers ;  perianth 
mostly  campanulate,  of  6  separate  and  nearly  equal  oblong  or 
ovate  segments,  each  with  a  nectar-pit  or  spot  at  the  base; 
stamens  6,  hypogynous;  ovary  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  3-celled; 
ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity. 


62  LILIACEAE. 

Flowers  yellow;  styles  united  the  whole  length.  F.  pudica. 

Flowers  brown,  spotted ;  styles  not  united  the  whole  length.  F*  lanceolata. 

Fritillaria  pudica  (Pursh)  Spreng.  Stems  10-30  cm.  tall;  bulb-scales 
round,  numerous;  leaves  several,  linear,  obtuse,  4-12  cm.  long,  5-12  mm. 
wide,  in  a  single  whorl  or  scattered;  flowers  commonly  single,  sometimes  2-6; 
perianth-segments  oblong,  obtuse,  1-2  cm.  long,  yellow,  each  with  a  reddish 
mark  at  the  base;  stamens  about  equalling  the  united  styles;  capsule  oblong, 
not  winged.  Hillsides,  common. 

Fritillaria  lanceolata  Pursh.  Stems  30-90  cm.  tall,  glaucous;  leaves  in 
two  or  three  whorls  of  4—6,  lanceolate,  sessile,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers  1-6, 
brown-purple  with  greenish-yellow  spots;  segments  oblong-lanceolate;  nec- 
taries conspicuous;  capsule  2-3  cm.  long,  with  6  broad  wings.  Near  Palouse 
City. 

80.  ZIGADENUS. 

Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs  from  coated  bulbs  each  crowning 
a  very  short  rhizome,  and  with  leafy  stems ;  leaves  linear ;  inflo- 
rescence a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme ;  flowers  perfect  or  polyga- 
mous, greenish,  yellowish  or  white;  perianth-segments  lanceolate 
or  ovate,  separate  or  united  below,  sometimes  adnate  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  ovary,  with  one  or  two  glands  or  a  spot  just 
above  the  narrowed  base;  stamens  free  from  the  perianth- 
segments,  about  equalling  them  in  length ;  ovary  3-celled ;  ovules 
several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity. 

Inflorescence  racemose;  perianth-segments  obtuse.  Z.  venenosus. 

Inflorescence  paniculate;  perianth-segments  acute.  Z.  paniculatus. 

Zigadenus  venenosus  Wats.  Death  Camas.  Stems  30-50  cm.  tall,  from 
ovate,  dark-coated  bulbs;  leaves  several,  linear,  keeled,  3-5  mm.  broad,  shorter 
than  the  stems;  raceme  many-flowered,  5-10  cm.  long,  much  longer  in  fruit; 
flowers  yellowish,  on  pedicels  5-10  mm.  long;  bracts  awl-shaped;  perianth- 
segments  clawed,  elliptical,  the  blade  obtuse;  nectaries  with  thick  margins. 
Common  in  meadows  and  on  hillsides.  Bulbs  poisonous. 

Zigadenus  paniculatus  Wats.  Similar  to  Z.  venenosus  but  stouter  and 
often  taller;  bulb  larger,  often  elongate;  leaves  6-15  mm.  broad,  usually  all 
sheathing;  panicle  many-flowered;  flowers  whitish;  perianth-segments  deltoid- 
ovate,  acute,  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  claw;  nectary  not  definitely  margined. 
A  plant  of  the  sage  brush  region;  rare  in  our  limits. 

81.   QUAMASIA.    CAMAS. 

Scapose  herbs,  with  membranous-coated  edible  bulbs;  leaves 
linear,  basal;  inflorescence  a  terminal  raceme;  flowers  large,  blue 
or  white,  bracted;  pedicels  jointed  at  the  base  of  the  flower; 
perianth-segments  6,  separate,  equal,  spreading,  persistent,  3-7- 
nerved;  stamens  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  ovary 
3-celled,  sessile;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity. 

Quamasia  quamash  (Pursh)  Coville.  Scape  stout,  30-70  cm.  tall;  leaves 
several,  mostly  shorter  than  the  stem,  5-10  mm.  broad,  sometimes  glaucous; 
raceme  elongated,  10-30-flowered,  the  pedicels  short;  bracts  narrowly  lanceo- 


LILIACEAE.  63 

late,  about  equalling  the  flowers;  flowers  dark  blue  or  rarely  white;  perianth 
lobes  unequally  spreading,  lanceolate,  acute,  2  cm.  long;  capsule  oblong-ovate, 
somewhat  3-angled,  10-12  mm.  long;  seeds  black,  shining.  Abundant  in 
wet  meadows,  the  bulbs  used  by  the  Indians  as  food. 

82.   CLINTONIA. 

Somewhat  pubescent  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks  and  erect 
simple  scapes;  leaves  few,  broad  petioled,  sheathing,  basal; 
flowers  solitary-terminal  or  umbelled  on  the  erect  scapes,  bract- 
less;  perianth-segments  distinct,  equal  or  nearly  so,  erect  or 
spreading;  stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth- 
segments  ;  ovary  2-  or  3-celled ;  ovules  2-several  in  each  cavity. 

Clintonia  uniflora  (Schult.)  Kunth.  Rootstock  creeping,  slender;  scapes 
slender,  pubescent,  naked  or  with  one  or  two  small  linear  bracts,  6-10  cm.  tall, 
bearing  a  solitary  white  flower  or  rarely  two;  proper  stem  short;  leaves  2-5, 
oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  10-20  cm.  long;  calyx  pubescent  on 
the  outside;  filaments  attenuate  from  a  thicker  base,  pubescent  below;  fruit, 
globose  or  pyriform,  blue.  In  rich  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

83.   TRILLIUM.    WAKE  ROBIN. 

Glabrous  erect  unbranched  herbs,  with  short  rootstocks; 
leaves  3  in  a  whorl  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  just  under  the 
sessile  or  peduncled,  solitary,  bractless  flower;  perianth  of  two 
distinct  series  of  segments,  the  outer  3  (sepals)  green,  the  inner 
3  (petals)  white,  pink,  purple  or  sometimes  greenish;  stamens  6, 
hypogynous;  ovary  sessile,  3-6-angled  or  lobed;  ovules  several 
or  numerous  in  each  cavity. 

Flowers  white,  peduncled.  T.  ovatum. 

Flowers  purple,  sessile.  T.  petiolatum. 

Trillium  ovatum  Pursh.  Stems  15-40  cm.  tall,  from  a  stout  horizontal 
rootstock,  2-5  cm.  long;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  5-15  cm. 
long,  nearly  sessile;  flowers  odorous;  peduncles  erect,  3-6  cm.  long;  petals 
lanceolate,  acute,  white,  in  age  changing  through  various  shades  of  pink  to 
dark  red,  exceeding  the  green  sepals;  anthers  yellow.  In  woods,  in  the  moun- 
tains. 

Trillium  petiolatum  Pursh.  Stems  short,  usually  almost  entirely  enclosed 
in  sheath-like  bracts,  arising  from  a  stout  oblong  upright  rootstock;  leaves 
oval  or  orbicular,  5-15  cm.  long,  petioled;  flowers  sessile;  petals  narrow,  dark 
purple,  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals;  anthers  dark  purple.  Rich  hillsides 
and  copses. 

84.  STREPTOPUS. 

Herbs  with  stout  or  slender  rootstocks;  leaves  thin,  sessile  or 
clasping,  alternate,  many-nerved;  flowers  solitary  or  two  to- 
gether, axillary,  slender-peduncled,  greenish  or  purplish,  small, 
nodding;  peduncles  bent  or  twisted  at  about  the  middle;  perianth 
somewhat  campanulate,  its  segments  6,  recurved  or  spreading, 
the  outer  flat,  the  inner  keeled;  stamens  6,  hypogynous;  ovary 
3-celled;  ovules  numerous,  in  two  rows  in  each  cavity. 


64  LILIACEAE. 

Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  Stems  branched,  about  1  m.  tall, 
from  horizontal  creeping  rootstocks,  glabrous  except  at  the  base;  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  cordate  and  clasping  at  base,  5-12  cm.  long,  usually  glaucous, 
especially  beneath;  flower  solitary  in  the  upper  axils;  pedicels  bent  at  the  base 
and  geniculate  in  the  middle,  so  that  the  flower  is  concealed  by  the  leaf; 
perianth  narrowly  campanulate,  the  segments  greenish,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
strongly  curved  outward;  anthers  acuminate;  berry 'oblong-globose,  red,  about 
1  cm.  in  diameter.  Moist  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

85.   XEROPHYLLUM. 

Perennials  with  a  short  thick  woody  rootstock  and  numerous 
radical  stiff  linear  leaves;  perianth  white,  of  six  separate  spread- 
ing petal-like  segments;  stamens  6,  at  the  base  of  the  perianth- 
segments;  styles  distinct,  linear,  reflexed;  ovary  sessile,  ovate, 
3-lobed. 

Xerophyllum  tenax  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Pine  Lily  or  Bear  Grass.  Basal  leaves 
very  numerous,  harsh  and  stiff,  linear,  keeled,  5  mm.  broad,  60-90  cm.  long; 
cauline  similar  but  smaller  and  dilated  at  base;  stems  stout,  1-2  m.  tall,  stiff 
and  erect;  flowers  white;  raceme  dense,  at  first  pyramidal,  then  elongating, 
15-40  cm.  long  in  bloom,  longer  in  fruit;  pedicels  spreading  in  flower,  erect  in 
fruit,  2-3  cm.  long.  In  pine  woods  in  the  mountains. 

86.   DISPORUM. 

More  or  less  pubescent  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks;  stems 
branching,  scaly  below,  leafy  above;  leaves  alternate,  somewhat 
unsymmetrical,  sessile  or  clasping;  flowers  terminal,  drooping, 
whitish  or  greenish-yellow,  solitary  or  few  in  simple  umbels; 
perianth-segments  6,  narrow,  equal,  separate;  stamens  6,  hy- 
pogynous;  ovary  3-celled;  ovules  2  or  sometimes  several  in  each 
cavity. 

Fruit  globose,  papillose;  stigma  3-cleft.  D.  majus. 

Fruit  ovate,  pubescent  or  glabrous;  stigma  entire.  D.  oreganum. 

Disporum  majus  (Hook.)  Britt.  Stems  branched,  30-50  cm.  tall,  the 
branches  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  long-acuminate,  sessile 
and  half-clasping,  5-7  cm.  long,  glabrous;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs,  yellowish- 
white,  on  more  or  less  curved  pedicels,  5-8  mm.  long;  perianth  campanulate, 
the  segments  narrow,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  1 0-^-12  mm.  long;  berry  pyriform- 
globose,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  roughened  with  minute  shallow  pits.  In  woods, 
in  the  mountains. 

Disporum  oreganum  (Wats.)  Benth.  &  Hook.  Similar  to  D.  majus; 
leaves  broader,  ovate,  distinctly  cordate;  perianth  12  mm.  long,  the  stamens 
exserted;  stigma  3-parted;  fruit  globose,  pubescent  but  becoming  smooth.  In 
mossy  woods. 

87.  VERATRUM.    FALSE  HELLEBORE. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  from  short  thick  poisonous  rootstocks; 
stem  pubescent;  leaves  mostly  broad,  clasping,  strongly  veined 
and  plaited;  inflorescence  pubescent,  of  terminal  panicles; 


LILIACEAE.  65 

flowers  greenish  or  yellowish-white,  rather  large,  polygamous,  on 
short  stout  pedicels;  perianth-segments  6,  glandless  or  nearly  so, 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary;  stamens  opposite  the  perianth- 
segments  and  free  from  them,  short,  mostly  curved;  ovary  ovoid, 
3-celled,  the  cavities  several-ovuled. 

Flowers  green;  lower  branches  of  the  panicle  drooping.  V.  viride. 

Flowers  white;  branches  of  the  panicle  not  drooping.  V.  calif ornicum. 

Veratrum  viride  Ait.  Green  Hellebore.  Stems  stout,  100-150  cm.  tall; 
leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath,  20-30  cm.  long; 
panicle  open,  30-60  cm.  long,  the  lower  branches  more  or  less  drooping,  usually 
simple;  perianth  green,  pubescent  outside,  the  segments  obovate,  obtuse, 
about  8  mm.  long;  principal  bracts  foliaceous,  like  the  upper  leaves.  Deep 
woods,  in  wet  places. 

Veratrum  californicum  Durand.  White  Hellebore.  Very  similar  to  V. 
viride,  but  flowers  white,  and  the  branches  of  the  panicle  not  drooping,  usually 
again  branched;  principal  bracts  not  foliaceous,  small.  Common  in  moist 
meadows. 

88.   VAGNERA.     FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Herbs  with  slender  or  short  and  thick  rootstocks;  stem  simple, 
scaly  below,  leafy  above;  leaves  alternate,  short-petioled  or 
sessile,  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oblong;  inflorescence  a  terminal 
raceme  or  panicle;  flowers  white  or  greenish,  small;  perianth  of 
6  separate  spreading  equal  segments;  stamens  6,  on  the  base  of 
the  perianth-segments;  ovary  3-celled,  sessile,  subglobose;  ovules 
2  in  each  cavity. 

Flowers  small,  numerous,  in  a  dense  panicle.  V.  amplexicaulis. 
Flowers  larger,  few,  in  a  raceme. 

Leaves  flat  and  spreading.  V.  sessilifolia. 

Leaves  folded,  ascending.  V.  stellata. 

Vagnera  amplexicaulis  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Rootstocks  stout;  stems  50-100 
cm.  tall,  usually  puberulent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  acuminate,  puberulent, 
6-12  cm.  long,  sessile,  clasping  the  stem  somewhat;  panicle  pyramidal  or 
narrow,  3-10  cm.  long;  pedicels  very  short;  perianth  spreading,  the  segments 
oblong,  2  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  ovary;  filaments  subulate,  longer  than  the 
perianth;  style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary.  In  rich  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Vagnera  amplexicaulis  brachystyla  (Henderson)  Piper.  Style  only  half 
as  long  as  the  ovary.  Kamiack  Butte. 

Vagnera  sessilifolia  (Baker)  Greene.  Rootstocks  slender;  stems  30-60 
cm.  tall,  smooth;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  flat,  sessile,  pubescent 
beneath,  10-15  cm.  long;  raceme  open,  2-5  cm.  long,  5-10-flowered;  pedicels 
4-12  mm.  long;  perianth-segments  spreading,  lanceolate,  4  mm.  long;  stamens 
shorter  than  the  styles.  Common  in  moist  copses. 

Vagnera  stellata  (L.)  Morong.  Very  similar  to  V.  sessilifolia  but  usually 
smaller;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  half-clasping,  strongly  ascending  and 
loosely  folded;  raceme  more  crowded,  the  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long.  Blue 
Mountains,  Homer;  rare  in  our  limits. 


66  IRIDACEAE. 

Family  22.    IRIDACEAE.     IRIS  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  narrow,  equitant,  2-ranked;  flowers 
perfect,  regular  or  irregular,  mostly  clustered,  subtended  by 
bracts;  perianth  of  6  segments  or  6-lobe,d,  its  tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  the  segments  or  lobes  in  2  series;  stamens  3,  inserted 
on  the  perianth  opposite  its  outer  series  of  segments  or  lobes; 
ovary  inferior,  mostly  3-celled;  ovules  mostly  numerous  in  each 
cell;  style  3-cleft,  its  branches  sometimes  divided. 

Flowers  very  large;  styles  petal-like.  89.  IRIS,  66. 

Flowers  moderate  in  size;  styles  filiform. 

Filaments  united  to  the  top;  flowers  usually  blue.    90.  SISYRINCHIUM,  66. 
Filaments  united  only  at  the  base;  flowers  never 
blue.  91.  OLSYNIUM,  67. 

89.   IRIS. 

Herbs  with  creeping  or  horizontal,  often  woody  and  sometimes 
tuber-bearing  rootstocks ;  stems  erect;  leaves  erect  or  ascending, 
equitant;  flowers  large,  regular,  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered; 
perianth  of  6  clawed  segments  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  three 
outer  dilated,  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  three  inner  narrower, 
smaller,  usually  erect  or  in  some  species  about  as  large  as  the 
outer;  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  outer  perianth- 
segments;  ovary  3-celled;  divisions  of  the  style  petal-like, 
arching  over  the  stamens,  bearing  the  stigmas  immediately  under 
their  mostly  2-lobed  tips;  style-base  adnate  to  the  perianth-tube. 

Iris  missouriensis  Nutt.  Rootstocks  stout,  short,  branched;  stems  20-50 
cm.  tall,  naked  or  with  one  or  two  leaves;  leaves  pale  or  glaucous,  usually 
shorter  than  the  stem,  5-8  mm.  wide;  flowers  violet-blue,  rarely  white,  2-4 
in  each  umbel;  bracts  scarious,  2-6  cm.  long,  acute;  sepals  narrowly  clawed, 
5-6  cm.  long,  the  honey  guides  yellowish;  petals  erect,  shorter;  capsule  oblong- 
obovate,  somewhat  3-angled;  seeds  brown.  Wet  places,  common. 

90.  SISYRINCHIUM.     BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Perennial  tufted  slender  herbs,  with  short  rootstocks;  stems 
simple  or  branched,  2-edged  or  2-winged;  leaves  linear,  grass- 
like;  flowers  rather  small,  mostly  blue,  terminal,  umbellate,  from 
a  pair  of  erect  green  bracts;  perianth-tube  short  or  none,  the  6 
spreading  segments  oblong  or  obovate,  equal;  filaments  united 
to  the  top;  ovary  3-celled,  each  cavity  several-ovuled ;  style- 
branches  filiform,  undivided,  alternate  with  the  anthers. 

Sisyrinchium  idahoense  Bicknell.  Stems  tufted,  20-45  cm.  tall,  compressed 
and  winged,  the  edges  serrulate;  leaves  shorter  than  the  stems,  linear,  acute, 
1-3.5  mm.  wide,  all  radical,  or  occasionally  one  on  the  stem;  bracts  long  and 
narrow;  flowers  3-6,  pedicelled,  dark  blue,  with  a  small  yellow  center;  perianth- 
segments  12-18  mm.  long,  mucronate;  filaments  united  to  the  top.  Low 
meadows,  common. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  67 

91.   OLSYNIUM. 

Very  similar  to  Sisyrinchium  but  the  filaments  united  only  at 
the  base  and  the  flowers  never  blue. 

Olsynium  grandiflorum  (Dougl.)  Raf.  Stems  mostly  solitary,  15-30  cm. 
tall,  compressed;  roots  fascicled,  stout;  leaf -blades  5-10  cm.  long,  erect,  shorter 
than  the  sheaths;  flowers  1-4,  the  pedicels  shorter  than  the  largest  bract; 
perianth-segments  reddish-purple,  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  15-18  mm. 
long;  filaments  broad  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  3-cleft  style.  Very  common. 

Family  23.     ORCHIDACEAE.     ORCHID  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  corms,  bulbs  or  tubers;  leaves  entire, 
sheathing,  sometimes  reduced  to  scales;  flowers  perfect,  irregular, 
bracted,  solitary,  spiked  or  racemed;  perianth  superior,  of  6 
segments,  the  three  outer  (sepals]  alike  or  nearly  so;  two  of  the 
inner  ones  (petals]  lateral,  alike;  the  third  inner  one  (Up)  dis- 
similar, often  markedly  so,  usually  larger,  often  spurred,  some- 
times inferior  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary  or  pedicel;  stamens 
variously  united  with  the  style  into  an  unsymmetrical  column; 
anther  one  (sometimes  two) ;  pollen  more  or  less  coherent  into 
masses  (pollinia) ;  ovary  inferior,  usually  long  and  twisted, 
3-angled,  1-celled;  ovules  numerous  on  three  parietal  placentae; 
seeds  numerous;  endosperm  none. 

Perfect  anthers  2;  lip  large,  sac-like.  92.  CYPRIPEDIUM,  68". 

Perfect  anther  1. 

Plant  saprophytic,  without  green  herbage. 

Flowers  spurred,  reddish  or  white.  93.  CORALLORHIZA,  68*. 

Flowers  spurless,  white.  94.  CEPHALANTHERA,  69. 

Plants  with  ordinary  green  herbage. 

Flower  and  leaf  solitary;  plant  bulbous.  95.  CYTHEREA,  69. 

Flowers  several-many  in  racemes. 

Leaves  only  two.  96.  OPHRYS  69. 

Leaves  more  than  two. 

Flowers  each  with  a  distinct  spur. 
Leaves  several,   cauline,   gradu- 
ally reduced  upwards.  97.  LiMNORCHis,  70. 
Leaves  two,  basal;  cauline  re- 
duced to  bracts. 
Lateral  sepals  adnate  to  the 

base  of  the  lip.  98.  PIPERIA,  70. 

Lateral  sepals  free.  99.  LYSIAS,  71. 

Flowers  spurless,  the  lip  at  most 

saccate. 

Lip  with  2  callosities  at  base; 
flowers  spirally  arranged  in  a 
dense  spike.  100.  IBIDIUM,  71. 

Lip  without  basal  callosities. 

Leaves  white-reticulated.         101.  PERAMIUM,  71. 
Leaves  green.  102.  EPIPACTIS,  72. 


68  ORCHIDACEAE. 

92.  CYPRIPEDIUM.     LADY'S  SLIPPER. 

Glandular-pubescent  herbs  with  leafy  stems  or  scapes  and 
tufted  roots  of  thick  fibers;  leaves  large,  broad,  many-nerved; 
flowers  solitary  or  several,  drooping,  large,  showy;  sepals  spread- 
ing, separate  or  two  of  them  united  under  the  lip;  lip  a  large 
inflated  sac;  column  bearing  a  sessile  or  stalked  anther  on  each 
side  and  a  dilated  petal-like  sterile  stamen  above,  covering  the 
summit  of  the  style;  pollinia  granular;  stigma  terminal,  broad, 
obscurely  3-lobed. 

Flowers  yellow;  lip  15-30  mm.  long.  C.  parviflorum. 

Flowers  brown,  with  a  white  lip  30-50  mm.  long.  C.  montanum. 

Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Stems  20-60  cm.  high;  leaves  5-12  cm. 
long,  elliptic  to  lanceolate;  flowers  1-3,  yellow,  more  or  less  marked  with  purple, 
3-5  cm.  long;  petals  linear,  twisted;  lip  15-30  mm.  long;  sterile  anther  tri- 
angular, yellow  and  purple  spotted.  In  springy  places  about  Spokane. 

Cypripedium  montanum  Dougl.  Whole  plant  glandular-pubescent; 
stems  3&-50  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaves  4-6,  oval,  acuminate,  6-12  cm.  long;  flowers 
1-3,  pedicelled;  sepals  brown,  usually  dark,  narrowly  lanceolate,  5-6  cm.  long; 
upper  petals  like  the  sepals,  but  narrower  and  longer,  wavy -twisted ;  lip  white, 
veined  with  purple,  oblong,  30-50  mm.  long;  sterile  anther  somewhat  triangular, 
yellow  with  purple  spots,  about  1  cm.  long.  Woods  and  copses,  rare. 

93.  CORALLORHIZA.     CORAL  ROOT. 

Scapose  herbs,  saprophytes  or  root-parasites  with  large  masses 
of  coral-like  branching  roots;  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheathing 
scales;  flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  sepals  nearly  equal,  the 
lateral  ones  united  at  the  base  with  the  foot  of  the  column, 
forming  a  short  spur  or  protuberance,  the  other  one  free,  the 
spur  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary;  petals  about  as  long 
as  the  sepals,  1-3-nerved;  lip  3-ridged;  column  nearly  free, 
slightly  incurved,  somewhat  2-winged;  anther  terminal;  pollinia 
4,  in  two  pairs,  oblique,  free,  soft -waxy. 

Lip  entire,  striate-veined.  C.  slriata. 
Lip  3-lobed. 

Sepals  and  petals  1-nerved;  lip  white.  C.  corallorhiza. 

Sepals  and  petals  3-nerved;  lip  spotted.  C.  maculata. 

Corallorhiza  striata  Lindl.  Whole  plant  reddish-purple,  15-40  cm.  high, 
the  spike  15-25-flowered;  sepals  and  petals  each  with  3  conspicuous  nerves; 
lip  entire,  somewhat  fleshy,  ovate,  narrowed  below,  concave  and  bearing  2 
short  prominent  ridges  near  the  base.  Blue  Mountains  and  Thatuna  Hills, 
Idaho.  Rare. 

Corallorhiza  corallorhiza  (L.)  Karst.  Scapes  10-20  cm.  tall,  pale  yellowish, 
3-15-flowered;  sepals  lanceolate,  somewhat  acute,  1-nerved,  3-4  mm.  long; 
spur  very  short;  petals  like  the  sepals  but  broader,  obtuse;  lip  oblong,  obtuse 
or  notched,  somewhat  3-lobed;  column  shorter  than  the  petals.  Very  rare 
in  deep  woods,  in  the  mountains. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  69 

Corallorhiza  maculata  Raf.  Whole  plant  reddish  or  sometimes  green, 
15-25  cm.  tall;  the  spike  many-flowered;  sepals  and  petals  6-8  mm.  long,  3- 
nerved;  spur  grown  to  the  ovary,  1-2  mm.  long;  lip  ovate,  white,  mottled  with 
purple,  3-lobed,  with  prominent  ridges;  middle  lobe  obtuse  or  notched,  the 
lateral  ones  acute;  column  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals.  Deep  woods  in  the 
mountains. 

94.    CEPHALANTHERA. 

Leafy  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks  (saprophytic  with  leaves 
reduced  to  scarious  bracts  in  ours);  flowers  erect,  white,  in  a 
terminal  raceme,  very  similar  to  Epipactis  but  with  a  longer  and 
more  slender  column;  stigma  beakless;  anther  short-stalked, 
nearly  or  quite  above  the  level  of  the  stigma. 

Cephalanthera  austinae  (Gray)  Heller.  Whole  plant  waxy  white,  30-50 
cm.  high,  slender,  erect;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  with  dilated  sheaths; 
flowers  3-20,  nearly  sessile;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  subequal; 
lip  short,  saccate  at  base.  In  deep  woods,  rare.  Blue  Mountains;  Rathdrum, 
Idaho. 

95.   CYTHEREA. 

Herbs  with  solid  bulbs  and  coral-like  roots;  leaf  at  the  base  of 
the  stem  solitary,  petioled;  scape  low,  1 -flowered,  sheathed  by 
two  or  three  loose  scales;  flower  large,  terminal,  showy,  bracted; 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  nearly  equal;  lip  large,  saccate  or 
swollen,  2-lobed  below;  column  dilated,  petal-like,  bearing  the 
lid-like  anther  just  below  the  summit;  pollinia  2,  waxy,  each 
2-parted. 

Cytherea  bulbosa  (L.)  House.  Calypso.  Stems  10-15  cm.  tall,  enwrapped 
toward  the  blade  with  3^4  scarious  sheaths,  the  uppermost  prolonged  into  a 
narrow  bract;  leaf  solitary,  radical,  ovate,  acute,  3-5  cm.  long,  on  a  petiole 
about  as  long;  sepals  and  petals  ascending,  lanceolate,  purple,  about  2  cm. 
long;  lip  about  as  long,  purple-lined,  sac-like,  two-lobed  at  the  apex,  with  a 
patch  of  yellowish  hairs  within;  the  apex  of  the  slipper  prolonged  into  two 
tooth-like  projections;  column  half  as  long  as  the  petals.  In  mossy  places  in 
coniferous  woods. 

96.    OPHRYS. 

Small  herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  rather  fleshy  roots; 
leaves  two,  opposite,  green,  near  the  middle  of  the  stem;  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes,  spurless;  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  free;  anther  without  a  lid,  erect,  jointed  to 
the  column;  pollinia  2,  powdery. 

Lip  5  mm.  long;  ovary  glabrous.  0.  caurina. 

Lip  9  mm.  long;  ovary  glandular.  O.  convallarioides. 

Ophrys  caurina  (Piper)  Rydb.  Stems  slender,  15-30  cm.  high,  glabrous 
below  the  leaves,  the  inflorescence  glandular-puberulent;  leaves  sessile,  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  glabrous,  3-5  cm.  long;  flowers  small,  the  slender  pedicels 
longer  than  the  bract  or  the  ovary;  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  spreading; 
lip  4  mm.  long,  cuneate,  obovate,  with  a  slender  tooth  on  each  side  near  the 
base;  capsule  ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long.  Deep  woods  in  the  mountains. 


70  ORCHIQACEAE. 

Ophrys  convallarioides  (Sw.)  W.  F.  Wight.  Similar  to  O.  caurina  but 
not  so  tall;  leaves  broad,  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse;  inflorescence  glandular; 
flowers  larger,  the  pedicels  scarcely  longer  than  the  bracts  or  the  ovary;  lip 
large,  9  mm.  long,  cuneate,  retuse,  with  a  short  triangular  tooth  on  each  side 
near  the  base.  In  deep  moist  woods. 

97.  LIMNORCHIS. 

Leafy  plants  with  thick  fleshy  roots,  or  elongated  conic  un- 
divided tubers,  and  small  greenish  or  whitish  flowers  in  a  long 
spike;  sepals  and  petals  free  and  spreading,  several -nerved ;  lip 
entire;  beak  of  the  stigma  without  appendages;  anther-cells 
nearly  parallel,  wholly  adnate;  gland  naked;  pollinia  granular 
with  caudicula  at  the  base. 

Flowers  white.  L.  leucostachys. 

Flowers  green  or  purple- tinged. 

Spur  clavate,  much  shorter  than  the  lip;  spike  long  and 

loose.  L.  stricta. 

Spur  not  clavate,  about  as  long  as  the  lip;  spike  short  and 

dense.  L.  viridiflora. 

Limnorchis  leucostachys  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Stem  strictly  erect,  30-90  cm. 
high  from  a  fusiform  tuber;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  ones  smaller; 
spike  6-30  cm.  long,  usually  rather  dense;  bracts  acuminate,  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  ovary;  sepals  5-6  mm.  long,  the  upper  one  broader;  lip  lanceolate, 
6-7  mm.  long;  spur  10-12  mm.  long,  slender,  acute.  In  wet  places,  especially 
in  the  mountains. 

Limnorchis  leucostachys  robusta  Rydb.  Spike  dense;  spur  obtuse.  More 
common  than  the  species  and  in  similar  places. 

Limnorchis  stricta  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Stems  stout,  leafy,  50^100  cm.  tall; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  10-15  cm.  long,  gradually  diminishing  upward 
into  the  bracts;  spike  slender,  20-30  cm.  long,  loose,  the  lower  flowers  remote; 
bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  exceeding  the  lower  flowers,  equalling  the  upper 
ones;  sepals  3-nerved;  lip  linear,  thick,  as  long  as  the  spur,  which  is  inflated 
and  very  obtuse  at  the  tip.  Springy  places  in  the  foothills. 

Limnorchis  viridiflora  (Cham.)  Rydb.  Stems  20-40  cm.  high  from  fusi- 
form tubers;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute; 
flowers  pale  green,  10-12  mm.  long;  upper  sepal  ovate,  broader  than  the 
spreading  lanceolate  lateral  ones;  lip  lanceolate,  obtuse,  4-5  mm.  long,  equalling 
the  clavate  spur.  Spokane  County,  Suksdorf. 

98.   PIPERIA. 

Much  like  Limnorchis  in  the  form  of  the  flowers  but  the  true 
leaves  basal  or  nearly  so,  the  cauline  usually  small  or  bract-like; 
flowers  small,  white  or  greenish;  sepals  ovate,  1-nerved,  sub- 
equal;  petals  and  lip  of  very  much  the  same  shape  and  slightly 
smaller  and  darker  than  the  sepals;  column  very  short;  anther 
very  large;  cells  parallel,  the  gland  very  small. 

Flowers  greenish;  spur  short.  P.  unalaschensis . 

Flowers  white;  spur  long.  P.  elegans. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  71 

Piperia  unalaschensis  (Spreng.)  Rydb.  Stems  stout,  20-40  cm.  tall, 
leafy  at  base,  bracteate  above;  leaves  2-3,  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  about  15  cm. 
long,  usually  withering  before  the  flowers  bloom;  spike  narrow,  rather  dense, 
8-15  cm.  long;  bracts  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  ovary, 
a  few  along  the  stem  below  the  spike;  flowers  small,  greenish;  sepals  and  petals 
lanceolate,  1- nerved,  1.5-2  mm.  long;  lip  scarcely  exceeding  the  petals;  spur 
curved,  about  3  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  sessile.  Pullman,  very  rare. 

Piperia  elegans  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Stouter  than  P.  unalaschensis,  somewhat 
taller;  basal  leaves  2-4,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  10-15  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide, 
obtuse  or  acute;  cauline  bracts  oblong,  acuminate,  1-3  cm.  long;  spikes  usually 
dense,  8-20  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  about  equalling  the  white  flowers 
or  the  mature  ovary;  sepals  and  petals  similar,  4  mm.  long,  obscurely  3-nerved; 
lip  like  the  petals,  the  spur  slender,  7-10  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  nearly 
sessile.  Pullman,  very  rare. 

99.   LYSIAS. 

Leaves  two,  large,  basal;  sepals  large  and  spreading;  petals 
small  and  narrow;  lip  linear,  entire;  spur  long;  beak  of  stigma 
without  appendages;  anther-cells  widely  diverging  with  small 
beak-like  processes  at  the  base. 

Lysias  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Rydb.  Leaves  usually  2,  elliptic  to  orbicular, 
prostrate  on  the  ground,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  thick, 
usually  10-15  cm.  long;  scape  6-30  cm.  high,  bearing  1-3  lanceolate  bracts; 
spike  loose,  10-20-flowered;  flowers  white;  lateral  sepals  ovate,  the  upper 
orbicular;  lip  linear-oblong,  15-20  mm.  long;  spur  slender,  15-25  mm.  long. 
In  deep  mossy  woods,  usually  in  colonies. 

100.   IBIDIUM. 

Roots  clustered ;  stem  bracted  above,  leaf-bearing  below  or  at 
the  base;  flowers  small,  white,  yellowish-  or  greenish-white  in  a 
more  or  less  spirally-twisted  raceme;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate, 
the  upper  united  with  the  oblong  petals;  lip  short-stalked  with 
a  callus  on  each  side  of  the  base,  the  summit  somewhat  dilated ; 
column  short,  bearing  the  ovate  stigma  on  the  front  and  the 
2-celled  erect  anther  sessile  or  nearly  so  on  the  back. 

Ibidium  romanzoffianum  (Cham.)  House.  Plants  8^47  cm.  tall  from  roots 
5-8  mm.  thick,  leafy  below  and  leafy-bracted  above;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
to  linear;  scape  glandular-pubescent  above;  cauline  bracts  2-3;  raceme  dense, 
cylindrical;  perianth  yellowish  or  whitish,  6-12  mm.  long;  bracts  of  the  raceme 
often  much  longer  than  the  flowers;  sepals  and  petals  united.  Blue  Mountains, 
Homer. 

101.   PERAMIUM. 

Herbs  with  bracted  erect  scapes  and  thick  fleshy-fibrous  roots; 
leaves  basal,  tufted,  often  blotched  with  white;  flowers  in  bracted 
spikes ;  lateral  sepals  free,  the  upper  ones  united  with  the  petals 
into  a  hood-like  structure  (galea);  lip  sessile,  entire,  roundish, 
ovate,  concave  or  saccate,  without  protuberances,  its  apex  re- 


72  SALICACEAE. 

flexed;  anther  without  a  lid,  erect  or  incumbent,  attached  to 
the  column  by  a  short  stalk;  pollinia  composed  of  angular  grains, 
one  in  each  sac,  attached  to  a  small  disk  which  coheres  with 
the  top  of  the  stigma. 

Peramium  decipiens  (Hook.)  Piper.  Rattlesnake  Plantain.  Scape  15-30 
cm.  tall,  erect,  glandular-puberulent,  bearing  several  short  bracts;  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  with  a  broken  white  stripe  down  the  midvein,  3-5  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  spike  bracteate,  densely  many-flowered,  6-10  cm.  long,  one-sided; 
perianth  glandular-hairy,  white,  the  sepals  and  petals  6-8  mm.  long,  about 
as  Jong  as  the  glandular  ovary;  lip  concave,  erect,  the  tip  recurved,  obtuse; 
column  short,  straight.  Mossy  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

102.   EPEPACTIS. 

Tall  stout  leafy  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  green, 
clasping  the  stem;  flowers  in  terminal  leafy-bracted  racemes; 
sepals  and  petals  separate;  spur  none;  lip  free,  sessile,  broad, 
concave  below,  the  upper  portion  dilated  and  petal-like;  column 
erect,  short;  anther  1,  erect;  capsule  oblong,  beakless. 

Epipactis  gigantea  Dougl.  Stout  and  leafy,  30-100  cm.  high,  nearly 
smooth;  leaves  ovate  below,  reduced  to  narrowly  lanceolate  upwards,  8-20 
cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  veins  beneath; 
raceme  pubescent;  flowers  3-10,  greenish,  strongly  veined  with  purple,  with 
large  foliaceous  bracts  on  slender  pedicels,  4-6  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 12-16  mm.  long,  the  upper  concave;  petals  a  little  smaller;  the  lip  as  long; 
anther  4  mm.  long. 

Subclass  II.     DICOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  with  two  cotyledons ;  stem  usually  differentiated 
into  bark,  wood  and  pith;  wood  cells  forming  annual  rings; 
leaves  mostly  net- veined ;  parts  of  flowers  in  fours  or  fives, 
rarely  in  twos  or  sixes. 

Family  24.     SALICACEAE.    WILLOW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  light  wood,  bitter  bark  and  brittle  twigs; 
leaves  alternate;  stipules  often  minute;  flowers  solitary  in  the 
axil  of  each  bract,  dioecious,  both  staminate  and  pistillate  in 
aments  which  expand  with  or  before  the  leaves ;  staminate  aments 
often  pendulous;  pistillate  pendulous,  erect  or  spreading;  stami- 
nate flowers  of  1-many  hypogynous  stamens,  subtended  by  a 
gland-like  or  cup-shaped  disk;  pistillate  flowers  of  a  sessile  or 
short-stipitate  1 -celled  ovary  subtended  by  a  minute  disk;  ovules 
usually  numerous;  fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong  or  conic  2-4-valved 
capsule;  seeds  minute;  endosperm  none. 

Ament  bracts  entire;  stamens  1-10;  stigmas  short.  103.  SALIX,  73. 

Ament  bracts  fimbriate  or  incised;  stamens  numerous; 

stigmas  elongated.  104.  POPULUS,  75. 


SALICACEAE.  73 

103.   SALIX.     WILLOW. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  single-scaled  buds,  the  scales  with  an 
adherent  membrane  within;  leaves  short-petioled,  mostly  narrow, 
with  broad  or  minute  stipules;  bracts  of  the  aments  mostly 
entire,  small  or  minute;  flowers  each  with  one  or  two  small 
glands  at  its  base;  staminate  aments  dense,  erect,  spreading  or 
drooping;  pistillate  aments  usually  erect  or  spreading;  staminate 
flowers  with  1-10,  most  2  or  5,  stamens;  ovary  sessile  or  short- 
stipitate. 

Trees  with  furrowed  bark;  stamens  3-5  or  more;  aments  on 

short  leafy  branchlets. 

Petioles  slender,  glandless;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate.  51.  amygdaloides. 

Petioles  short,  glandular;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate.  5.  lasiandra. 

Shrubs,  rarely  trees,  with  smooth  or  at  least  not  furrowed 

bark;  stamens  2  or  1. 
Aments  on  short  leafy  branchlets;  scales  pale. 

Stigmas  long  and  slender.  S.  macrostachya. 

Stigmas  short  and  thick. 

Capsules  pubescent.  5.  argophylla. 

Capsules  glabrous. 

Leaves  canescent,  at  least  when  young,  entire 

or  denticulate.  S.  exigua. 

Leaves  green,  glabrous,  pale  beneath,  usually 

somewhat  serrate.  S.  mclanopsis. 

Aments  sessile  or  nearly  so,  appearing  with  or  before  the 

leaves;  scales  dark  (except  in  S.  bebbiana}. 
Capsules  glabrous,  long-pedicelled. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath,   shining  green  above, 

not  subcordate.  S.  piperi. 

Leaves  not  shining  above  nor  glaucous  beneath, 

subcordate. 

Leaves  pale  beneath.  5.  cordata. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides.  S.  pyrifolia. 

Capsules  not  glabrous. 

Scales  pale;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves.  S.  bebbiana. 

Scales  dark;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

Stamen  1 ;  leaves  entire,  silvery-silky  beneath.    5.  sitchensis. 
Stamens  2. 

Style  elongate.  5.  betta. 

Style  none,  the  stigmas  sessile.  5.  scouleriana. 

Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  Almond  Willow.  Tree  5-10  m.  tall,  with 
cinnamon-colored  fissured  bark;  leaves  glabrous,  lanceolate,  serrate,  attenuate- 
acuminate,  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  10-15  cm.  long;  petioles  slender, 
without  glands;  stipules  ear-shaped  or  reniform,  usually  small  and  quickly 
deciduous;  aments  on  leafy  branchlets;  staminate  flexuous,  dense,  5-6  cm. 
long;  scale  pale,  hairy;  stamens  5  or  more;  pistillate  becoming  loose  and  elon- 
gated ;  capsules  glabrous,  the  slender  pedicels  much  exceeding  the  pale  fugacious 
scales;  stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Common  on  the  banks  of  Snake  River. 

Salix  lasiandra  caudata  (Nutt.)  Heller.  Tree  10-20  m.  tall,  with  rough 
longitudinally  fissured  bark;  leaves  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  crenulate, 
green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  8-16  cm.  or  more  long;  the  short  petioles 
and  the  very  base  of  the  leaf  glandular;  stipules  ear-shaped,  sometimes  large; 


74  SALICACEAE. 

aments  on  leafybranchlets;  staminate  dense,  3-5  cm.  long;  scales  pale,  oblong, 
more  or  less  dentate;  stamens  5  or  more,  the  filaments  hairy  at  the  base; 
pistillate  rather  loose,  the  pale  oblong  scales  hairy  at  the  base,  deciduous; 
carpel  glabrous,  short-pedicelled ;  stigma  nearly  sessile.  Common  on  stream 
banks. 

Salix  macrostachya  Nutt.  Shrub,  2-3  m.  high;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  nearly  sessile,  entire,  5-8  cm.  long,  densely  sericeous  on  each  side; 
stipules  very  small;  staminate  aments  2-5  cm.  long,  the  scales  ovate,  acute, 
woolly.  On  overflowed  bars  near  Wawawai  where  only  the  staminate  plants 
have  been  found. 

Salix  argophylla  Nutt.  Differs  from  S.  exigua  only  in  its  more  or  less 
pubescent  capsules.  Intergrades  are  numerous.  Common  along  streams. 

Salix  exigua  Nutt.  Shrub  3-5  m.  tall,  usually  with  a  single  trunk;  bark 
rough,  longitudinally  cracked;  twigs  glabrous;  leaves  acute,  subentire,  dentic- 
ulate, narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  3-10  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide, 
glabrate  above,  sparsely  appressed-silky  beneath,  the  veins  obscure;  petioles 
very  short;  stipules  none  or  very  small;  aments  on  leafy  branchlets,  solitary 
or  2-4;  staminate  aments  2-5  cm.  long,  slender,  the  scales  lanceolate,  acute; 
capsules  glabrous,  sessile;  stigmas  sessile.  Common  along  streams. 

Salix  melanopsis  Nutt.  Much  like  S.  exigua;  twigs  glabrous;  leaves 
glabrous  on  both  sides  or  glaucous  beneath,  remotely  denticulate;  stipules 
triangular-ovate,  acute,  few-toothed;  capsules  glabrous;  stigmas  sessile; 
scales  obtuse.  Low  shrub  on  the  edge  of  Snake  River,  where  it  is  frequently 
covered  with  water  until  July;  also  on  the  banks  of  the  Spokane  River. 

Salix  piperi  Bebb.  Large  shrub,  5-^6  m.  tall;  leaves  petioled,  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  obliquely  acute  or  acuminate,  serrulate,  shining  green  above, 
densely  glaucous  and  somewhat  pubescent  beneath;  stipules  rare,  if  present, 
triangular;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves;  staminate  cylindrical,  3-5  cm. 
long,  short- peduncled;  scales  black,  hairy;  stamens  2,  the  glabrous  filaments 
united  at  the  base  for  half  their  length;  pistillate  aments  small,  1-3  cm.  long, 
on  short  leafy  peduncles;  capsules  glabrous,  short-pedicelled;  style  about 
equalling  the  stigma.  Along  streams,  infrequent.' 

Salix  cordata  Muhl.  Heart-leaved  Willow.  Shrub,  2-5  m.  tall,  with  elon- 
gate branches;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandular- 
serrulate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  nearly  glabrous  above,  glaucous 
beneath,  4-8  cm.  long;  petioles  stout;  stipules  conspicuous,  reniform;  aments 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  on  leafy  peduncles;  staminate  narrow,  dense- 
flowered,  4-6  cm.  long,  the  black  hairy  scales  persistent;  pistillate  looser; 
capsules  glabrous,  the  long  pedicels  far  exceeding  the  scales;  style  as  long  as 
the  stigmas.  Common  along  streams.  Our  form  is  somewhat  different  from 
the  typical  plant  as  found  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Salix  pyrifolia  Anders.  Shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  with  slender  shiny  brown 
twigs;  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate  to  obovate-oval,  shortly  acuminate, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  glandular  serrulate,  green  on  both  sides,  3-7 
cm.  long;  stipules  lunate  to  broadly  ovate;  peduncles  short,  leafy;  aments 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  staminate  slender,  4-6  cm.  long;  filaments  partly 
united;  pistillate  aments  3-6  cm.  long;  capsules  glabrous,  3-4.5  mm.  long. 
Along  stream  banks.  This  species  has  been  much  confused  with  5.  cordata. 

Salix  bebbiana  Sargent.  Much  branched  shrub,  2-5  m.  tall;  leaves  oblong, 
elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate,  crenulate  or  nearly  entire,  pale  and  downy 
beneath,  green  and  puberulent  above,  strongly  reticulate,  3-8  cm.  long; 
petioles  short;  stipules  ear-shaped,  usually  falling  quickly;  aments  on  short 
bracteate  peduncles  appearing  with  the  leaves;  staminate  dense,  the  obtuse 


SALICACEAE.  75 

scales  pale,  hairy;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  pistillate  looser,  the  linear 
scales  pale  and  pink-tipped;  capsules  pubescent,  long-beaked,  with  sessile 
stigmas,  the  slender  pedicel  equalling  or  exceeding  the  persistent  scales. 
Common  along  streams. 

Salix  sitchensis  Sanson.  Shrub  with  smooth  gray  bark,  2-7  m.  high; 
branchlets  slender,  at  first  downy;  leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  obovate,  mostly 
acute,  dark  green  above,  the  veins  conspicuous,  covered  beneath  with  an  ap- 
pressed  satiny  white  pubescence,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  5-10  cm.  long; 
petioles  short;  aments  long,  slender,  ascending,  densely  flowered,  2-8  cm.  long; 
scales  dark,  villous;  capsules  ovate-conical,  acute;  style  elongate;  stigmas  thick, 
erect.  About  Spokane  and  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Salix  bella  Piper.  Pretty  Willow.  Shrub,  2-4  m.  tall,  with  slender  erect 
branches,  the  bark  gray  and  smooth;  branchlets  shining  yellow,  usually 
glabrous,  very  brittle;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  or  oblong-obovate,  acute, 
3-6  cm.  or  more  long,  green  and  glabrate  above;  densely  silvery- woolly  beneath, 
entire  or  nearly  so;  petioles  short;  stipules  lunate,  usually  present;  aments 
appearing  before  the  leaves;  staminate  sessile,  short  and  thick,  1-2  cm.  long; 
scales  acute,  black,  densely  villous;  stamens  2;  pistillate  short- ped uncled, 
2-3  cm.  long;  scales  black,  obtuse,  densely  villous;  capsules  silky  hairy, 
nearly  sessile;  style  1.5  mm.  long.  Along  streams  especially  near  the  moun- 
tains. 

Salix  scouleriana  Barratt.  Shrub  or  tree,  4—10  m.  tall,  with  dull  gray  bark; 
leaves  very  variable,  oblong,  elliptic  or  obovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  obtuse, 
entire  or  serrulate,  green  above,  usually  downy  beneath,  this  becoming  rusty 
in  age,  2-12  cm.  long;  petioles  rather  short;  stipules  large,  ear-shaped,  dentate, 
persistent  on  sterile  shoots;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  very  densely 
flowered;  scales  black,  hairy,  persistent;  staminate  aments  sessile;  stamens  2, 
with  glabrous  separate  filaments;  pistillate  short-peduncled;  carpels  hairy, 
long-beaked,  the  pedicels  equalling  the  scales;  stigmas  sessile.  Frequent 
along  streams  and  in  open  coniferous  woods. 

104.   POPULUS. 

Trees  with  scaly  resinous  buds  and  rounded  or  angled  twigs; 
leaves  long-petioled,  broad  or  narrow;  bracts  of  the  aments 
nmbriate  or  incised;  disk  cup-shaped,  oblique,  lobed  or  entire; 
staminate  aments  dense,  pendulous ;  pistillate  aments  sometimes 
raceme-like  by  the  elongation  of  the  pedicels,  pendulous,  erect 
or  spreading;  staminate  flowers  with  4-60  stamens;  filaments 
distinct ;  ovary  sessile ;  tuft  of  hair  on  the  seed  very  conspicuous. 

Bark    smooth;    petioles    flattened;    capsules    oblong-conic, 

smooth.  P.  tremuloides. 

Bark  rough;  petioles  terete;  capsule  globose,  hairy. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  truncate  at  base;  capsules  globose, 

pubescent.  P.  tricfwcarpa. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute  at 

base;  capsules  ovoid,  smooth.  P.  angustifolia. 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  Aspen.  Small  tree,  10-12  m.  tall,  with 
smooth  light  bark;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  subcordate  or  obtuse  at  base,  abruptly 
acuminate,  3-8  cm.  long,  ciliate  when  young,  glabrate;  petioles  long  and  slender, 
much  flattened  laterally;  staminate  aments  dense,  3-5  cm.  long;  stamens  7-10; 
bracts  long-ciliate;  pistillate  aments  5-10  cm.  long.  Common  on  north  hill- 
sides and  along  streams. 


76  BETULACEAE. 

Populus  trichocarpa  T.  &  G.  Cotton-wood.  Large  tree,  10-30  m.  tall, 
with  rough  fissured  bark;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate, 
5-12  cm.  long,  puberulent  when  young,  whitish  beneath;  petioles  slender, 
terete,  about  equalling  the  blades;  staminate  aments  dense,  the  bracts  long- 
hairy;  stamens  50-60;  pistillate  aments  becoming  loose;  capsules  nearly  sessile, 
globose,  puberulent  or  glabrate.  Banks  of  streams. 

Populus  angustifolia  James.  Medium  sized  tree,  10-20  m.  high  with  thick 
rough  fissured  bark;  leaves  oblong- lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  crenulate, 
5-12  cm.  long;  petiole  not  flattened,  less  than  one  third  as  long  as  the  blade; 
staminate  aments  oblong-cylindric,  the  bracts  fringed;  stamens  12-20; 
capsules  ovoid,  glabrous.  A  rare  tree  in  Washington  known  as  yet  only  from 
Spokane,  Professor  Bonser. 

Family  25.     BETULACEAE.    BIRCH  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  simple,  with  de- 
ciduous stipules;  flowers  small,  monoecious,  in  linear-cylindric, 
oblong  or  subglobose  aments;  staminate  aments  pendulous; 
pistillate  aments  erect,  spreading  or  drooping,  spike-like  or 
capitate;  staminate  flowers  1-3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  with  a 
membranous  2-4-parted  calyx,  or  calyx  none,  and  2-10  hypogy- 
nous  stamens;  pistillate  flowers  with  or  without  a  calyx  adnateto 
the  solitary  1-2-celled  ovary;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity;  fruit  a 
small  compressed  or  ovoid-globose,  mostly  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded 
nut  or  samara;  endosperm  none. 

Stamens  2;  filaments  2-cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther 

sac;  fruiting  bracts  3-lobed  or  entire.  105.  BETULA,  76. 

Stamens  4;  anther  sacs  adnate;  fruiting  bracts  woody, 

erose  or  5-toothed,  persistent.  106.  ALNUS,  77. 

105.  BETULA.     BIRCH. 

Trees  and  shrubs;  leaves  dentate  or  serrate;  buds  scaly; 
flowers  all  in  aments,  expanding  before  and  with  the  leaves;  the 
pistillate  aments  erect  or  spreading;  staminate  flowers  about  3 
in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  with  a  membranous  usually  4-toothed 
perianth  and  2  stamens,  and  subtended  by  2  bractlets;  pistillate 
flowers  2  or  3  (rarely  1)  in  the  axil  of  each  bract;  perianth  none; 
ovary  sessile,  2-celled;  nut  small,  a  samara,  shorter  than  the 
bracts. 

Branchlets  pubescent,  not  glandular  warty.  B.  papyrifera. 
Branchlets  warty  with  resiniferous  glands. 

Pistillate  aments  stout,  2-3  cm.  long.  B.  microphylla. 

Pistillate  aments  slender,  5  cm.  long.  B.  piperi. 

Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.  Tree  with  a  single  trunk,  8-20  m.  high,  erect; 
bark  grayish-bronze,  the  erect  or  spreading  branchlets  dull  gray;  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  attenuate-acute  at  base,  somewhat  lobed  at  the  ends  of  the 


BETULACEAE.  77 

prominent  nerves,  serrate,  acuminate,  very  sparsely  hairy  on  both  sides, 
scarcely  glandular,  4-7  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  2-3  cm.  long;  pistillate 
aments  cylindrical,  3  cm.  long,  1  cm.  thick,  usually  drooping  on  slender 
peduncles;  bracts  pubescent,  the  central  lobes  longest.  Blue  Mountains 
and  throughout  northern  Idaho,  but  not  abundant. 

Betula  microphylla  Bunge  (B.  fontinalis  Sargent).  Small  tree,  5-8  m. 
high,  the  several  trunks  rarely  erect,  the  bark  dark  bronze;  branchlets  drooping, 
grayish,  warty;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  coarsely  serrate-dentate, 
glandular  and  sparsely  hairy  on  each  surface,  2-4  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles 
half  their  length;  staminate  aments  about  2  cm.  long;  pistillate  aments  solitary, 
cylindric,  2-3  cm.  long,  drooping  with  the  branchlets,  sessile  or  on  short  pe- 
duncles; fruiting  bracts  pubescent  and  ciliolate,  the  central  lobe  largest  and 
narrowest;  wings  as  broad  as  the  obovate  nutlet.  Common  along  streams. 

Betula  piperi  Britt.  Graceful  tree,  8-15  m.  tall,  with  drooping  branches; 
bark  dark  bronze,  even  the  branchlets  scarcely  gray,  these  latter  very  glan- 
dular; leaves  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate, 
acuminate,  shining  green  above,  glandular  on  both  surfaces,  2-4  cm.  long,  on 
petioles  half  as  long;  pistillate  aments  cylindrical,  5  cm.  long,  5  mm.  thick, 
often  flexuous,  mostly  in  twos,  dark  green;  staminate  aments  narrow,  flexuous, 
4-8  cm.  long.  Springy  hillsides  near  Almota. 

106.   ALNUS.     ALDER. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  dentate  or  serrulate;  buds  few-scaled; 
both  kinds  of  flowers  in  aments,  expanding  before,  with  or  after 
the  leaves;  the  staminate  pendulous;  the  pistillate  erect,  clus- 
tered; staminate  flowers  3,  sometimes  6,  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
consisting  of  a  mostly  4-parted  perianth  and  4  stamens,  and  sub- 
tended by  1  or  2  bractlets;  filaments  short,  simple;  anther-sacs 
adnate;  pistillate  flowers  2  or  3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  without 
a  perianth,  but  subtended  by  2-4  minute  bractlets;  ovary  sessile, 
2 -eel led;  styles  2;  bracts  woody,  persistent,  5 -toothed  or  erose; 
nut  small,  compressed,  wingless  or  winged. 

Leaves  simply  denticulate,  not  at  all  lobed.  A.  rhombifolia. 

Leaves  doubly  dentate  or  with  short  lobes  at  the  ends  of  the 
main  veins. 

Peduncles  slender,  exceeding  the  cones;  leaves  shining.          A.  sinuata. 

Peduncles  stout,  shorter  than  the  cones;  leaves  dull.  A.  temiifolia. 

Alnus  rhombifolia  Nutt.  Tree  10-15  m.  tall,  with  white  bark  which  on 
older  trees  becomes  broken  into  rectangular  blocks;  leaves  ovate,  elliptic  or 
obovate,  mostly  cuneate  at  the  base  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  glandular-den- 
ticulate, finely  puberulent  on  each  surface,  somewhat  glandular  beneath,  5-8 
cm.  long;  petioles  1  cm.  or  less  long;  fruiting  aments  oblong-ovate,  1.5-3  cm. 
long,  on  short  stout  peduncles;  nutlets  broadly  obovate,  the  margins  thickened. 
Along  streams  in  warm  valleys. 

Alnus  sinuata  (Regel)  Rydb.  Small  tree  or  shrub,  3-5  m.  tall,  erect  or 
ascending;  bark  rather  dark,  except  in  old  stems;  twigs  chestnut  brown;  buds 
smooth,  gummy;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  obtuse  or  cuneate  at  the  base, 
bright  green,  doubly  dentate,  glabrous  above,  nearly  so  beneath,  thin,  very 
gummy  when  young,  5-8  cm.  long;  petioles  slender,  1-2  cm.  long;  fruiting 
aments  1-1.5  cm.  long,  on  slender  peduncles  as  long  or  longer.  Along  streams 
in  the  mountains. 


78  URTICACEAE. 

Alnus  tenuifolia  Nutt.  Small  tree,  5-10  m.  tall;  bark  whitish  even  on  the 
twigs;  buds  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  with  a  small  lobe  at  the  end  of  each  vein, 
dentate-serrate,  dull-green,  3-8  cm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  on  both  sides, 
becoming  glabrous  above;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  fruiting 
aments  ovate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  resinous,  with  shorter  peduncles.  Along  streams, 
not  rare. 

Family  26.    ULMACEAE.     ELM  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  serrate  or  entire, 
petioled,  pinnately  veined,  with  usually  fugacious  stipules; 
flowers  small,  monoecious,  dioecious,  perfect  or  polygamous; 
sepals  3-9,  free  or  united;  petals  none;  stamens  as  many  as  the 
sepals  and  opposite  them;  ovary  1 -celled;  ovule  one;  fruit  a 
samara,  drupe  or  nut. 

107.  CELTIS. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  serrate  or  entire,  pinnately  veined; 
flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious,  borne  in  the  axils  of  the 
season's  leaves,  the  staminate  clustered,  the  fertile  solitary  or  in 
2-3-flowered  clusters;  calyx  4-6-parted;  ovary  sessile;  stigmas 
2 ;  fruit  an  ovoid  or  globose  drupe. 

Celtis  douglasii  Planch.  Hackberry.  Scraggly  tree  or  shrub,  3-5  m.  tall; 
leaves  oblique-ovate,  acuminate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  pu- 
bescent when  young,  glabrous  and  shiny  above  when  mature,  somewhat 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  rough,  reticulated,  4-8  cm.  long;  petioles 
about  1  cm.  long;  fruit  reddish,  globose,  smooth,  5-7  mm.  in  diameter,  on 
slender  peduncles,  about  2  cm.  long.  Basaltic  bluffs  on  Snake  River;  a  hand- 
some tree  when  grown  in  good  soil,  but  under  natural  conditions  very  scraggly; 
leaves  often  distorted  as  a  result  of  insect  attacks. 

Family  27.    URTICACEAE.     NETTLE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  (in  ours);  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  simple,  with  or 
without  stipules;  flowers  small,  monoecious,  dioecious  or  polyg- 
amous; calyx  of  2-5  nearly  separate  sepals  or  cup-shaped; 
petals  none ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  opposite 
them;  ovary  1 -celled,  mostly  superior;  ovule  solitary;  fruit  an 
akene;  endosperm  scanty  or  none. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  stinging  hairs.  108.  URTICA,  78. 

Leaves  alternate,  without  stinging  hairs.  109.  PARIETARIA,  79. 

108.   URTICA.     NETTLE. 

Annual  or  perennial  simple  or  branching  herbs  with  stinging 
hairs;  leaves  opposite,  3-7-nerved,  petioled,  dentate  or  incised, 
with  distinct  stipules;  flowers  greenish,  very  small  and  numerous, 


LORANTHACEAE.  79 

dioecious  or  monoecious;  staminate  flowers  with  a  deeply  4- 
parted  calyx  and  4  stamens;  pistillate  flowers  with  4  sepals,  the 
two  inner  larger  and  in  fruit  enclosing  the  akene;  the  two  outer 
smaller  and  spreading. 

Leaves  soft-pubescent  on  both  sides.  U.  holosericea. 

Leaves  quite  glabrous  above,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath.          U.  lyallii. 

Urtica  holosericea  Nutt.  Tall,  2-3  m.  high,  usually  somewhat  bristly, 
densely  soft-pubescent  throughout;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sub- 
cordate,  coarsely  and  evenly  dentate,  soft-pubescent  on  both  sides,  8-16  cm. 
long;  petioles  short;  staminate  flowers  in  loose  narrow  panicles  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  pistillate  panicles  denser,  in  the  axils  of  the  uppermost  leaves. 
Variable;  common  in  moist  places  especially  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

Urtica  lyallii  Wats.  Very  much  like  U.  holosericea,  but  not  so  tall,  1-2  m. 
high;  stem  merely  bristly  or  glabrous;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  very 
coarsely  dentate,  green  and  usually  glabrous  above,  pubescent  or  glabrous 
beneath.  Infrequent,  in  moist  places. 

109.   PARIETARIA. 

Annual  or  perennial  diffuse  or  erect  herbs  without  stinging 
hairs;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  3-nerved,  petioled,  without 
stipules;  flowers  axillary,  in  compact  clusters,  polygamous,  sub- 
tended by  an  involucre  of  leafy  bracts;  calyx  of  the  staminate 
flowers  deeply  4-parted,  that  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular  or 
campanulate,  4-lobed,  surrounding  the  ovary  and  the  akene. 

Leaves  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base;  bracts  equalling  the 

flowers.  P.  debilis. 

Leaves  attenuate-acute  at  base ;  bracts  exceeding  the  flowers.   P.  pennsylvanica. 

Parietaria  debilis  Forst.  Stems  slender,  pubescent,  simple  or  branched 
at  base,  weak,  8-20  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  4—12  mm.  long,  rough-hairy  above;  petioles  short;  flowers  few  in  each 
cluster;  bracts  oblong-linear,  1-2  mm.  long,  scarcely  longer  than  the  flowers; 
akenes  shining  gray,  1  mm.  long.  Crevices  of  basaltic  cliffs  near  Lewiston. 

Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Very  similar  to  P.  debilis;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, attenuate-acute  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long;  bracts  much  exceeding  the 
flowers,  3-5  mm.  long.  Basalt  crevices  along  the  Snake  and  Clearwater 
Rivers. 

Family  28.    LORANTHACEAE.     MISTLETOE  FAMILY. 

Parasitic  shrubs  or  herbs,  yellow  or  yellowish-green,  growing 
on  woody  plants  and  absorbing  food  from  their  sap  through 
specialized  roots  (haustoria) ;  leaves  opposite;  flowers  regular, 
terminal  or  axillary,  clustered  or  solitary,  dioecious  (in  ours) ; 
calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary;  stamens  2-6;  ovary  solitary, 
erect;  style  simple  or  none;  stigma  terminal;  fruit  a  berry; 
seed  solitary;  endosperm  usually  copious  and  fleshy. 


80  SANTALACEAE. 

110.   RAZOUMOFSKYA. 

Small  fleshy  glabrous  plants,  parasitic  on  the  branches  of 
coniferous  trees;  branches  4-angled;  leaves  reduced  to  opposite 
connate  scales;  flowers  dioecious,  not  bracted,  solitary  or  several 
together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales;  staminate  flowers  with  2-5- 
parted  calyx  and  usually  equal  number  of  stamens;  pistillate 
flowers  with  an  inferior  ovary;  berry  fleshy,  ovoid,  more  or  less 
flattened. 

Staminate  flowers  paniculate,  nearly  all  terminal  on  distinct 

peduncle-like  joints.  R.  americana. 

Staminate  flowers  forming  simple  or  clustered  spikes. 

Plant  1-4  cm.  high,  scattered.  R.  douglasii. 

Plant  larger,  clustered. 

Stems  stout;  staminate  spikes  stout.  R.  campylopoda. 

Stems  slender;  staminate  spikes  slender.  R.  laricis. 

Razoumofskya  americana  Nutt.  Stems  olivaceous,  slender,  much  branched, 
the  branches  in  pairs  or  whorls;  staminate  plants  6-10  cm.  long,  the  pistillate 
a  little  smaller;  staminate  flowers  with  ovate  acutish  lobes;  fruit  bluish-green, 
4  mm.  long.  On  lodgepole  pine,  often  abundant  and  causing  swellings  and 
distortions. 

Razoumofskya  douglasii  Engelm.  Stems  olivaceous,  scattered,  usually 
solitary,  5-20  mm.  long,  simple  or  but  little  branched,  the  branches  never  in 
whorls;  flowers  in  short  few-flowered  spikes,  the  staminate  with  broadly  ovate 
acutish  lobes;  fruit  5  mm.  long.  On  Pseudotsuga  mucronata,  the  parasite 
spreading  all  along  the  affected  branch. 

Razoumofskya  campylopoda  (Engelm.)  Piper.  Stems  stout,  4-10  cm. 
long,  branched,  the  staminate  deep  yellow,  the  pistillate  olivaceous;  staminate 
flowers  in  dense  long  spikes,  the  calyx-lobes  3  or  4,  oblong-ovate,  acutish; 
fruit  obovate,  acute,  bluish-green,  5  mm.  long.  Abundant  on  Pinus  pon- 
derosa.  Sometimes  known  as  "Snappers"  on  account  of  the  way  the  seeds 
are  discharged. 

Razoumofskya  laricis  Piper  n.  sp.  Pistillate  plants  olivaceous,  clustered, 
5-8  cm.  long,  branched;  joints  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  sharply  4-angled;  staminate 
swollen,  yellow,  the  flowers  in  short  spikes;  lobes  ovate,  acute;  fruit  oblong, 
acutish,  bluish,  4  mm.  long.  Common  on  Larix  occidentalis. 

Family  29.     SANTALACEAE.    SANDALWOOD  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  entire, 
without  stipules;  flowers  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  or  ter- 
minal, perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious;  calyx  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary,  4-5-cleft;  petals  none;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  calyx-lobes  and  opposite  them;  ovary  1-celled;  ovules  2-4; 
fruit  a  drupe  or  nut  with  only  one  seed. 

111.    COMANDRA. 

Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  parasitic  on  the 
roots  of  other  plants;  leaves  alternate,  oblong, oval,  lanceolate  or 


POLYGONACEAE.  8 1 

linear,  entire,  pinnately  veined;  flowers  perfect,  terminal  or 
axillary,  rarely  solitary,  cymose,  bractless;  calyx  campanulate, 
the  base  of  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary;  limb  5-lobed;  stamens 
5,  rarely  4,  at  the  bases  of  the  calyx-lobes  and  between  the  lobes 
of  the  disk;  fruit  drupaceous,  globose  or  ovoid,  crowned  by  the 
persistent  calyx. 

Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.  Sterna  erect,  from  woody  rootstocks,  30-40  cm. 
high,  simple  or  branched  above;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acuminate, 
pale  and  glaucous,  2-4  cm.  long;  umbels  clustered;  flowers  4-5  mm,  long,  the 
whitish  calyx-lobes  little  spreading,  acute,  puberulent  above,  scarcely  equalling 
the  green  tube;  fruit  nut-like,  globose  or  ovoid,  7-10  mm.  long,  glaucous, 
reticulated,  tipped  by  the  persistent  calyx.  Gravelly  soil,  quite  common. 
Nuts  edible. 

Family  30.    ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.     BIRTHWORT  FAMILY. 

Low  herbs  or  twining  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  or  basal, 
petioled,  mostly  cordate  or  reniform,  without  stipules;  flowers 
axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered,  perfect,  mostly  large; 
calyx-tube  at  least  at  the  base  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  3- 
lobed,  6-lobed  or  irregular;  petals  none;  stamens  6-12,  united 
with  the  style;  ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  mostly  6-celled; 
ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity ;  fruit  a  6-celled  capsule  or  berry ; 
seeds  ovoid  or  oblong,  angled  or  compressed. 

112.  ASARUM.    WILD  GINGER. 

Stemless  perennial  often  clustered  herbs,  with  slender  aromatic 
branched  rootstocks;  roots  thick,  fibrous-fleshy;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  reniform  or  cordate,  entire;  flowers  solitary,  large, 
peduncled,  brown-purple  or  mottled,  borne  near  the  ground; 
calyx  bell-shaped  or  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  at  least 
below,  regularly  3-lobed;  stamens  12,  inserted  on  the  ovary; 
ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  6-celled,  the  parietal  placentae 
intruded;  ovules  numerous;  capsule  coriaceous;  seeds  compressed. 

Asarum  caudatum  Lindl.  Sparsely  hairy  throughout;  rootstocks  elongate? 
10-30  cm.  long;  leaves  reniform-cordate,  5-10  cm.  broad,  obtuse  or  acutish; 
petioles  slender,  elongate;  peduncles  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers  brown-purple; 
calyx-lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate,  2-5  cm.  long.  Deep  woods,  in  the 
mountains. 

Family  3 1 .    POLYGO  NACEAE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  or 

whorled,  simple,  mostly  entire,  with  usually  sheathing  united 

stipules    (ocreae);  flowers    small,    regular,    perfect,    dioecious, 

monoecious  or  polygamous,  in  spikes,  racemes,  corymbs,  umbels 

7 


82  POLYGONACEAE. 

or  panicles;  petals  none;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  2-6-cleft  or 
parted,  the  segments  sometimes  petal-like;  stamens  4-9,  inserted 
near  the  base  of  the  calyx  or  in  staminate  flowers  crowded  toward 
the  center;  pistil  1;  ovary  superior,  1 -celled;  ovule  1;  fruit  a 
lenticular  or  3-angled,  rarely  4-angled  akene;  endosperm  mealy. 

Flowers  subtended  by  involucres.  113.  ERIOGONUM,  82. 
Flowers  not  subtended  by  involucres. 

Sepals  6;  stigmas  3,  tufted.  114.  RUMEX,  83. 

Sepals  4-6,  usually  5;  stigmas  capitate.  115.  POLYGONUM,  85. 

113.  ERIOGONUM. 

Annual  or  perennial  acaulescent  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs  or 
shrubs;  stems  simple  or  branched,  often  tufted;  leaves  entire, 
alternate  or  whorled;  flowers  small,  fascicled,  cymose,  umbellate 
or  capitate,  subtended  by  5-8-toothed  or  cleft  campanulate  or 
cylindric  involucres;  calyx  6-cleft  or  parted,  usually  colored; 
segments  equal  or  the  outer  ones  larger;  stamens  9;  akenes 

Cyramidal,  3-angled,  more  or  less  swollen  near  the  base,  invested 
y  the  calyx-segments  or  winged. 

Flowers  attenuate  and  stipe-like  at  base. 

Perianth  very  pubescent;  umbel  simple,  dense. 

Involucre  with  reflexed  lobes;  flowers  cream-color.  E.  douglasii. 

Involucre  with  erect  lobes;  flowers  yellow.  E.  piperi. 

Perianth  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  umbel  usually  compound. 

Leaves  large,  mostly  cordate.  E.  compositum. 

Leaves  small,  never  cordate. 

Flowers  bright  yellow;  leaves  oval,  glabrous  above.      E.  stellatum. 
Flowers  white ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tomentose  on  both 

sides.  E.  heracleoides 

Flowers  not  attenuate  and  not  stipe-like  at  base. 

Outer  perianth-segments  much  broader  than  the  inner.         E.  niveum. 
Outer  perianth-segments  like  the  inner. 

Annual;  stems  wiry;  leaves  orbicular,  in  a  rosette.          E.  vimineum. 
Perennial ;  stems  woody ;  leaves  narrower.  E.  strictum. 

Eriogonum  douglasii  Benth.  Prostrate  or  nearly  so,  only  the  flowering 
stems  upright;  leaves  in  tufts  on  woody  caudex  branches,  small,  1-2  cm.  long, 
oblong  or  spatulate,  not  revolute;  flowers  cream-color,  in  simple  spherical, 
head-like  umbels,  attenuate  and  stipe-like  at  base;  perianth  pubescent; 
involucre  short  with  linear  reflexed  lobes.  Blue  Mountains,  rare. 

Eriogonum  piperi  Greene.  Densely  tufted  on  a  stout  woody  caudex;  stems 
erect,  leafless,  tomentose,  10-20  cm.  tall;  leaves  all  basal,  lanceolate  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  white  and  densely  hairy  beneath,  green  and  less 
hairy  above;  blade  2-4  cm.  long,  attenuate  into  a  usually  shorter  petiole; 
umbels  several-rayed,  simple  or  contracted  into  a  dense  cluster;  bracts  3-8, 
oblanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long;  involucre  short-toothed,  villous;  flowers  yellow, 
very  villous,  5-6  mm.  long.  In  rocky  places  at  high  altitudes. 

Eriogonum  compositum  Dougl.  Stems  stout,  simple,  20-30  cm.  tall, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  acute,  densely 
white-woolly  beneath,  green  and  less  so  above,  4-10  cm.  long,  on  petioles  as 


POLYGONACEAE.  83 

long  or  longer;  umbels  6-10-rayed,  mostly  compound,  rather  dense;  principal 
bracts  linear  or  oblanceolate ;  branches  very  short  or  2-4  cm.  long;  involucres 
pubescent,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  spreading;  flowers  white  or  yellow, 
sparsely  pilose.  Rocky  places  both  at  low  altitudes  and  in  the  mountains. 

Eriogonum  compositum  leianthum  Benth.  Perianth  glabrous,  usually  yel- 
low. In  rocky  places. 

Eriogonum  stellatum  Benth.  In  loose  tufts,  woody  at  base,  somewhat 
tomentose;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  20-30  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate  to 
broadly  oval,  obtuse,  green  and  glabrate  above,  densely  white  tomentose 
beneath;  peduncle  simple  or  branched,  naked  or  with  a  single  bract  in  the 
middle;  bract  of  the  involucre  leaf-like;  umbel  compound;  perianth  bright 
yellow,  glabrous.  Common  on  stony  hillsides  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Eriogonum  heracleoides  Nutt.  Loosely  tufted,  thinly  tomentose  through- 
out; flowering  stems  erect,  20-40  cm.  tall,  with  a  single  whorl  of  leaves  half 
way  up;  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  acute,  3-5  cm.  long,  attenuate  at  base 
into  a  short  petiole,  paler  and  more  pubescent  beneath;  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves,  but  smaller;  umbels  1-10-rayed,  simple  or  compound;  involucres  woolly, 
deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  reflexed;  flowers  whitish.  Common  on  basaltic  ledges. 

Eriogonum  niveum  Dougl.  Densely  white-tomentose  throughout;  stem 
tufted  from  a  loose  woody  caudex,  30-^50  cm.  tall,  loosely  several-times  forked, 
the  branches  in  twos  or  threes,  ascending;  basal  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
1-3  cm.  long,  densely  white-woolly  on  each  side,  on  slender  petioles;  cauline 
narrower,  nearly  sessile,  whorled  at  the  forks,  the  upper  reduced;  umbels  in 
the  forks  or  on  the  sides  of  the  branches;  involucre  short  and  broad,  4  mm.  long, 
5-6-toothed,  the  tips  somewhat  recurving;  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  4-5  mm. 
long.  In  stony  soil,  abundant  in  the  sagebrush  region. 

Eriogonum  vimineum  Dougl.  Annual;  stems  wiry,  erect,  15-40  cm.  tall, 
much  branched  above  the  base,  tomentose  below,  the  branches  long  and 
slender;  leaves  commonly  in  a  single  rosette  at  or  near  the  base,  broadly  oblong 
or  orbicular,  2-4  cm.  long,  densely  tomentose  beneath,  less  so  above;  petiole 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  blade;  umbels  small,  2-8-flowered,  sessile  and 
scattered  along  the  sides  of  the  long  branches,  or  in  the  forks;  involucres 
narrow,  3-4  mm.  long,  5-toothed  and  nerved,  glabrous;  flowers  white  or  pink, 
2  mm.  long.  In  basaltic  gravel  or  sandy  soil  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

Eriogonum  strictum  Benth.  Whole  plant  white-tomentose;  stems  slender, 
woody,  20-30  cm.  high;  leaves  elliptical  to  oblanceolate,  acute,  1-2  cm.  long, 
slender- petioled,  mostly  on  short  branches  from  the  caudex;  flowers  yellowish- 
white  in  a  loose  2-3-times  branched  panicle;  umbels  solitary,  in  a  forked  cyme, 
with  some  scattered  along  the  branches;  involucres  tomentose  within,  but 
merely  pilose  without.  In  the  higher  Blue  Mountains,  rare. 

114.  RUMEX.     DOCK. 

Perennial  or  annual  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  some  species  slightly 
woody;  stem  grooved,  mostly  branched;  leaves  entire  or  undu- 
late, flat  or  crisped;  sheaths  usually  cylindric,  brittle,  soon  falling 
away;  inflorescence  of  simple  or  compound  often  panicled 
racemes;  flowers  green  or  reddish,  perfect,  dioecious  or  polygamo- 
monoecious,  whorled,  on  jointed  pedicels;  calyx  6-parted,  the 
three  outer  sepals  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  three  inner  ones  mostly 
developed  into  valves  which  are  entire,  dentate  or  fringed  with 
bristle-like  teeth ;  stamens  6;  stigmas  tufted ;  akene  3 -angled,  the 
angles  more  or  less  margined. 


84  POLYGONACEAE. 

Flowers  dioecious;  plants  small. 

Inner  sepals  not  longer  than  the  granular  akene;  leaves 

hastate.  R.  acetosella. 

Inner  sepals  longer  than  the  smooth  akene;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate. R.  paucifoltus. 
Flowers  not  dioecious;  plants  large. 

Outer  sepals  without  tubercle-like  thickenings  in  fruit. 

Fruiting  valves  cordate,  15-25  mm.  long.  R.  venosus. 

Fruiting  valves  ovate,  6-ylO  mm.  long.  R.  occidentalis. 

Outer  sepals  with  tubercle-like  thickenings  in  fruit. 

Annuals;  valves  with  bristle-like  teeth.  R.  persicarioides. 

Perennials;  valves  denticulate. 

Leaves  crisped  on  the  margins.  R.  crispus. 

Leaves  flat.  R.  mexicanus. 

Rumex  acetosella  L.  Sheep  Sorrel.  Dioecious,  widely  spreading  by 
creeping  rootstocks;  stems  slender,  10-30  cm.  high,  simple  or  somewhat 
branched;  leaves  3-10  cm.  long,  very  acid,  glabrous,  mostly  hastate,  the  basal 
lobes  entire  or  toothed;  sheaths  scarious,  becoming  cut  into  lobes;  panicle 
narrow,  the  branches  ascending;  bracts  wanting;  flowers  small,  on  short  jointed 
pedicels,  clustered;  sepals  remaining  small,  much  shorter  than  the  3-angled 
akene.  Introduced,  a  weed  in  lawns  and  pastures. 

Rumex  paucifolius  Nutt.  Dioecious;  stems  erect  and  slender,  30-60  cm. 
high,  sparingly  leafy;  leaves  narrowly  to  linear-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute 
or  acutish,  attenuate  to  a  slender  petiole,  not  very  acid;  panicle  branches 
slender,  erect;  flowers  reddish,  small,  in  loose  fascicles;  inner  sepals  longer  than 
the  smooth  akene.  In  wet  meadows,  infrequent. 

Rumex  venosus  Pursh.  Stems  30-60  cm.  tall,  commonly  woody,  strongly 
grooved,  erect  or  decumbent,  from  woody  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  elliptic 
or  lanceolate,  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  8-12  cm.  long;  petioles  stout,  rather 
dense,  10-15  cm.  long;  valves  bright  red,  cordate-orbicular,  entire,  very  large, 
1.5-2  cm.  long,  wholly  without  tubercles;  akenes  6-8  mm.  long.  In  sandy 
soil  especially  on  sand  dunes. 

Rumex  occidentalis  Wats.  Stout,  100-150  cm.  tall;  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
mostly  obtuse,  15-40  cm.  long,  entire  or  undulate,  cordate  at  the  base;  petioles 
of  the  lower  leaves  long  and  slender,  of  the  upper  stout;  panicles  30-60  cm. 
long,  dense,  usually  reddish;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  1  cm.  long;  valves 
broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  more  or  less  toothed,  6-10  cm.  long,  wholly  without 
tubercles;  akene  brown,  4  mm.  long.  Common  in  swampy  places. 

Rumex  persicarioides  L.  Minutely  pubescent;  stems  erect  or  procumbent, 
branched,  15-60  cm.  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate 
at  base,  3-10  cm.  long,  wavy-margined;  panicle  dense,  the  flowers  short-pedi- 
celled  in  numerous  close  whorls;  valves  ovate,  each  bearing  a  tubercle  on  the 
back  and  2  or  3  slender  bristles  on  the  margins.  In  wet  places,  especially 
where  alkaline. 

Rumex  crispus  L.  Yellow  Dock.  Stem  stout,  50-100  cm.  high,  grooved, 
from  an  elongated  fusiform  root;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  15-30  cm.  long,  the  margin  wavy  and  crisped;  petiole  short; 
panicle  rather  dense,  20-40  cm.  long,  greenish;  flowers  on  pedicels  5-10  mm. 
long;  valves  3-4  mm.  long,  broadly  ovate  or  cordate,  each  bearing  a  tubercle; 
akene  about  2-2.5  mm.  long,  brown.  A  weed  in  grain  fields  and  along  road- 
sides. 

Rumex  mexicanus  Meisn.  Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  40-90  cm.  long, 
slightly  grooved,  often  branched  below;  leaves  oblong- lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  entire,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  8-15  cm.  long; 


POLYGONACEAE.  85 

petioles  rather  short;  panicle  10-^12  cm.  long,  the  branches  short,  leafy- 
bracted;  valves  triangular-ovate,  slightly  toothed,  3-4  mm.  long,  each  bearing 
a  large  oblong  tubercle;  akene  broad,  2  mm.  long.  Wet  places,  common. 

115.   POLYGONUM. 

Annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs,  some  species 
woody;  stems  erect,  prostrate,  climbing  or  floating;  leaves  alter- 
nate, sessile  or  petioled,  continuous  with  or  jointed  to  the  cylindric 
funnelform  or  2-lobed  often  lacerate  or  fringed  sheaths;  flowers 
small,  perfect,  green,  white,  pink  or  purple,  variously  clustered, 
the  clusters  terminal  or  axillary;  pedicels  jointed,  subtended  by 
the  sheaths;  calyx  4-5-parted  or  cleft,  the  outer  segments  larger 
than  the  inner;  stamens  3-9;  stigmas  capitate;  akene  lenticular 
or  3-angled  (rarely  4-angled),  invested  by  or  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Stems  twining;  leaves  cordate.  P.  convolvulus. 

Stems  not  twining;  leaves  not  cordate. 

Leaves  small,  jointed  on  the  petioles;  slender  annuals. 
Stems  not  striate;  flowers  in  rather  dense  spikes  with 

imbricated  bracts. 

Bracts  oblong,  white-margined.  P.  polygaloides. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  green.  P.  confer  tiflorum. 

Stems  striate;  flowers  axillary  or  in  loose  or  inter- 
rupted spikes. 
Branches    not   angled;   leaves   scarcely   reduced 

upwards. 
Akenes  exserted,  smooth,  shining;  low  alpine 

plant.  P.  minimum^ 

Akenes  not  exserted,  dull;  introduced  usually 

prostrate  plant.  P.  aviculare-* 

Branches     angled;     leaves     decidedly     reduced 

upwards. 

Flowers  bell-shaped,  2-3  mm.  long.  P.  douglasii. 

Flowers  funnelform,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long.  P.  majus. 

Leaves  comparatively  large,  not  jointed  on  the  petioles. 
Styles  3,  long;  flowers  in  a  single  dense  spike-like 

raceme;  root  tuberous.  P.  bistortoides. 

Styles  2 -cleft;  flowers  in  dense  spikes;  roots  fibrous. 
Perennial  aquatic  or  swamp  plants. 

Sheaths  ciliate  on  the  spreading  border.  P.  hartwfighlii. 

Sheaths  not  ciliate. 

Leaves    elliptic,    obtuse    or    acutish;    pe- 
duncles glabrous.  P.  amphibium. 
Leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate;  peduncles 

hispid.  P.  emersum. 

Annuals. 

Sheaths  ciliate.  P.  persicaria. 

Sheaths  not  ciliate. 

Leaves  not  tomentose  beneath.  P.  lapathifolium. 

Leaves  tomentose  beneath.  P.  tomentosum. 

Polygonum  convolvulus  L.  Annual;  stems  twining  or  prostrate,  50-100 
cm.  long,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  scurfy  below;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  some- 
what halberd-shaped,  acuminate,  2-6  cm.  long,  minutely  scurfy  beneath; 


86  POLYGONACEAE. 

petioles  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  blades;  sheaths  short;  flowers  in  clusters 
or  slender  axillary  leafy  racemes;  calyx  5-parted,  closely  investing  the  fruit; 
akene  3-angled,  dull  black,  minutely  roughened.  Introduced  in  cultivated 
or  waste  soil. 

Polygonum  polygaloides  Meisn.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  slender,  much 
branched  from  the  base,  5-20  cm.  tall;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  1-nerved,  1-3  cm. 
long;  sheaths  scarious,  parted  into  long  lobes;  spikes  dense,  numerous,  ter- 
minal, 5-10  cm.  long;  bracts  oblong,  with  a  broad  white  margin,  crenulate, 
obtuse  or  acuminate,  exceeding  the  flower;  stamens  8;  akene  3-angled,  long, 
acuminate,  longitudinally  striate.  Moist  meadows,  frequent. 

Polygonum  confertiflorum  Nutt.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  very  slender, 
3-10  cm.  tall,  with  few  branches;  leaves  linear,  1-3  cm.  long;  sheaths  scarious, 
cut  into  lobes;  spikes  few,  rather  dense,  4-12  mm.  long;  bracts  green,  linear, 
acuminate,  longer  than  the  pink  flowers,  the  margins  revolute;  stamens  3-5; 
akenes  black,  minutely  striate.  In  thin  soil,  rare. 

Polygonum  minimum  Wats.  Annual,  slightly  scabrous,  5-30  cm.  high, 
usually  branched  from  the  base;  stems  wiry,  red;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  apiculate,  5-12  mm.  long;  flowers  axillary,  crowded  above,  usually 
rose-colored,  erect  on  short  pedicels;  stamens  5-8;  akenes  smooth,  shiny, 
longer  than  the  sepals.  In  moist  places  at  high  altitudes,  Blue  Mountains. 

Polygonum  aviculare  L.  Knot-weed.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  slender, 
prostrate,  much  branched,  forming  dense  mats,  the  branches  leafy  to  the  top; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute,  1-3  cm.  long,  nearly  sessile;  sheaths  scarious, 
cut  into  lobes;  flowers  1  or  few  in  the  upper  axils,  pink,  on  very  short  pedicels 
which  are  included  in  the  sheaths;  akenes  3-angled,  dull,  minutely  granular. 
Everywhere  a  weed;  much  relished  by  stock. 

Polygonum  douglasii  Greene.  Annual;  stems  slender,  15-40  cm.  tall, 
erect,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  branches  few,  erect,  angled;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  sessile  at  the  jointed  base;  sheaths  cylindric,  scarious, 
becoming  cut  into  lobes;  flowering  branches  slender;  flowers  1-3,  from  the 
axils  of  the  scattered  bracts,  soon  becoming  deflexed;  calyx  purple  or  whitish, 
-with  prominent  green  midribs;  styles  very  short;  akene  3-angled,  black,  shiny. 
2n  gravelly  soil,  not  common. 

Ptflygonum  douglasii  montanum  Small.  Not  so  tall;  leaves  broader  and 
shorter;  flowering  branches  more  leafy.  Gravelly  soil  in  pine  woods  in  the 
mountains. 

Polygonum  majus  (Meisn.)  Piper.  Annual,  much  branched  from  the  base, 
erect  or  nearly  so;  stems  wiry,  terete,  inconspicuously  striate;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  2-6  cm.  long,  jointed  at  the  base;  sheaths  scarious,  about  1  cm. 
long,  at  length  cut  into  slender  lobes;  spikes  elongate,  5-12  cm.  long;  flowers 
remote,  short-pedicelled,  horizontal  or  spreading;  bracts  consisting  of  the 
scarious  sheaths  and  short  subulate  blades,  about  as  long  as  the  buds;  calyx 
broadly  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  white,  with  simple  green  midveins,  reach- 
ing the  apex  of  the  short  rounded  lobes;  styles  separate  for  one  half  their 
length;  fruit  reflexed;  akene  black,  shiny,  smooth,  3-angled,  acuminate,  3-3.5 
mm.  long.  Common  in  stony  soil. 

Polygonum  bistortoides  Pursh.  Perennial,  from  a  thick  oblong  tuber, 
glabrous  throughout  or  sparsely  puberulent;  stem  erect,  simple,  30-60  cm. 
tall;  radical  leaves  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-20  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  broad, 
on  slender  usually  shorter  petioles;  cauline  3-4,  sessile,  the  uppermost  much 
reduced,  lanceolate;  spikes  oblong,  3-6  cm.  long,  dense;  calyx  white,  deeply 
5-cleft;  akene  chestnut-brown,  3-angled,  smooth,  shiny.  Moist  meadows  near 
the  mountains. 


CHENOPODIACEAE.  87 

Polygonum  hartwrightii  Gray.  Perennial,  on  muddy  banks,  more  or  less 
strigose-pubescent  especially  on  the  sheaths  and  bracts.  Spokane,  De- 
wart.  Some  botanists  consider  this  only  a  hairy  terrestrial  state  of  P.  am- 
phibium. 

Polygonum  amphibium  L.  Perennial,  aquatic,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
leaves  floating,  elliptic  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  smooth  and  shiny  above, 
5-12  cm.  long,  long-petioled ;  spikes  dense,  2-3  cm.  long.  In  ponds  and 
lakes. 

Polygonum  emersum  (Michx.)  Britt.  Perennial,  sparsely  scabrous  through- 
out; stems  erect  or  decumbent,  1-2  m.  long,  rooting  at  the  nodes;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  8-16  cm.  long, 
short-petioled ;  sheaths  cylindric,  loose,  entire;  spikes  dense,  3-7  cm.  long, 
short-peduncled ;  calyx  rose-red,  5-parted;  akenes  lenticular,  black,  shiny, 
slightly  roughened.  Common  in  wet  meadows  and  on  pond  and  river 
banks. 

Polygonum  persicaria  L.  Annual,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  pu- 
berulent;  stems  15-90  cm.  long;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each 
end,  short-petioled,  5-25  cm.  long,  frequently  with  a  brown-purple  spot  near 
the  middle,  glabrous  or  sparsely  puberulent  below  and  on  the  midrib  and 
margins  above;  sheaths  tubular,  10-15  mm.  long,  coarsely  fringed;  spikes 
slender,  2-4  cm.  long,  slender  peduncled,  erect;  calyx  pink,  5-lobed;  akene 
lenticular,  black  and  shining.  Sparingly  introduced. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  Stems  branched,  15-80  cm.  high,  erect  or 
ascending;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  midrib  and  margins, 
10-20  cm.  long;  peduncles  minutely  glandular;  spikes  axillary  and  terminal, 
slender,  2-10  cm.  long,  erect  or  nodding;  flowers  white  or  pink;  stamens  6; 
akene  ovate,  lenticular.  Sparingly  introduced  or  perhaps  native  along  Snake 
River. 

Polygonum  tomentosum  incanum  (Schmidt)  Gurke.  Annual,  simple  or 
branched,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  2-6  cm.  long,  green  above, 
white  woolly  beneath;  peduncles  decidedly  glandular;  spikes  shorter,  1-3  cm. 
long.  On  river  banks,  rare. 

Family  32.     CHENOPODIACEAE.    GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY. 

Mostly  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  stems  angled,  striate  or 
terete;  leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  simple,  entire, 
toothed  or  lobed,  mostly  petioled,  without  stipules;  flowers  per- 
fect, polygamous,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  small,  greenish, 
regular  or  slightly  irregular,  commonly  in  panicled  spikes,  with 
or  without  bracts;  calyx  persistent,  2-5 -lobed  or  parted,  or 
rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sepal  or  in  some  pistillate  flowers 
wanting;  petals  none;  stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  or 
fewer  and  opposite  them;  disk  usually  none;  ovary  mostly  free 
from  the  calyx,  1-celled;  ovule  1;  fruit  a  utricle;  endosperm 
mealy,  fleshy  or  wanting. 


88  CHENOPODIACEAE. 

Endosperm  little  or  none;  leaves  spiny.  116.  SALSOLA,  88. 

Endosperm  copious;  leaves  not  spiny. 

Fruit  much  exserted  beyond  the  envelope.         117.  CORIOSPERMUM,  88. 
Fruit  enclosed  by  or  not  longer  than  the  calyx 

or  bractlets. 
Flowers  unisexual;  fruit  enclosed  by  two 

bractlets.  M8.  ATRIPLEX,  88. 

Flowers  perfect;  fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Sepal  1,  bract-like;  stamen  1.  119.  MONOLEPIS,  89. 

Sepals  5,  united;  stamens  5. 

Flowers  capitate;  calyx  fleshy  and 

red  in  fruit.  120.  BLITUM,  89. 

Flowers  in  panicles;  calyx  not  fleshy 
in  fruit.  121.  CHENOPODIUM,  89. 

116.   SALSOLA. 

Annual  bushy-branched  herbs;  leaves  rigid,  subulate,  prickle- 
pointed;  flowers  sessile,  perfect,  2-bracteolate,  solitary  in  the 
axils,  or  sometimes  several  together;  calyx  5-parted;  stamens  5; 
utricle  flattened,  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  the  segments  of  which  are 
appendaged  by  a  broad  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit; 
endosperm  none. 

Salsola  kali  tenuifolia  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  Russian  Thistle.  Much  branched 
from  the  base,  forming  hemispherical  plants  30-90  cm.  or  more  in  diameter; 
branches  striate,  often  reddish  below;  leaves  linear,  bluish-green,  sessile, 
tipped  with  a  sharp  point,  fleshy  at  first  but  becoming  dry  and  stiff,  1-3  cm. 
long;  wings  of  the  calyx  persistent,  membranous.  Introduced  about  1898  and 
now  abundant  in  places. 

117.   CORIOSPERMUM.    BUGSEED. 

Annual  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  narrow,  entire,  1 -nerved; 
flowers  perfect,  bractless,  small,  green,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils, 
forming  terminal  narrow  leafy  spikes,  with  the  upper  leaves 
shorter  and  broader  than  the  lower;  calyx  of  a  solitary  thin 
broad  sepal,  or  sepals  rarely  2;  stamens  1-3,  rarely  more  and  one 
of  them  longer;  utricle  ellipsoid,  mostly  plano-convex;  endo- 
sperm fleshy. 

Coriospermum  hyssopifolium  L.  Stems  spreading,  much  branched,  30-60 
cm.  high,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
cuspidate,  glabrous,  2-3  cm.  long,  sessile;  spikes  dense,  2-4  cm.  long;  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarious-margined,  5-10  mm.  long;  akenes 
broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  short-mucronate,  narrowly  winged,  3  mm.  long. 
Sandy  bars  of  rivers. 

118.  ATRIPLEX.    SALTBUSH. 

Annual  herbs,  usually  mealy  or  scurfy;  flowers  in  leafy  spikes, 
monoecious  or  dioecious;  staminate  with  a  5-lobed  calyx  and 
mostly  5  stamens ;  pistillate  of  a  naked  pistil  between  2  appressed 
foliaceous  bracts,  which  are  enlarged  and  sometimes  united  in 
fruit. 


CHENOPODIACEAE.  89 

Atriplex  argentea  Nutt.  Whole  plant  silvery  from  the  dense  scurfy  pubes- 
cence; leaves  thickish,  triangular-ovate,  1-3  cm.  long,  mostly  petioled; 
staminate  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  axillary  clusters;  fruiting  bracts 
rhombic-ovate,  united,  the  margins  dilated  and  sharply  toothed,  the  sides 
roughened  with  tooth-like  appendages.  In  alkaline  soil,  common  in  the  sage- 
brush region. 

119.   MONOLEPIS. 

Low  annual  branching  herbs;  leaves  small,  narrow,  alternate, 
entire,  toothed  or  lobed ;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  small 
axillary  clusters;  calyx  of  one  persistent  herbaceous  sepal; 
stamen  1;  utricle  flat;  endosperm  mealy. 

Monolepis  nuttalliana  (Roem.  &  Schult.)  Greene.  Stems  erect  or  decum- 
bent at  base,  branched  below,  10-40  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  very  sparsely  mealy 
throughout;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  acute  or  obtuse,  com- 
monly with  a  single  large  tooth  or  lobe  on  each  side  near  the  middle,  1-3  cm. 
long,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  lowermost  slender- petioled ;  flowers 
clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  on  the  elongate  erect  simple  branches; 
sepal  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  acutish.  In  bare  soil,  especially  where  it  is 
somewhat  saline. 

120.  BLITUM.     ELITE. 

Annual  succulent  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  hastate 
petioled  light  green  leaves;  flowers  small,  green  or  reddish,  in 
globose  axillary  sessile  heads,  or  the  upper  heads  forming  a  spike; 
calyx  2-5-lobed  becoming  pulpy  in  fruit;  stamens  1-5;  embryo  a 
complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm. 

Blitum  capitatum  L.  Strawberry  Elite.  Glabrous  throughout;  stems  erect 
or  spreading,  somewhat  branched,  10-80  cm.  high;  leaves  triangular,  coarsely 
and  unevenly  dentate,  2-6  cm.  long,  on  petioles  of  about  the  same  length; 
flower  clusters  globose,  dense,  in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leaves;  calyx 
fleshy  in  fruit  and  bright  red,  the  clusters  resembling  strawberries;  seed  black, 
subglobose.  Apparently  native  but  infrequent. 

121.   CHENOPODIUM.    GOOSEFOOT. 

Annual  or  perennial,  green  and  glabrous,  white-mealy  or 
glandular-pubescent  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  entire, 
sinuate-dentate  or  pinnately-lobed ;  flowers  very  small,  green, 
perfect,  sessile,  bractless,  clustered  in  axillary  or  terminal,  often 
panicled  or  compound  spikes ;  calyx  2-5-parted  or  lobed ;  stamens 
1-5;  utricle  embraced  or  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  the  segments  of 
which  are  herbaceous  or  slightly  fleshy  in  fruit ;  endosperm  mealy. 

Calyx  somewhat  fleshy  and  red  in  fruit.  C.  rubrum. 

Calyx  dry  in  fruit. 

Pericarp  loosely  attached  to  the  seed ;  leaves  entire.  C.  leptophyllum. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed;  leaves  dentate. 

Herbage  glandular-pubescent.  C.  botrys. 

Herbage  not  glandular. 

Leaves  mealy  beneath.  C.  album. 

Leaves  glabrous.  C.  hybridum. 


90  AMARANTHACEAE. 

Chenopodium  rubrum  L.  Glabrous;  stems  stout,  angled,  branching,  30- 
90  cm.  high;  leaves  triangular  or  lanceolate,  acute,  cuneate  at  base,  sinuately- 
dentate;  the  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate  and  usually  entire;  spikes  axillary, 
leafy-bracted,  the  flowers  in  dense  clusters;  calyx-lobes  2-4,  obtuse,  somewhat 
fleshy;  stamens  1  or  2;  seed  shining,  1  mm.  broad.  In  saline  places,  not 
common. 

Chenopodium  leptophyllum  Nutt.  Erect,  slender,  simple  or  branched, 
30-60  cm.  high,  more  or  less  mealy  throughout;  leaves  entire,  linear,  1-3  cm. 
long;  inflorescence  paniculate;  flowers  in  dense  clusters,  these  in  spikes; 
calyx-lobes  strongly  keeled.  A  native  species  of  infrequent  occurrence. 

Chenopodium  botrys  L.  Jerusalem  Oak.  Stems  branched  from  the  base, 
the  branches  erect  or  spreading,  30-^50  cm.  high,  glandular-pubescent  through- 
out; leaves  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  pinnately  divided  into  5-6  irregular  toothed 
lobes;  petioles  short,  or  the  uppermost  leaves  sessile;  flowers  very  small, 
usually  abundant,  in  loose  axillary  racemes  or  panicles,  these  forming  strict 
narrow  panicles  10-30  cm.  long;  sepals  dry,  ovate,  loosely  enclosing  tha  fruit. 
A  weed  becoming  abundant  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

Chenopodium  album  L.  Lamb's  Quarters.  Pigweed.  Erect,  stout,  50- 
100  cm.  tall,  usually  simple  below  the  inflorescence,  more  or  less  white-mealy 
throughout;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  sinuate  or  dentate,  obtuse  or  acute,  2-4 
cm.  long,  greener  above;  petioles  slender,  nearly  equalling  the  blade;  upper- 
most leaves  lanceolate  and  entire;  panicle  commonly  30  cm.  long;  spikes 
axillary  or  terminal,  rather  dense;  fruiting  calyx  1  mm.  broad,  the  sepals 
keeled  and  arched  over  the  lenticular  fruit;  seed  black,  minutely  pitted.  A 
common  weed  in  waste  or  cultivated  ground. 

Chenopodium  album  viride  (L.)  Moq.  Herbage  green,  less  mealy;  in- 
florescence looser.  Sparingly  introduced. 

Chenopodium  hybridum  L.  Green  and  glabrous  throughout  or  the  inflo- 
rescence a  little  mealy,  erect,  60-120  cm.  high;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  acu- 
minate, somewhat  cordate  at  base,  thin  and  rather  large,  5-20  cm.  long,  with 
a  few  large  teeth  on  each  side;  inflorescence  a  loose  panicle;  flowers  in  small 
clusters  in  leafless  racemes;  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  fruit.  In  waste  places, 
introduced  from  Europe. 

Family  33.    AMARANTHACEAE.    AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

Weedy  herbs;  leaves  thin,  simple,  mostly  entire,  alternate  or 
opposite;  flowers  small,  green  or  white,  perfect,  monoecious, 
polygamous  or  dioecious,  bracteolate,  usually  in  terminal  spikes 
or  axillary  heads;  calyx  herbaceous  or  membranaceous,  2-5- 
parted,  the  segments  distinct  or  united  at  the  base,  equal,  or  the 
inner  ones  smaller;  petals  none;  stamens  1-5,  mostly  opposite 
the  calyx-segments,  hypogynous;  ovary  1-celled;  ovule  1  (in 
ours) ;  fruit  a  utricle,  1-seeded  (in  ours) ;  endosperm  mealy, 
usually  copious. 

122.  AMARANTHUS.    AMARANTH. 

Annual  branched  erect  or  diffusely  spreading,  glabrous  or 
pubescent  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinnately  veined, 


AIZOACEAE.  91 

entire,  undulate  or  crisped;  flowers  small,  green  or  purplish, 
mostly  3-bracteolate,  in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  axillary  clusters; 
calyx  of  2-5  distinct  sepals;  stamens  2-5;  fruit  an  ovoid  or 
oblong  utricle,  2-3-beaked,  with  the  persistent  style.  Mostly 
pernicious  weeds. 

Flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes. 

Spikes  green,  stout,  8-14  mm.  thick.  A.  retroflexus. 

Spikes  purple,  slender,  4-6  mm.  thick.  A.  paniculatus. 
Flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

Plant  erect,  much  branched;  sepals  3.  A.  graecizans. 

Plant  prostrate;  sepals  4  or  5.  A.  blitoides. 

Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  Pigweed.  Stem  stout,  50-200  cm.  tall,  erect, 
pubescent,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
obscurely  crenate  or  entire,  minutely  roughened,  3-10  cm.  long,  slender- 
petioled;  spikes  very  dense,  cylindric,  erect,  in  large  panicles;  bracts  subulate, 
4-5  mm.  long;  sepals  5,  oblong,  acute,  obtuse  or  emarginate.  A  weed  in 
waste  ground. 

Amaranthus  paniculatus  L.  Similar  to  A.  retroflexus,  but  more  slender; 
leaves  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  often  purplish;  spikes  much  longer 
and  more  slender;  bracts  awn-pointed.  Sparingly  naturalized  from  Europe. 

Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Tumbleweed.  Erect,  pale  green,  much 
branched,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  15-60  cm.  tall;  leaves  oblong  or  narrowly 
obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  2-3  cm.  long,  short-petioled ;  flowers  in  small 
axillary  clusters;  bracts  subulate,  spiny-pointed,  much  exceeding  the  sepals; 
sepals  3,  oblong-lanceolate,  membranous;  fruit  roughened.  A  common  weed 
in  grain  fields. 

Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats.  Very  similar  to  A .  graecizans  but  the  branches 
prostrate,  30-60  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  little  longer  than 
the  3-5  sepals;  fruit  smooth.  Apparently  native,  common. 

Family  34.    AIZOACEAE.    CARPET  WEED  FAMILY. 

Soft  herbs,  sometimes  fleshy  or  succulent;  leaves  whorled  or 
opposite;  stipules  wanting;  flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  soli- 
tary, cymose  or  glomerate;  calyx  4-5-cleft  or  parted;  petals  and 
stamens  sometimes  numerous,  but  petals  often  wanting;  ovary 
usually  free  from  the  calyx,  2-several-celled ;  ovules  numerous  in 
each  cell  (in  ours) ;  fruit  a  capsule;  endosperm  scanty  or  copious. 

123.  MOLLUGO.     CARPET  WEED. 

Mostly  annual,  much  branched  herbs;  leaves  whorled,  some- 
times basal  or  alternate;  stipules  scarious,  membranaceous, 
deciduous;  flowers  small,  whitish,  cymose  or  axillary;  sepals  5, 
white  inside,  scarious-margined,  persistent;  petals  none;  stamens 
hypogynous,  3  and  alternate  with  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary  or  5 
and  alternate  with  the  sepals;  ovary  and  capsule  usually  3-celled. 


92  PORTULACACEAE. 

Mollugo  verticillata  L.  Carpet  Weed.  Annual,  glabrous  throughout, 
prostrate;  stem  slender,  10-30  cm.  long,  branched;  leaves  spatulate  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  at  the  sessile  base,  1-2  cm.  long, 
3-8  in  a  whorl;  flowers  small,  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  pedicels  as  long  or  longer; 
sepals  oblong,  shorter  than  the  ovoid  capsules;  seeds  shining,  brown,  curved. 
Common  on  the  sandy  banks  of  streams. 

Family  35.    PORTULACACEAE.     PURSLANE  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  usually  succulent  herbs;  leaves  entire, 
alternate  or  opposite;  flowers  regular,  perfect;  sepals  2  or  4-8; 
petals  4  or  5,  hypogynous,  early  withering;  stamens  as  many  as 
or  more  numerous  than  the  petals  and  adherent  to  their  bases; 
ovary  1 -celled;  ovules  few  to  many;  endosperm  mealy. 

Ovary  half  inferior;  sepals  partly  united.  124.  PORTULACA,  92. 

Ovary  superior. 

Capsule  circumscissile;  sepals  4-8.  125.  LEWISIA,  92. 

Capsule  not  circumscissile;  sepals  2. 

Corolla  zygomorphic;  styles  short,  cleft  nearly  to 

the  base.  126.  MONTIA,  93. 

Corolla  regular;  styles  elongated,  united  nearly 
to  the  top.  127.  CLAYTONIA,  93. 

124.   PORTULACA. 

Low  fleshy  herbs ;  leaves  alternate  or  partly  opposite ;  stipules 
scarious  or  none,  or  reduced  to  hairy  tufts;  flowers  terminal  and 
sessile,  expanding  in  direct  sunshine  before  mid -day,  soon  closing; 
sepals  2,  coherent  at  the  base  in  a  tube  and  adnate  to  the  ovary; 
stamens  7-20;  ovules  numerous. 

Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Purslane.  Annual,  prostrate,  fleshy,  forming 
mats  10-40  cm.  in  diameter;  leaves  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse  or  truncate, 
narrowed  at  base,  1-2  cm.  long,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  keeled;  petals 
yellow,  notched  at  the  apex;  stamens  7-12;  capsule  conical,  acute,  dehiscing 
below  the  middle.  Becoming  abundant  as  a  weed  along  stream  banks  and 
in  cultivated  land. 

125.   LEWISIA. 

Low  acaulescent  fleshy  perennial  herbs,  with  fleshy  roots  or  a 
corm;  flowers  on  short  scapes,  showy;  sepals  4-8;  petals  3-16; 
stamens  numerous;  capsule  circumscissile;  seeds  many,  black, 
shining. 

Sepals  4-8;  scape  jointed  and  with  an  involucre  of  5-7  bracts.  L.  rediviva. 
Sepals  2;  scape  with  only  2  bracts. 

With  fleshy  conical  root;  stem  leaves  2,  bract-like.  L.  nevadensis. 

With  globose  corm;  stem  leaves  2  or  3,  linear.  L.  triphytta. 

Lewisia  rediviva  Pursh.  Rock  Rose  or  Bitter  Root.  Roots  thick,  fusiform, 
often  forked;  leaves  numerous  in  a  basal  cluster,  linear  or  club-shaped,  thick 
and  fleshy,  2-5  cm.  long,  shorter  than  the  scape;  scapes  5-8  cm.  high,  jointed 


PORTULACACEAE.  93 

in  the  middle,  where  is  borne  a  whorl  of  5-7  scarious  bracts;  flowers  solitary, 
rose-colored;  sepals  6-8,  the  inner  somewhat  petal-like;  petals  12-16,  oblong, 
2-3  cm.  long.  In  rocky  places  where  the  soil  is  very  thin.  The  Indians 
gather  the  thick  starchy  roots  for  food. 

Lewisia  nevadensis  (Gray)  Robinson.  Root  thick,  conical,  2-4  cm.  long; 
leaves  all  basal,  linear,  2-5  cm.  long;  scapes  simple,  2-8  cm.  high,  with  a  pair 
of  scarious  bracts  and  1-3  small  white  flowers;  sepals  entire,  7-9  mm.  long; 
petals  6^-8;  seeds  black,  smooth  and  shining.  In  rock  crevices  in  the  Blue 
Mountains. 

Lewisia  triphylla  (Wats.)  Robinson.  Stems  2-8  cm.  high,  very  slender, 
from  a  deep-seated  small  globose  corm;  cauline  leaves  linear,  usually  3  in  a 
whorl,  sessile,  1-5  cm.  long;  flowers  few  or  many  in  a  loose  paniculate  cluster; 
sepals  entire;  petals  3-10.  In  the  mountains,  not  common. 

126.   MONTIA. 

Low  branching  glabrous  succulent  annual  herbs;  leaves  mostly 
opposite;  flowers  small,  white,  nodding,  axillary  or  racemose; 
sepals  2,  ovate,  herbaceous,  persistent;  petals  5,  unlike,  with  two 
larger  and  three  smaller;  stamens  3,  alternate  with  the  smaller 
petals;  style  very  short;  stigmas  3. 

Montia  fpntana  L.  Stems  procumbent  or  ascending,  rooting  at  the  nodes, 
3-10  cm.  high  or  when  aquatic  often  longer;  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate, 
4-14  mm.  long;  raceme  terminal  or  axillary,  few-flowered;  petals  white,  2  mm. 
long,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  wet  places  and  running  water. 

127.   CLAYTONIA. 

Low  and  glabrous  succulent  herbs,  annual  or  perennial,  from 
corms  or  thickened  roots  tocks;  basal  leaves  petioled,  the  cauline 
opposite  or  alternate;  flowers  small,  white  or  rose-colored,  in 
loose  terminal  racemes,  lasting  more  than  one  day;  sepals  2, 
ovate,  herbaceous,  persistent;  petals  5,  equal;  stamens  5;  style 
3-notched  or  cleft. 

Perennials  with  thick  roots  or  corms.  C.  lanceolata. 

Perennials  or  annuals;  roots  not  corm-like. 

Stems  with  more  than  two  opposite  leaves,  or  leaves  alternate. 

Cauline  leaves  several  pairs,  opposite.  C.  chamissoi. 

Cauline  leaves  alternate. 

Seeds  shining,  2  mm.  broad.  C.  linearis. 

Seeds  dull,  less  than  1  mm.  broad.  C.  dickotoma. 

Stems  with  only  two  leaves,  these  opposite. 
Cauline  leaves  united,  at  least  at  the  base. 

Calyx  4  mm.  long;  seeds  2  mm.  broad.  .         C.  perfoliata. 

Calyx  2  mm.  long;  seeds  1  mm.  broad.  C.parwflora. 

Cauline  leaves  not  united. 

Pedicels  mostly  bractless;  perennial  by  rootstocks.          C.  asarifolia. 
Pedicels  mostly  with  bracts;  roots  fibrous. 

Perennial,  10-50  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate.  C.  sibirica. 

Annual,  5-15  cm.  high;  leaves  narrow.  C.  arenicola. 


94  PORTULACACEAE. 

Claytonia  lanceolata  Pursh.  Stems  simple,  8-15  cm.  tall,  erect,  from  a 
globose  tuber  1-4  cm.  in  diameter;  radical  leaves  few  or  wanting,  lanceolate, 
acute,  long-petioled;  cauline  a  single  pair,  sessile,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  3-10  in  a  short  raceme  which  scarcely  exceeds  the 
cauline  leaves;  pedicels  slender;  petals  pink,  oblong  or  ovate,  emarginate, 
8-10  mm.  long;  seeds  black,  shiny,  2  mm.  broad.  Kamiack  Butte. 

Claytonia  chamissoi  Ledeb.  Perennial,  with  slender  elongate  stolons, 
which  finally  bear  tubers  at  the  apex;  flower  stems  mostly  simple,  10-30  cm. 
tall;  leaves  3-7  pairs,  broadly  spatulate,  2-4  cm.  long;  raceme  few-flowered; 
pedicels  slender;  petals  pale  or  white,  6-8  mm.  long;  stamens  5;  capsule  equal- 
ling the  calyx;  seeds  kidney-shaped,  minutely  roughened.  Moist  copses, 
uncommon. 

Claytonia  linearis  Dougl.  Annual,  branched  below,  5-15  cm.  tall;  leaves 
linear,  succulent,  all  alternate,  2-5  cm.  long,  scarious-margined  at  base; 
raceme  4-10-flowered,  one-sided,  the  pedicels  curving  downward;  sepals  4  mm. 
long;  capsule  shorter  than  the  sepals;  seeds  shiny,  2  mm.  broad.  Frequent  and 
abundant. 

Claytonia  dichotoma  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  C.  linearis  but  smaller  in  every 
way,  2-8  cm.  tall;  calyx  2  mm.  long;  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx; 
seeds  1  mm.  broad,  dull.  Common  but  inconspicuous. 

Claytonia  perfoliata  Donn.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base,  10-50  cm. 
high,  erect;  basal  leaves  long-petioled,  the  blades  usually  rhomboid-ovate, 
but  varying  to  spatulate-linear;  cauline  leaves  united,  forming  an  orbicular 
or  somewhat  angled  disk,  3-5  cm.  broad;  racemes  rather  loose,  one-sided; 
calyx  4  mm.  long;  petals  smaller,  white;  seeds  smooth,  shiny,  lenticular,  2  mm. 
broad.  In  moist  woods,  Blue  Mountains;  common  .west  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Claytonia  parviflora  Dougl.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base;  stems  usually 
15-30  cm.  high,  erect;  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  linear,  lanceolate  or 
spatulate;  cauline  pair  united  into  an  orbicular  somewhat  angled  disk,  l^t  cm. 
in  diameter;  raceme  usually  loose,  interrupted,  somewhat  one-sided;  calyx 
2  mm.  long;  petals  pink  or  white,  about  twice  as  long;  seeds  shiny,  usually 
smooth,  1  mm.  broad.  In  moist  copses. 

Claytonia  parviflora  depressa  Gray.  Small  and  depressed,  more  fleshy; 
whole  plant  commonly  reddish;  cauline  leaves  sometimes  nearly  separate; 
radical  leaves  broadly  ovate.  Very  common. 

Claytonia  asarifolia  Bong.  Perennial,  with  short  rootstocks,  somewhat 
tufted;  stems  15-30  cm.  tall,  bearing  a  single  pair  of  leaves  below  the  inflores- 
cence; leaves  rather  fleshy,  broadly  ovate,  somewhat  cordate,  obtuse,  2-3  cm. 
long,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  radical  slender- petioled ;  raceme  peduncled,  3-12- 
flowered,  with  few  or  no  bracts;  pedicels  slender;  petals  white,  pellucid,  10-12 
mm.  long;  capsule  longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  bright,  shiny,  1-1.5  mm.  broad. 
In  cold  woods  along  streams  in  the  mountains. 

Claytonia  sibirica  L.  Stems  simple,  erect  or  ascending,  15-40  cm.  high; 
basal  leaves  ovate,  2-6  cm.  long,  contracted  into  long  margined  petioles; 
cauline  pair  ovate,  sessile  but  not  united;  raceme  bracteate,  loose,  the  flowers 
on  long  pedicels;  petals  white  or  pink  with  red  veins,  about  6  mm.  long;  seeds 
granulate.  In  wet  places,  especially  in  woods. 

Claytonia  arenicola  Henderson.  Annual;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  simple, 
5-12  cm.  tall;  leaves  all  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate,  acute,  2-6  cm.  long; 
raceme  of  2-14  flowers,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  small  bract;  pedicels  slender, 
spreading;  petals  pink,  notched,  6-8  mm.  long;  capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx; 
seeds  shiny,  1  mm.  broad.  Along  Snake  River  and  about  Spokane. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  95 

Family  36.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  PINK  FAMILY. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  stems  often  swollen  at  the  nodes; 
leaves  opposite,  entire,  with  or  without  stipules;  flowers  regular 
and  perfect;  sepals  4-5,  separate  or  united  into  a  calyx-tube; 
petals  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  or  none;  stamens  not  more 
than  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  hypogynous  or  perigynous; 
styles  2-5;  ovary  1-celled,  rarely  3-5-celled;  ovules  several  or 
many,  basal  or  attached  to  a  central  column;  fruit  a  capsule, 
akene  or  utricle;  endosperm  mealy. 

Sepals  united;  petals  long-clawed. 

Styles  always  5;  capsule  with  5  or  10  teeth.  128.  AGROSTEMMA,  95. 

Styles  2  or  3. 

Capsule  4-toothed;  styles  always  2.  129.  VACCARIA,  95. 

Capsule  3-  or  6-toothed;  styles  3  (rarely  2, 4,  or 

5).  130.  SILENE,  96. 

Sepals  free  to  the  base  or  nearly  so. 
Stipules  present,  scarious. 

Styles  and  capsule-valves  5.  131.  SPERGULA,  97. 

Styles  and  capsule-valves  3.  132.  TISSA,  97. 

Stipules  wanting. 
Petals  none. 

Plant  minute,  2-5  cm.  high,  purplish.  135.  ARENARIA,  100. 

Plant  larger.  134.  ALSINE,  98. 

Petals  present. 

Petals  2-cleft  or  parted. 

Capsule  cylindric,  usually  curved.  133.  CERASTIUM,  98. 

Capsule  ovate  or  oblong,  not  curved.      134.  ALSINE,  98. 
Petals  entire  or  notched. 

Seeds  without  a  strophiole.  135.  ARENARIA,  100. 

Seeds  each  with  a  strophiole.  136.  MOEHRINGIA,  101. 

128.  AGROSTEMMA. 

Annual  or  biennial  pubescent  herbs;  leaves  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile;  flowers  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  long  axillary  peduncles,  large,  erect,  red;  calyx  oblong, 
not  inflated,  narrowed  at  the  throat,  5-lobed,  10-nerved;  petals  5, 
shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes,  not  appendaged;  stamens  10; 
styles  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes;  capsule  1-celled;  seeds 
numerous,  black. 

Agrostemma  githago  L.  Corn  Cockle.  Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  branched 
above,  30-90  cm.  tall,  the  whole  plant  more  or  less  pubescent  with  silky 
somewhat  appressed  hairs;  leaves  linear,  acute,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  few  on 
long  peduncles;  calyx-teeth  unequal,  2-3  cm.  long,  about  equalling  the  tube; 
petals  ovate,  dull  red,  minutely  black-spotted.  Sparingly  introduced  in 
grain  fields. 

129.   VACCARIA. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile  or  petioled ;  flowers  in  corymbs  or  cymes ;  calyx  5 -toothed, 


96  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

ovoid,  oblong  or  cylindric  in  flower;  petals  5,  longer  or  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  stamens  10;  styles  2;  ovary  1  -celled  or  incom- 
pletely 2-4-celled;  capsule  dehiscing  with  4  teeth. 

Vaccaria  vaccaria  (L.)  Britt.  Cow  Cockle.  Annual,  glabrous  and  glaucous, 
20-60  cm.  tall,  usually  much  branched  above;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  somewhat  connate  at  base,  3-6  cm.  long;  calyx  with  5  salient  angles; 
petals  rose-pink,  without  appendages,  2  cm.  long.  Frequently  a  troublesome 
weed  in  grain  fields. 

130.   SILENE.    CATCHFLY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  flowers  clustered  or  solitary,  mainly 
pink,  red,  or  white;  calyx  more  or  less  inflated,  tubular,  ovoid  or 
campanulate,  5-toothed,  10-many-nerved;  petals  5,  narrow, 
clawed,  mostly  crowned  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade; 
stamens  10;  styles  3,  rarely  2,  4,  or  5,  if  5  opposite  the  calyx- 
teeth;  ovary  1  -celled  or  incompletely  2-4-celled;  ovules  many; 
capsule  3  or  6-toothed. 

Annuals. 

Stout,  viscid-pubescent  throughout.  S.  noctiflora. 

Slender,  glabrous  or  puberulent  with  a  portion  of  each  inter- 

node  sticky.  S.  antirrhina. 

Perennials. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  of  leafy  branches.  S.  menziesii, 

Flowers  in  terminal  panicles  or  occasionally  solitary  terminal. 

Ovary  not  stipitate;  calyx  usually  campanulate.  S.  douglasii. 

Ovary  stipitate;  calyx  cylindric,  narrowed  at  base. 

Petals  cleft  into  4-8  linear  lobes.  S.  oregana. 

Petals  cleft  into  2  lobes. 

Stems  very  leafy;  petal-lobes  small,  entire.  5.  spaldingii. 

Stems  not  very  leafy;  petal-lobes  notched.  S.  scouleri. 

Silene  noctiflora  L.  Stems  stout,  erect,  30-80  cm.  high;  lower  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  lanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long;  flowers  white, 
few  and  long-peduncled,  in  a  loose  cyme;  fruiting  calyx  ovoid,  white  with 

en  veins,  25  mm.  long,  the  teeth  subulate.     A  weed  especially  in  grain 


green 
fields. 


Silene  antirrhina  L.  Annual,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  stem  slender,  mostly 
simple,  a  portion  of  each  internode  sticky-  viscid  ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  2-6  cm.  long,  sessile;  flowers  in  a  forked  compound  cyme,  long-pedicelled; 
calyx  10-nerved,  ovate,  cylindrical  in  fruit,  6-10  mm.  long;  petals  white  or 
pinkish,  notched,  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  infrequent. 

Silene  menziesii  Hook.  Perennial,  glandular-puberulent;  stems  weak, 
erect  or  decumbent,  usually  branched,  10-30  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  each  end,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers  small,  solitary 
in  the  forks  of  leafy  branches;  calyx  obconical,  5-6  mm.  long,  5-toothed,  nerves 
not  prominent;  petals  white,  2-cleft,  6-8  mm.  long,  usually  without  a  crown. 
In  woods  and  copses,  common. 

Silene  douglasii  multicaulis  (Nutt.)  Robinson.  Perennial,  tufted,  minutely 
pubescent  throughout;  flowering  stems  erect,  30-50  cm.  tall,  simple;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-8  cm.  long;  cymes  few- 
flowered,  long-peduncled;  calyx  10-15  mm.  long,  oblong  or  obovoid,  somewhat 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  97 

inflated,  pale  green,  the  nerves  inconspicuous,  the  short  teeth  scarious-margined ; 
petals  white  or  pink,  2-lobed;  scales  oblong,  obtuse;  claw  broad,  with  a  short 
auricle  on  each  side  at  the  apex.  Grassy  hillsides,  common. 

Silene  oregana  Wats.  Perennial;  whole  plant  sticky-pubescent;  stems 
erect,  15-30  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  long-petioled ;  cauline  lanceo- 
late, sessile;  inflorescence  narrow,  rather  dense;  pedicels  slender;  calyx  cylindric 
or  club-shaped;  petals  white,  20  mm.  long,  the  claws  narrow  and  auricled,  the 
blades  cleft  into  4-8  narrow  segments;  capsule  narrowed  at  base  into  a  long 
stipe.  Common  in  the  Blue  Mountains;  also  near  Spokane. 

Silene  spaldingii  Wats.  Perennial,  viscid -tomentose;  stems  erect,  swollen 
at  the  nodes,  30-40  cm.  high,  very  leafy;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
3—5  cm.  long;  flowers  in  a  narrow  panicle;  calyx  cylindric  or  obconical,  14-16 
mm.  long,  green,  net-veined;  petals  2-cleft,  the  lobes  short  and  entire;  ap- 
pendages 4,  small;  claw  with  broad  auricles.  A  rare  species.  Cheney,  Mrs. 
Tucker;  Lapwai,  Idaho,  Spalding. 

Silene  scouleri  Hook.  Perennial,  puberulent  throughout,  glandular-viscid 
above;  stems  erect,  simple,  40-60  cm.  tall,  solitary  or  tufted;  radical  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  4-6  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  of  equal  length; 
cauline  several  pairs,  sessile  at  the  swollen  nodes,  lanceolate,  5-8  cm.  long; 
inflorescence  narrow,  elongated;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  one  or  several  in  the 
axils;  calyx  cylindrical  or  club-shaped,  10-15  mm.  long,  with  10  dark  nerves 
and  short  scarious-margined  teeth;  petals  2-cleft,  the  lobes  notched;  auricles 
of  the  claw  narrow,  cleft  into  narrow  lobes.  In  dry  coniferous  woods. 

131.   SPERGULA. 

Annual  branched  herbs;  leaves  subulate,  fascicled,  with  scari- 
ous  stipules;  flowers  in  a  cymose  panicle;  sepals  5;  petals  5, 
white;  stamens  10,  rarely  5;  ovary  1-celled;  capsule- valves  5, 
opposite  the  sepals. 

Spergula  arvensis  L.  Spurry.  Minutely  and  sparsely  glandular  through- 
out; stems  several,  mostly  simple  below  the  inflorescence,  30-^50  cm.  long, 
decumbent  or  ascending;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  in  fascicles  of 
6-15;  flowers  in  a  loose  cyme,  the  pedicels  becoming  deflexed;  petals  white, 
4-5  mm.  long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sepals;  capsule  ovoid;  seeds  black, 
acutely  margined,  minutely  roughened.  Introduced  into  grain  fields. 

132.   TISSA. 

Low  annual  biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  fleshy,  linear 
or  setaceous,  with  scarious  stipules ;  flowers  in  terminal  racemose 
cymes;  sepals  5;  petals  5  (in  ours),  purplish  or  white;  stamens 
2-10,  commonly  10;  styles  3,  very  rarely  5;  ovary  1-celled; 
capsule- valves  as  many  as  the  styles,  when  5,  alternate  with  the 
sepals. 

Stipules  silvery,  conspicuous,  lanceolate.  T.  rubra. 

Stipules  small,  triangular.  T.  diandra. 

Tissa  rubra  (L.)  Britt.     Annual,  sometimes  biennial  or  perennial,  prostrate 

or  decumbent;  stems  slender,  10-30  cm.  long,  smooth  below,  glandular  above; 

leaves  linear,  cuspidate,  8-12  mm.  long;  stipules  silvery,  attenuate-lanceolate, 

4-5  mm.  long;  flowers  in  a  small  cyme;  pedicels  filiform,  exceeding  the  leaf-like 

8 


98  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

bracts;  petals  pink,  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals.     Roadsides,   becoming 
common. 

Tissa  diandra  bracteata  (Robinson)  Piper.  Much  like  T.  rubra  but  more 
glandular;  leaves,  excepting  the  reduced  upper  ones,  not  cuspidate;  stipules 
small,  short,  triangular;  petals  pinkish,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Banks  of 
Snake  River  at  Almota,  rare. 

133.   CERASTIUM.    MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED. 

Annual  or  perennial,  generally  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs; 
leaves  flat,  rarely  subulate;  stipules  none;  flowers  in  terminal 
bracted  dichotomous  cymes;  sepals  5;  petals  5,  retuse  or  bifid, 
very  rarely  subentire,  white;  stamens  10,  sometimes  fewer; 
styles  5,  sometimes  4  or  3,  opposite  the  sepals;  capsule  cylindric, 
1-celled,  often  curved,  dehiscent  by  10,  rarely  8,  apical  teeth. 

Petals  not  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx.  C.  vulgatum. 

Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  C.  wscosum. 
Petals  decidedly  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Annual,  viscid-pubescent;  pods  nodding.  C.  nutans. 

Perennial,  pubescent;  pods  erect.  C.  arvense. 

Cerastium  vulgatum  L.  Perennial,  viscid-pubescent  throughout,  tufted, 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  ones  acucish,  10-25  mm. 
long;  inflorescence  loose,  the  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx;  sepals  obtuse, 
4-5  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  2-cleft  petals;  capsule  somewhat  curved,  longer 
than  the  calyx.  A  weed  in  lawns  and  pastures;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Cerastium  viscosum  L.  Annual,  viscid-pubescent,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  obovate,  very  obtuse,  the  lowest 
narrowed  into  short-margined  petioles;  inflorescence  rather  close  in  flower, 
looser  in  fruit;  sepals  acute,  3-4  mm.  long;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
A  weed  introduced  from  Europe. 

Cerastium  nutans  Raf.  Stems  erect,  15-40  cm.  high,  usually  branched  at 
the  base;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  acute,  1-3  cm. 
long;  cyme  open,  rather  many-flowered;  pedicels  elongated,  nodding,  especially 
in  fruit;  calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  exceeded  by  the  petals;  pods  curved,  three  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx.  Near  Lewiston,  Idaho,  and  about  Lake  Coeur  d'Alene. 

Cerastium  arvense  L.  Perennial,  tufted,  pubescent  throughout  or  some- 
times nearly  glabrous;  stems  weak,  erect,  15—40  cm.  tall,  nearly  naked  above; 
leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  cymose,  on  slender  pedicels; 
sepals  oblong,  acute,  5-6  mm.  long;  petals  deeply  notched,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals.  In  low  places,  infrequent. 

134.  ALSINE.     CHICKWEED. 

Annual  tufted  generally  diffuse  herbs;  leaves  flat,  rarely  subu- 
late; stipules  none;  flowers  solitary  or  cymose,  terminal  or 
becoming  lateral;  sepals  5  or  4;  petals  5  or  4,  rarely  none,  always 
more  or  less  deeply  bifid,  often  divided  almost  to  the  base,  white; 
stamens  3-10;  styles  3  or  4,  rarely  5;  capsules  globose,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  dehiscing  by  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  99 

Lowest  leaves  ovate,  petiolate. 

Stems  pubescent  with  a  line  of  hairs;  leaves  ovate.  A.  media. 

Stems  glabrous,  except  at  base;  leaves  shiny,  the  upper 

linear- lanceolate.  A.  nitens. 

Leaves  all  sessile. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  leafy. 

Leaves  lanceolate.  A.  borealis. 

Leaves  ovate. 

Capsule  longer  than  the  calyx.  A .  crispa. 

Capsule  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  A.  viridula. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  small,  scarious. 

Pedicels  erect;  cyme  few-flowered.  A.  longipes. 

Pedicels  spreading;  cyme  loosely  many-flowered. 

Leaves  linear,  acute  at  each  end;  seeds  smooth.  A.  longifolia  . 

Leaves  lanceolate,  broadest  near  the  base;  seeds  rough.  A.  graminea  . 

Alsine  media  L.  Annual,  weak  and  spreading;  stems  weak,  10-30  cm. 
long,  glabrous  except  a  line  of  hairs;  lower  leaver  ovate,  petioled,  the  upper 
narrower  and  sessile,  all  acute,  10-40  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils 
or  somewhat  cymose,  on  slender  pedicels;  calyx  glandular-pubescent,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  capsule;  petals  deeply  2-parted,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  stamens 
3,  5,  or  10.  Introduced  and  becoming  common. 

Alsine  nitens  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Annual,  somewhat  tufted;  stems  erect, 
slender,  shining,  8-15  cm.  tall,  branched  above,  pubescent  only  at  base; 
lowest  pair  of  leaves  ovate,  acute,  petioled,  4  mm.  long,  the  others  linear- 
lanceolate  and  sessile,  5-10  mm.  long;  cymes  loose,  few-flowered,  the  bracts 
scarious;  pedicels  thread-like,  1-5  cm.  long;  sepals  3-nerved,  very  acute, 
scarious- margined,  4  mm.  long;  petals  deeply  2-cleft,  half  as  long  as  the  sepals 
or  wanting.  Stony  hillsides,  abundant. 

Alsine  borealis  (Bigel.)  Britt.  Perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  the  weak 
stems  ascending,  branched,  15-60  cm.  long;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  the 
midnerve  prominent,  15-35  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  sometimes  deflexed, 
15-30  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  scarious-margined ;  petals 
wanting  or  if  present  shorter  than  the  sepals;  styles  mostly  4;  capsule  ovoid, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  seeds  smooth.  In  wet  places  in  the  moun- 
tains. 

Alsine  crispa  (Cham.  &  Schlecht.)  Holzinger.  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems 
weak,  decumbent  or  prostrate,  10-30  cm.  long,  simple  or  with  but  few  branches; 
leaves  thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  8-12  mm.  long,  entire  or  crisped  on  the  margin, 
very  short-petioled ;  pedicels  slender,  6y20  mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  3- 
nerved,  very  acute,  with  a  narrow  scarious  margin;  petals  deeply  cleft  but 
usually  wanting;  capsule  acutish,  exceeding  the  sepals.  In  rich  woods  near 
Farmington  and  in  the  Craig  Mountains. 

Alsine  viridula  Piper.  Perennial,  forming  dense,  prostrate,  circular  mats, 
10-20  cm.  broad;  herbage  entirely  glabrous  except  a  few  ciliate  hairs  at  the 
bases  of  the  leaves;  stems  5-10  cm.  long,  green,  scarcely  shining,  branched; 
leaves  ovate,  plane,  short-acuminate,  dull,  rather  thin  but  the  veins  obscure, 
5-15  mm.  long,  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes,  each  abruptly  narrowed  into 
a  short  petiole  which  bears  a  few  long  hairs;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  the 
pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  green 
with  a  narrow  white  scarious  margin,  thin,  3-nerved,  2-2.5  mm.  long;  petals 
none;  pods  green,  ovoid,  not  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  dark  brown,  0.5  mm. 
long. 

Springy  places  in  canyons,  ridges  south  from  Wiessner's  Peak,  Idaho, 
altitude  1700  m.,  Leiberg;  along  rivulets  in  woods,  altitude  1400  m.,  Blue 
Mountains,  Columbia  County,  Washington,  Piper. 


100  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

Alsine  longipes  (Goldie)  Coville.  Somewhat  tufted,  with  creeping  root- 
stocks,  smooth  and  shining  throughout;  stems  4-angled,  erect,  15-40  cm.  high, 
branched  above;  leaves  linear- lanceolate,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  acute 
apex,  prominently  1-nerved,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  in  very  loose 
cymes;  bracts  reduced  and  scarious  or  when  the  flowers  are  few  or  solitary 
foliaceous;  pedicels  slender,  2-10  cm.  long;  petals  2-cleft,  exceeding  the  rather 
obtuse  sepals;  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  smooth,  shining.  Moist 
places,  not  rare. 

Alsine  longifolia  (Muhl.)  Britt.  Erect  or  nearly  so,  the  stem  sharply 
4-angled,  glabrous,  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  or  oblong-linear,  acute  at 
each  end,  often  ciliate  near  the  base,  2-3  cm.  long;  cyme  open,  long-peduncled, 
becoming  lateral,  many-flowered;  pedicels  spreading  or  at  length  deflexed; 
petals  exceeding  the  sepals;  capsule  pale,  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  wet 
meadows,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Alsine  graminea  (L.)  Britt.  Whole  plant,  glabrous,  shining;  stems  4- 
angled,  ascending,  branched  above,  35-60  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate, 
acute,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  in  a  loose  much-forked  cyme;  bracts  scarious, 
somewhat  ciliate;  pedicels  slender,  spreading  or  reflexed;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute,  3-nerved,  nearly  equalling  the  capsule;  petals  2-cleft,  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  seeds  minutely  roughened.  Very  sparingly  introduced. 

135.  ARENARIA.    SAND  WORT. 

Annual  or  perennial  mainly  tufted  herbs;  leaves  sessile,  often 
subulate  and  more  or  less  rigid;  stipules  none;  flowers  white, 
cymosely  panicled  or  capitate,  rarely  solitary  and  axillary; 
sepals  5;  petals  5,  very  rarely  minute  or  wanting,  entire  or 
emarginate,  white  or  nearly  so;  stamens  10,  or  often  fewer; 
styles  generally  3,  rarely  2-5 ;  capsule  globose  or  oblong,  dehiscent 
at  the  apex  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

Valves  of  the  capsule  entire;  petals  wanting.  A.  pusitta. 
Valves  of  the  capsule  2-toothed;  petals  present. 

Sepals  obtuse;  flowers  in  loose  cymes.  A.  capillaris. 
Sepals  not  obtuse. 

Flowers  in  dense  clusters.  A.  congesta. 

Flowers  in  loose  clusters.  A.  glabrescens. 

Arenaria  pusilla  Wats.  Wholly  glabrous;  stems  very  slender,  usually 
branched,  2-5  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  2-3  mm.  long,  distant;  sepals 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  2-2.5  mm.  long;  petals  wanting.  Stony  soil,  common 
but  very  inconspicuous. 

Arenaria  capillaris  Poir.  Glabrous  below,  glandular-pubescent  above; 
stems  tufted,  erect,  10-30  cm.  tall;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rather  rigid,  sharply 
cuspidate,  chiefly  grouped  in  fascicles  at  the  bases  of  the  erect  stems,  somewhat 
pungent,  little  spreading;  cauline  few,  reduced;  flowers  in  loose  cymes;  petals 
obovate,  considerably  exceeding  the  short  broadly  ovate  obtuse  sepals.  Mt. 
Carlton,  Spokane  County. 

Arenaria  congesta  Nutt.  Usually  glabrous  throughout;  stems  tufted, 
erect,  15-40  cm.  tall;  joints  prominent;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rather  rigid, 
sharply  cuspidate,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  cauline  pairs  rather  distant;  flowers 
congested  into  1-3  heads  on  each  stalk;  bracts  scarious;  sepals  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  3-nerved,  3—4  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  petals,  scarious- 
margined.  In  rocky  places  especially  in  the  mountains. 


NYMPHAEACEAE.  IOI 

Arenaria  glabrescens  (Wats.)  Piper.  Very  similar  to  A.  congesla  of  which 
it  may  be  a  subspecies;  inflorescence  loosely  cymose;  herbage  often  glandular- 
puberulent.  On  high  rocky  ridges  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

136.   MOEHRINGIA. 

Low  perennial  herbs,  with  lanceolate,  elliptic,  or  oblong  sessile 
or  short-petioled  soft  leaves;  flowers  white,  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  or  in  terminal  cymes;  sepals  and  petals  4  or  5; 
stamens  8  or  10;  capsule  oblong,  few-seeded;  seeds  each  with  a 
membranous  broad  strophiole. 

Petals  longer  than  the  obtusish  sepals.  M.  lateriflora. 

Petals  shorter  than  the  acuminate  sepals.  M.  macrophylla . 

Moehringia  lateriflora  (L.)  Fenzl.  Mostly  puberulent  throughout;  stems 
slender,  terete,  erect  or  decumbent,  simple  or  few-branched,  10-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  elliptic  or  oblong,  sessile,  obtuse,  1-2  cm.  long;  cymes  few-flowered; 
sepals  obtuse  or  acutish,  2  mm.  long,  one  half  the  length  of  the  obovate  petals 
Hillsides,  not  rare. 

Moehringia  macrophylla  (Hook.)  Torr.  Minutely  puberulent;  stems  erect 
or  decumbent,  angled,  5-10  cm.  tall,  mostly  simple;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  2-6  cm.  long;  cymes  few-flowered;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, 3  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  petals.  Common  in  dry  pine  woods. 

Family  37.     NYMPHAEACEAE.    WATERLILY  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs  with  horizontal  rootstocks;  leaves 
peltate  or  cordate,  floating,  submersed  or  rarely  immersed;  flowers 
perfect,  solitary,  axillary,  on  long  peduncles;  sepals  3,  4,  6  or 
more;  petals  5-many,  often  grading  into  the  sepals  or  stamens; 
stamens  5-many;  carpels  3-many,  indehiscent,  free  or  immersed 
in  a  fleshy  receptacle  or  more  or  less  coalescent  into  a  fleshy  fruit ; 
endosperm  present  or  none. 

Leaves  cordate;  flowers  large,  yellow.  137.  NYMPHAEA,  101. 

Leaves  peltate;  flowers  small,  purple.  138.  BRASENIA,  102. 

137.   NYMPHAEA.    WATERLILY. 

Acaulescent  perennials  from  stout  rootstocks,  commonly 
slightly  milky;  leaves  with  united  stipules  which  are  sometimes 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petioles;  calyx  more  showy  than  the 
corolla;  sepals  5-12,  concave,  roundish,  mostly  yellow,  and  petal- 
like;  petals  10-20,  hypogynous,  small  and  thick,  the  innermost 
or  sometimes  all  of  them  stamen-like;  stamens  numerous,  hy- 
pogynous; stigmas  radiate  on  the  summit  of  the  10-25-celled 
ovary ;  ovules  and  seeds  numerous. 


102  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Nymphaea  polysepala  (Engelm.)  Greene.  Wokas.  Leaves  orbicular  or 
broadly  oval,  deeply  cordate,  20-30  cm.  long,  12-20  cm.  broad;  calyx  sub- 
globose,  about  8  cm.  broad;  sepals  8-12,  yellow,  often  red-tinged;  petals  12-18, 
ovate-cuneate,  truncate,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  stamens  very  numerous;  fruit  sub- 
globose,  4-5  cm.  long.  In  ponds  and  lakes. 

138.  BRASENIA.    WATERSHIELD. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  alternate,  long- 
petioled,  centrally  peltate,  oval,  floating;  flowers  axillary,  small; 
sepals  3  or  4;  petals  3  or  4,  linear,  sessile;  stamens  12-18;  pistils 
4-18,  forming  club-shaped  indehiscent  pods,  each  with  1-2  seeds. 

Brasenia  schreberi  Gmel.  Watershield.  Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled, 
oval,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  centrally  peltate,  2-10  cm.  long;  flowers  dull 
purple;  submerged  parts  of  the  plant  coated  with  a  tough  transparent  jelly. 
In  lakes,  Spokane  County. 

Family  38.    RANUNCULACEAE.     BUTTERCUP  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  sometimes  woody  plants  with 
acrid  sap;  leaves  usually  alternate  (opposite  in  Clematis),  simple 
or  compound;  stipules  none  but  the  base  of  the  petiole  often 
clasping  or  sheathing;  flowers  regular  or  irregular;  sepals  3-15, 
generally  soon  withering,  often  petal-like;  petals  3-15,  or  want- 
ing; stamens  numerous,  hypogynous;  carpels  numerous  or  few 
or  rarely  solitary,  separate,  1-celled,  1-many-ovuled ;  endosperm 
present. 

Carpels  numerous,  1-ovuled;  fruit  an  akene. 

Leaves  opposite.  139.  CLEMATIS,  103. 

Leaves  alternate  or  basal. 

Flowers  subtended  by  involucres  remote 

from  the  calyx.  140.  ANEMONE,  103. 

Flowers  not  subtended  by  involucres. 
Petals  none. 

Leaves  ternately  decompound.  141.  THALICTRUM,  104. 

Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed.          142.  TRAUTVETTERIA,  104. 
Petals  present. 

Sepals  spurred;   akenes   in   a   long 

slender  spike.  143.  MYOSURUS,  104. 

Sepals  not  spurred;  akenes  in  a  head. 
Petals     white;     akenes     trans- 
versely wrinkled.  144.  BATRACHIUM,  105. 
Petals  yellow;  akenes  smooth.       145.  RANUNCULUS,  105. 
Carpels  few,  2-many-ovuled ;  fruit  a  follicle  or 

berry. 
Flowers  irregular. 

Upper  sepal  spurred;  petals  4.  146.  DELPHINIUM,  108. 

Upper  sepal  hood-like;  petals  2.  147.  ACONITUM,  109. 

Flowers  regular. 

Sepals  spurred.  148.  AQUILEGIA,  110. 

Sepals  not  spurred. 


RANUNCULACEAE.  103 

Petals  large;  flowers  solitary.  149.  PAEONIA,  110. 

Petals  small;  flowers  solitary  or  in  ra- 
cemes or  umbels. 
Carpels  becoming  berries;  flowers  in 

racemes.  150.  ACTAEA,  110. 

Carpels  becoming  follicles;  flowers 
solitary  or  in  umbels.  151.  COPTIS,  111. 

139.   CLEMATIS. 

Perennial  herbs,  low  and  erect,  or  more  or  less  woody  vines, 
climbing  by  the  petioles;  leaves  opposite;  sepals  4,  rarely  3,  or 
more  than  4,  petal-like;  petals  none  or  minute;  stamens  numer- 
ous; pistils  numerous,  1-ovuled;  styles  feathery  or  naked  in  fruit. 

Erect  herbs;  leaves  compound,  with  narrow  divisions.  C.  hirsulissima. 
Half- woody  climbers;  leaf  segments  broader. 

Flowers  white,  small.  C.  ligusticifolia. 

Flowers  large,  blue.  C.  columbiana. 

Clematis  hirsutissima  Pursh.  Sugar  Bowls.  Stems  tufted,  30-50  cm. 
tall,  from  a  tough  woody  caudex;  leaves  3  or  4  pairs,  twice- pinnately  compound, 
the  ultimate  divisions  linear  or  lanceolate,  pubescent  when  young,  becoming 
glabrous;  flower  solitary,  at  first  nodding,  then  erect,  usually  long-peduncled ; 
sepals  dark-blue,  thick,  3-4  cm.  long,  closely  contiguous,  pubescent  outside; 
akenes  pubescent,  their  long  tails  very  plumose.  Common  in  low  places. 

Clematis  ligusticifolia  Nutt.  Half- woody  climber,  the  stem  2-10  m.  long; 
leaves  pinnately  compound,  of  5-7  leaflets,  or  the  lower  pair  ternate;  leaflets 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  sometimes  3-lobed,  coarsely  incised-dentate  or  subentire, 
3-6  cm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous;  flowers  dioecious,  in 
large  panicles,  the  staminate  more  showy;  sepals  white,  oblong,  densely  hairy, 
2  cm.  long;  akenes  pubescent,  the  long  tails  plumose.  Common  in  the  warmer 
valleys. 

Clematis  columbiana  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Half-woody  climber  with  slender 
stems;  leaves  ternate,  petioled;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  sparsely  pubescent, 
entire  or  nearly  so;  flowers  solitary  on  naked  peduncles;  sepals  ascending, 
blue,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  ciliate,  4-5  cm.  long;  outer 
stamens  with  the  filaments  more  or  less  dilated  and  petal-like,  the  anthers 
wanting;  akenes  with  long  plumose  tails.  Moist  woods  in  the  mountains, 
infrequent. 

140.  ANEMONE.    WINDFLOWER. 

Erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  compound  or  divided,  all  radical, 
except  2  or  3  cauline  which  form  an  involucre  usually  remote 
from  the  flower;  peduncles  1-flowered,  solitary  or  in  umbels; 
sepals  4-20,  petal-like;  petals  none;  stamens  numerous;  pistils 
numerous;  akenes  pointed  or  tailed,  flattened  not  ribbed. 

Anemone  piperi  Britt.  Stems  erect,  1-flowered,  10-20  cm.  tall,  smooth 
or  pubescent;  radical  leaf  and  three  of  the  involucre  similar,  ternate  or  often 
5-foliolate,  petiolate,  the  leaflets  or  divisions  oblong-cuneate  or  ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  3-5  cm.  long;  sepals  4-7,  oval,  white; 
akenes  puberulent,  the  style  short.  Moist  woods,  in  the  mountains.  In 
the  Blue  Mountains  there  is  a  form  with  dark  purple  flowers  which  is  perhaps 
distinct. 


IO4  RANUNCULACEAE. 

141.    THALICTRUM.     MEADOW  RUE. 

Erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  2-3-ternately  compound,  radical 
and  cauline,  the  latter  alternate;  flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or 
dioecious,  generally  small,  greenish-white,  in  corymbs,  panicles  or 
racemes;  sepals  4  or  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  dull-colored;  petals 
none;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  4-15,  commonly  few,  1-ovuled; 
akenes  capitate,  grooved  or  ribbed,  inflated. 

Leaflets  thin;  inflorescence  loose.  T.  occidentale. 

Leaflets  rather  thick,  veiny ;  inflorescence  narrow,  close.  T.  venulosum. 

Thalictrum  occidentale  Gray.  Dioecious;  stems  50-100  cm.  tall;  leaves 
ternately  decompound;  leaflets  oblong,  obovate  or  orbicular,  mostly  petioled, 
incisely  dentate  at  the  apex,  glabrous,  1-2  cm.  long;  panicle  loose;  sepals 
elliptic-cuneate,  greenish;  filaments  very  slender;  anthers  linear,  slender- 
pointed;  akenes  6-12,  "in  loose  clusters,  stipitate,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate, 
3-nerved  on  each  side,  the  mid-nerve  somewhat  salient,  6-8  mm.  long.  Moist 
woods  and  copses. 

Thalictrum  venulosum  Trel.  Similar  to  T.  occidentale;  leaves  glaucous, 
the  leaflets  thicker,  veiny  beneath,  short-petioled  and  somewhat  crowded; 
inflorescence  narrow,  rather  compact;  akenes  sessile,  thick  walled,  the  ribs 
prominent.  In  low  meadows,  much  rarer  than  T.  occidentale. 

142.   TRAUTVETTERIA. 

Tall  erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately-lobed,  the  radical 
large  and  long-petioled ;  the  cauline  few,  short-petioled  or  sessile ; 
flowers  white,  in  corymbs;  sepals  3-5,  broad,  concave;  petals 
none;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  numerous,  1-ovuled;  akenes 
capitate,  sharply-angled,  inflated,  tipped  with  minute  styles. 

Trautvetteria  grandis  Nutt.  Stems  30-50  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
leaves  broader  than  long,  8-30  cm.  across,  5-9-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  obovate, 
acute,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed;  akenes  smooth,  ovate,  three-angled,  tipped 
with  a  slender  recurved  beak.  In  moist  places  in  the  mountains. 

143.   MYOSURUS.    MOUSE  TAIL. 

Very  small  annual  herbs ;  leaves  entire,  linear  or  at  first  spatu- 
late,  in  a  basal  tuft;  scapes  simple,  1 -flowered;  sepals  5,  spurred 
at  the  base;  petals  5,  greenish-yellow,  with  long  nectariferous 
claws,  or  none;  stamens  5-20;  pistils  numerous,  borne  on  a 
central  axis,  the  receptacle,  which  becomes  greatly  elongated  in 
fruit;  ovule  1. 

Myosurus  apetalus  Gay.  Scapes  3-8  cm.  high;  leaves  linear-spatulate, 
half  the  length  of  the  scapes;  fruiting  spikes  2-6  mm.  long;  akenes  oblong, 
the  back  with  a  prominent  keel  which  is  prolonged  into  a  stout  beak  as  long 
as  the  body.  The  plant  usually  becomes  reddish  when  mature  and  often 
covers  considerable  areas. 

Myosurus  apetalus  lepturus  Gray.  Taller,  10-20  cm.  tall;  leaves  linear, 
one  fourth  as  long  as  the  scapes;  fruiting  spikes  slender,  1-5  cm.  long;  akenes 
scarcely  keeled  on  the  back,  the  beak  much  shorter  than  the  body.  In  dried-up 
ponds,  infrequent. 


RANUNCULACEAE.  IO5 

144.  BATRACHIUM.    WATER  BUTTERCUP. 

Perennial  aquatic  herbs  with  alternate  dissected  or  palmately 
lobed  leaves,  the  ultimate  segments  of  the  submerged  leaves 
filiform;  flowers  solitary,  rather  small,  white,  borne  on  peduncles 
opposite  the  leaves ;  sepals  and  petals  usually  5 ;  petals  oblong  or 
oval,  sometimes  yellowish  at  base;  stamens  several  or  numerous; 
akenes  compressed,  not  margined,  nearly  beakless,  transversely 
wrinkled. 

Batrachium  aquatile  (L.)  Wimm.  Water  Crowfoot.  Stems  5-^40  cm.  long, 
slender,  growing  in  water;  immersed  leaves  flaccid,  all  finely  divided  into  fili- 
form segments,  8-20  mm.  long;  floating  leaves  1-5,  reniform  or  orbicular, 
3-5-lobed  or  parted;  petals  white,  yellow  at  base,  each  bearing  a  naked  nec- 
tariferous pit;  akenes  thick,  transversely  wrinkled,  the  style  short;  receptacle 
hairy.  Common  in  ponds. 

Batrachium  aquatile  caespitosum  (DC.)  Piper.  Terrestrial  on  muddy 
banks,  rooting  at  the  nodes;  leaves  somewhat  fleshy  with  broad  divisions. 
Not  uncommon,  probably  only  a  terrestrial  state  of  B.  aquatile. 

Batrachium  aquatile  pantothrix  (Brot.)  Piper.  All  the  leaves  immersed 
and  divided  into  capillary  segments.  Less  common  than  B.  aquatile  and 
sometimes  growing  with  it. 

145.  RANUNCULUS.    BUTTERCUP. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  cauline  leaves  alternate;  flowers- 
solitary  or  corymbed;  sepals  usually  5,  deciduous;  petals  as 
many  or  more,  conspicuous  or  minute,  with  a  nectariferous  pit 
and  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  stamens  numerous,  occa- 
sionally few;  pistils  numerous,  1-ovuled;  akenes  capitate  or 
spicate,  generally  flattened,  each  tipped  with  a  minute  or  an 
elongated  style. 

Plants  aquatic  or  subaquatic;  leaves  finely  dissected 

when  submersed,  less  so  when  aerial. 

Akenes  corky-margined;  flowers  15-25  mm.  broad.     R.  delphinifolius. 
Akenes  marginless;  flowers  7-15  mm.  broad.  R.  purshii. 

Plants  terrestrial,  but  often  growing  in  very  wet  places; 

leaves  never  finely  dissected. 
Akenes  thin-walled,  the  faces  nerved;  leaves  crenate; 

plant  spreading  by  runners.  R.  cymbalaria. 

Akenes  not  thin-walled  nor  nerved. 
Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so. 

Stems  creeping,  rooting  from  the  nodes.  R.  flammula. 

Stems  erect,  not  rooting  from  the  nodes. 
Plants  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate 

or  oblong.  R.  alismaefolius. 

Plants  10-25  cm.  high;  leaves  cordate  or 

subcordate.  R.  populago. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  lobed  or  divided. 

Faces  of  the  akenes  scabrous;  annuals.  R.  hebecarpus. 

Faces  of  the  akenes  smooth  or  merely  pilose; 
mostly  perennials. 


106  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  low  species. 
Basal    leaves    2^1-toothed    or    lobed, 
rarely    entire;    cauline    3-cleft    or 
parted.  R.  glaberrimus 

Basal  and  cauline  leaves  all  divided. 
Annual;  leaves  3-5-lobed  or  parted, 
the   lobes   crenately   incised   or 
cleft;  akenes  apiculate.  R.  sceleratus. 

Perennial;    leaves    roundish,    3-5- 

cleft  into  cuneate  divisions.  R.  eschscholtzii 

Herbage  pubescent  or  hirsute;  mostly  tall 

and  coarse  species. 
Beaks  of  akenes  hooked  at  the  tip. 

Akenes  hispid  on  the  faces.  R.  bongardi. 

Akenes  smooth.  R.  bongardi  douglasii. 

Beaks  of  akenes  not  hooked  at  the  tip. 

Akene-beak  long.  R.  platyphyllus. 

Akene-beak  short. 

Head  of  akenes  oblong;  petals 

not  longer  than  sepals.  R.  pennsylvanicus. 

Head  of  akenes  globose;  petals 

longer  than  sepals.  R.  macounii. 

Ranunculus  delphinifolius  Torr.  Aquatic  or  in  drying  ponds  subaquatic 
or  terrestrial;  immersed  leaves  ternately  dissected  into  very  narrow  lobes; 
emersed  leaves  roundish,  S-7-parted  into  cuneate  lobes;  peduncles  stout; 
petals  5-8,  bright  yellow,  8-12  mm.  long;  akenes  ovate,  turgid,  margined 
towards  the  base  with  a  thick  corky  border,  and  tipped  with  a  straight  beak. 
Terrestrial  forms  have  more  or  less  pubescent  leaves  with  the  leaves  parted  into 
cuneate  lobes,  and  smaller  flowers.  In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  infrequent. 

Ranunculus  purshii  Richards.  Aquatic  and  glabrous  or  more  commonly 
terrestrial  on  muddy  banks,  and  then  pubescent;  leaves  orbicular,  palmately 
3-cleft,  the  segments  2-5-lobed;  petals  yellow,  4-5  mm.  long,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  sepals;  akenes  without  distinct  border,  tipped  with  a  short  straight 
beak.  Spokane  County. 

Ranunculus  cymbalaria  Pursh.  Perennial,  glabrous;  leaves  clustered  at 
the  base  and  at  the  joints  of  the  long  slender  stolons,  ovate  or  ovate-cordate, 
coarsely  crenate,  thick;  scapes  1-7-flowered,  3-15  cm.  high;  petals  5-8,  pale 
yellow,  2-7  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  sepals;  heads  of  akenes  oblong,  6-12  mm. 
long.  Moist  soil  especially  where  saline. 

Ranunculus  flammula  unalaschensis  (Bess.)  Ledeb.  Stems  slender, 
creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints,  15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  narrowly-lanceolate, 
short-petioled,  acute  at  each  end,  2-5  cm.  long,  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
flowers  small,  yellow,  mostly  solitary  on  the  ascending  tips  of  the  stems; 
akene  small,  smooth,  short-beaked.  Gravelly  borders  of  small  streams, 
infrequent. 

Ranunculus  alismaefolius  Geyer.  Glabrous  throughout,  rather  stout, 
40-60  cm.  tall,  branched  above;  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  obtuse,  usually  cuneate  at  the  base,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate, 
5-10  cm.  long;  cauline  leaves  narrower,  mostly  sessile;  peduncles  elongated; 
sepals  small;  petals  yellow,  cuneate-obovate,  strongly- nerved,  8  mm.  long; 
akenes  turgid,  smooth,  short-beaked.  Borders  of  ponds,  common. 

Ranunculus  populago  Greene.  Flaccid  and  glabrous,  15-25  cm.  high; 
stems  solitary  or  sometimes  two  or  three  from  a  fascicle  of  fibrous  roots,  erect, 
leafy;  basal  leaves  thin-membranaceous,  round-reniform  to  cordate-ovate, 


RANUNCULACEAE.  IO7 

obtuse,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  long-petioled ;  the  cauline  smaller,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  sessile;  peduncles  many,  slender,  in  the  axils  of  and  longer 
than  the  cauline  leaves;  flowers  yellow,  8-15  mm.  broad;  petals  5-6,  obovate- 
oblong;  heads  of  numerous  thick  short-pointed  small  nearly  globose  akenes. 
Blue  Mountains,  rare. 

Ranunculus  hebecarpus  H .  &  A.  Annual ;  whole  plant  hairy ;  stems  slender, 
mostly  erect,  15-30  cm.  tall;  leaves  2-3  cm.  broad,  3-parted,  the  lobes  incisely 
3-lobed;  petioles  of  the  leaves  much  longer  than  the  blades;  petals  small,  2 
mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  sepals;  akenes  flattened,  with  short  hooked 
beaks,  the  sides  roughened  and  covered  with  hooked  hairs.  In  copses  in 
dry  soil  in  early  spring. 

Ranunculus  glaberrimus  Hook.  Nearly  glabrous  throughout,  the  stems 
erect  or  ascending,  5-15  cm.  high;  roots  fascicled,  elongate,  fleshy;  radical 
leaves  ovate,  entire  or  crenately  3-lobed  at  apex,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  petioles  as 
long  or  longer;  cauline  cuneate-obovate,  deeply  3-lobed,  usually  sessile; 
petals  5-15,  broadly  obovate,  5-10  mm.  long,  bright  yellow;  akenes  subglobose, 
smooth,  short-beaked,  aggregated  in  a  globose  head  about  1  cm.  in  diameter. 
Common  in  moist  places;  blooming  in  earliest  spring. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  erect,  hollow,  15-40 
cm.  high;  leaves  pale  green,  the  basal  ones  reniform  orbicular,  deeply  3-lobed, 
the  cauline  3-5-lobed  or  parted  and  the  divisions  cleft  or  lobed;  petals  pale 
yellow,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx;  akenes  short-beaked,  smooth,  numerous 
in  a  cylindric  head.  Rare  in  moist  places  but  undoubtedly  native. 

Ranunculus  eschscholtzii  Schlecht.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  ciliate,  the  basal  orbicular,  deeply  3-5-cleft  or  parted, 
the  cuneate  divisions  again  lobed  or  cleft;  cauline  mostly  3-parted,  the 
lobes  usually  entire;  flowers  few;  petals  pale  yellow,  6-10  mm.  long,  ex- 
ceeding the  sepals;  head  of  akenes  oblong;  akenes  swollen,  marginless,  glabrous, 
tipped  with  a  straight  beak.  In  moist  copses  at  high  altitudes  in  the  Blue 
Mountains. 

Ranunculus  bongardi  Greene.  Erect,  40-60  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
pubescent;  leaves  deeply  3-5-cleft,  the  lower  cuneate-obovate,  incisely  2-5- 
toothed;  petioles  longer  than  the  blades;  flowers  few,  in  open  cymes,  long- 
pedicelled;  petals  5,  very  small,  pale  yellow;  akenes  much  flattened,  hispid 
on  the  faces,  each  with  a  slender  circinate  beak,  aggregated  into  globose  heads. 
Common  in  shady  copses. 

Ranunculus  bongardi  douglasii  (Howell)  Davis.  Similar  to  R.  bongardi 
but  less  pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous;  akenes  smooth,  the  beak  shorter. 
In  moist  places.  All  intergrades  with  the  preceding  occur. 

Ranunculus  platyphyllus  (Gray)  A.  Nelson.  Stout  and  tall,  40-80  cm. 
high,  usually  rough-pubescent  with  long  hairs;  roots  fascicled,  thick-fibrous; 
leaves  pinnately  3-5-divided,  the  divisions  stalked  and  again  3-5-cleft  or 
parted;  ultimate  segments  cuneate-oblanceolate  or  obovate,  incisely  few- 
toothed;  petioles  of  the  radical  leaves  exceeding  the  blades;  flowers  in  an  open 
cyme,  long-peduncled;  sepals  hairy;  petals  5,  bright  yellow,  obovate,  1.5  cm. 
long;  akenes  flattened,  smooth,  with  stout  straight  beaks.  Common  in  low 
meadows. 

Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.  f.  Stout  and  tall,  hirsute  with  spreading 
hairs,  erect,  30-100  cm.  high,  the  root  usually  annual;  leaves  ternately  com- 
pound, the  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  3-cleft;  flowers  small;  petals  pale  yellow,  not 
longer  than  the  sepals;  akenes  flat,  obscurely  margined,  each  tipped  with  a 
short  straight  beak,  crowded  in  a  short  cylindric  head.  In  damp  places, 
Rathdrum,  Idaho,  Sandberg  and  Leiberg. 


108  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Ranunculus  macounii  Britt.  Usually  bristly  hairy  throughout;  stems 
ascending  or  reclining,  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves  ternately  divided,  the  segments 
stalked,  broadly  ovate,  3-cleft  or  parted,  and  incisely  toothed;  petals  bright 
yellow,  obovate,  6  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  calyx;  akenes  in  a  globose  head, 
each  with  a  stout  straight  flattened  beak.  In  low  wet  meadows. 

146.    DELPHINIUM.     LARKSPUR. 

Annual  or  perennial  erect  branching  herbs;  leaves  palmately 
lobed  or  divided;  flowers  showy,  in  a  raceme  or  panicle;  sepals  5, 
petal-like,  the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur;  petals  4,  some- 
times 2;  the  two  posterior  ones  spurred;  the  lateral,  when  pres- 
ent, small;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  1-5,  sessile,  many-ovuled, 
forming  follicles  at  maturity. 

Roots   fascicled,    elongate,    not   tuber-like;    large 

plants  about  a  meter  high. 

Inflorescence  ashy-puberulent.  D.  scopulorum  stachydeum. 

Inflorescence  villous.  _  D.  subalpinum. 

Roots    thickened,    forming    an    irregular    tuber; 

smaller  plants. 

Pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  spurs  and  the 
raceme   spike-like;    sepals   erect   or   but 
little  spreading. 
Flowers  usually  10-30;  leaves  rather  few; 

pubescence  villous  and  somewhat  viscid.    D.  cyanoreios. 
Flowers    very    many;    leaves    rather    nu- 
merous; pubescence  not  villous,  some- 
what appressed. 
Leaves  glabrous  or  mostly  so,  the  lower 

with  broad  lobes.  D.  distichum. 

Leaves  puberulent,  all  with  narrow  lobes.  D.  simplex. 
Pedicels  longer  than  the  spurs;  sepals  wide- 
spreading. 
Pubescence    minute,    of    white    appressed 

hairs.  D.  menziesii. 

Pubescence  villous  in  character,  present  at 

at  least  on  the  bracts. 
Pods  glabrous;  inflorescence  glabrous  or 

nearly  so.  D.  columbianum. 

Pods  villous;  inflorescence  usually  villous 

and  viscid.  D.  depauperatum. 

Delphinium  scopulorum  stachydeum  Gray.  Tufted,  ashy-puberulent 
throughout;  stems  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  5-7-cleft  or  parted, 
the  lobes  again  cleft,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  cuneate  and  rather  broad,  of 
the  upper  narrower  or  linear;  larger  leaves  5-10  cm.  broad,  the  petioles  as 
long  or  longer  and  scarcely  dilated  at  the  base;  inflorescence  paniculate,  or  on 
smaller  stems  racemose,  the  principal  axis  densely  flowered  and  spike-like, 
often  30  cm.  long;  flowers  dull  blue;  calyx  puberulent  outside,  the  sepals  erect 
or  but  little  spreading,  about  1  cm.  long,  as  is  also  the  spur;  follicles  puberulent, 
veiny,  not  spreading,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  longer  than  the  pedicels.  High  ridges 
of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Delphinium  subalpinum  (Gray)  A.  Nelson.  Similar  to  D.  scopulorum 
stachydeum;  leaf  lobes  mostly  cuneate;  panicle  looser,  sparsely  villous  and 


RANUNCULACEAE.  109 

somewhat  viscid;  flowers  deep  blue;  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  spur  longer 
than  the  sepals;  follicles  glabrous,  1  cm.  long,  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  Moist 
places  on  the  highest  parts  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Delphinium  cyanoreios  Piper.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  fine  soft 
often  dense  spreading  somewhat  viscid  hairs;  stems  strictly  erect,  simple  or 
rarely  with  a  few  branches,  30-70  cm.  high;  leaves  rather  few,  mostly  near  the 
base,  orbicular  in  outline,  2-5  cm.  broad,  thickish,  the  lower  cleft  into  broad 
cuneate  lobes,  the  upper  into  narrower  lobes  or  divisions;  raceme  moderately 
dense,  usually  10-20-flowered;  calyx  pubescent  like  the  axis,  the  spur  about  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  follicles  densely  and  finely  villous,  not  spreading.  In  the 
mountains,  usually  at  considerable  altitudes.  The  pubescence  even  when 
confined  to  the  inflorescence  is  always  characteristic. 

Delphinium  distichum  Geyer.  Pubescence  of  minute  mostly  curved  and 
appressed  hairs,  never  villous;  stems  strictly  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  simple  or 
rarely  with  a  few  erect  branches;  leaves  rather  numerous,  thickish,  deeply 
cleft  or  parted,  the  lower  into  cuneate  rather  broad  segments,  the  upper  into 
narrow  segments,  all  glabrous;  raceme  very  dense,  many-flowered,  almost 
spicate;  calyx  puberulent  externally,  the  spur  usually  longer  than  the  sepals; 
follicles  puberulent,  not  spreading,  about  1  cm.  long.  In  moist  meadows 
especially  in  Spokane  County. 

Delphinium  simplex  Dougl.  Roots  short,  thick;  stems  strict,  erect, 
puberulent,  30-80  cm.  tall,  usually  simple,  rarely  with  a  few  erect  branches; 
leaves  puberulent,  all  divided  into  narrow  lobes,  linear  in  the  upper  leaves, 
broader  in  the  lower  ones;  petioles  shorter  than  the  blades  except  in  the  lower 
leaves;  raceme  spike-like,  the  pedicels  shorter  than  the  pale  dull  blue  flowers; 
sepals  8-10  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  spur;  follicles  puberulent,  erect,  about 
1  cm.  long.  Common  in  low  meadows. 

Delphinium  menziesii  DC.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched  above,  30- 
70  cm.  tall,  appressed-puberulent  at  least  above;  leaves  3-7-parted,  the 
divisions  usually  deeply  cleft  into  2-4,  usually  3  lobes,  the  segments  linear  or 
lanceolate;  petioles  mostly  exceeding  the  blades;  racemes  loose,  5-25-flowered; 
pedicels  spreading,  mostly  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  dark  blue  flowers; 
sepals  pubescent  on  the  outside,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  spur  as  long,  mostly  acute  and 
slender;  follicles  3,  strongly  diverging,  pubescent,  1.4-3  cm.  long.  Common  on 
rocky  hillsides. 

Delphinium  columbianum  Greene  (D.  nuttallii  Gray).  Habit  and  appear- 
ance of  D.  menziesii  but  the  herbage  glabrous  and  usually  a  little  glaucous; 
follicles  glabrous,  spreading  moderately  at  maturity.  Mostly  at  low  altitudes 
in  sagebrush  or  scab  land. 

Delphinium  depauperatum  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  D.  menziesii  but  the 
minute  pubescence  soft,  rather  dense,  not  appressed,  somewhat  viscid; 
follicles  erect  or  but  little  spreading.  Blue  Mountains;  Mt.  Carlton;  also 
along  the  lower  Clearwater  River,  Idaho,  where  the  plants  are  larger  and 
stouter. 

147.  ACONITUM. 

Tall  erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately-lobed  or  divided; 
flowers  large,  showy,  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles;  sepals  5, 
petal-like,  very  irregular,  the  upper  one  hooded  or  helmet-shaped; 
petals  2-5,  the  upper  two  hooded,  on  long  claws,  concealed  in  the 
helmet;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  3-5,  many-ovuled,  forming 
follicles  at  maturity. 


110  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Aconitum  columbianum  Nutt.  Aconite.  Stems  erect,  50-100  cm.  tall, 
somewhat  pubescent  or  viscid  above;  leaves  glabrous  or  the  upper  puberulent, 
palmately  5-lobed;  lobes  cuneate-obovate,  incisely  serrate  or  cleft;  petioles 
mostly  shorter  than  the  blades;  flowers  blue,  in  loose  racemes  or  panicles; 
hood  2-3  cm.  long,  the  helmet-shaped  upper  part  higher  than  broad,  strongly 
beaked;  follicles  oblong-linear,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  the  slender  beak  usually  re- 
curved. Along  streams  especially  in  the  mountains. 

Aconitum  columbianum  pallidum  Piper  n.  subsp.  Herbage  pale;  flowers 
white  or  cream-colored.  Common  along  the  Touchet  River  in  the  Blue 
Mountains,  Columbia  County,  Piper  no.  2416. 

148.  fAQUILEGIA.    COLUMBINE. 

Erect  perennials  with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves;  flowers 
regular,  showy,  on  the  ends  of  the  branches;  sepals  5,  regular, 
petal-like;  petals  5,  all  alike,  each  with  a  short  lip  and  produced 
backward  into  a  large  hollow  spur  much  longer  than  the  calyx; 
pistils  5,  with  slender  styles;  pods  erect,  many-seeded. 

Aquilegia  formosa  Fisch.  Usually  sparingly  pubescent;  stems  erect, 
60j-90  cm.  high;  leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  paler  beneath,  lobed;  flowers  nodding, 
bright  scarlet,  yellow  inside;  sepals  spreading;  spurs  nearly  straight,  about 
twice  as  long  as  their  blades.  Common  in  the  mountains.  A  form  with 
lighter  colored  flowers  and  more  sharply  incised  leaves  which  may  be  distinct 
occurs  rarely  on  Snake  River. 

149.  PAEONIA.     PAEONY. 

Robust  perennial  herbs  with  ternately  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves  and  showy  flowers;  sepals  5,  herbaceous,  persistent; 
petals  5-10;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  a  fleshy  disk;  pistils 
2-5 ;  fruit  of  2-5  leathery  several-seeded  follicles. 

Paeonia  brownii  Dougl.  Whole  plant  glabrous  and  glaucous,  20-50  cm. 
high,  at  first  erect  or  ascending,  in  fruit  decumbent;  leaves  thick,  once  or 
twice  ternately  divided  or  parted,  the  ultimate  segments  from  narrowly  oblong 
to  obovate;  sepals  green,  concave,  unequal;  petals  dull  brownish  red,  thick, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals;  follicles  usually  5,  oblong,  smooth,  about  3  cm. 
long;  seeds  black,  shining.  On  open  hillsides  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

150.  ACTAEA.    BANEBERRY. 

Erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  large,  2-3-ternately  compound; 
flowers  small,  white,  in  a  terminal  raceme;  sepals  3-5,  petal-like; 
petals  4-10,  small,  spatulate  or  narrow-clawed;  stamens  numer- 
ous; ovary  1-many-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming  a  large  somewhat 
poisonous  berry. 

Actaea  spicata  arguta  (Nutt.)  Torn  Stems  30-60  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaves 
triternately  decompound;  leaflets  obliquely  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
coarsely  incised-serrate  or  lobed,  puberulent  when  young,  3-6  cm.  long; 
racemes  densely  flowered,  2-3  cm.  long,  becoming  loose  in  age;  berries  bright 
red,  rarely  white.  In  woods  in  the  mountains. 


BERBERIDACEAE.  Ill 

151.  COPTIS.    GOLDTHREAD. 

Low  glabrous  perennials  with  slender  rootstocks;  leaves  all 
radical,  ternately  divided  or  compound;  flowers  on  scapes, 
solitary,  or  in  few-flowered  umbels;  sepals  5-7,  petal-like;  petals 
5-6,  small,  linear,  hood-shaped;  stamens  numerous;  pistils  3-7, 
on  slender  stalks,  in  fruit  forming  a  cluster  of  divergent  follicles. 

Coptis  occidentalis  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Scapes  2-3-flowered,  10-25  cm.  tall; 
leaves  trifoliolate,  evergreen;  leaflets  long-petioled,  suborbicular,  deeply 
3-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse,  dentate,  or  again  lobed;  sepals  linear,  3-nerved, 
white,  1  cm.  long;  petals  5-6  mm.  long,  short-clawed  at  the  base,  broadened 
at  the  nectary,  attenuate  beyond,  obtuse;  stamens  about  12,  shorter  than  the 
carpels;  mature  carpels  3.5  cm.  long,  the  fruiting  portion  spreading,  longer 
than  the  erect  stipe.  In  woods  in  the  mountains  along  the  Idaho  border. 

Family  39.    BERBERIDACEAE.     BARBERRY  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  herbs ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound  or  divided, 
with  stipules  or  dilated  bases;  flowers  perfect,  the  bracts,  sepals, 
petals  and  stamens  all  opposite;  all  the  parts  distinct  and  hy- 
pogynous;  sepals  and  petals  each  usually  in  two  rows  of  three; 
anthers  opening  by  two  valves  or  lids  hinged  at  the  top;  pistil 
single;  style  short  or  none;  fruit  a  berry  or  pod;  seeds  few  or 
several;  endosperm  present. 

152.   BERBERIS. 

Shrubs  with  yellow  wood;  leaves  alternate,  simple  or  com- 
pound, of  ten  spiny;  flowers  yellow,  in  clustered  racemes,  evergreen 
(in  ours) ;  bracelets  2-6;  sepals  6,  petal-like;  petals  6,  in  two  rows, 
each  with  two  basal  glands;  stamens  6,  short;  stigma  peltate; 
fruit  a  berry. 

Leaflets  palmately  nerved.  B,  nervosa. 
Leaflets  pinnately  nerved. 

Leaflets  5-11,  shining,  strongly  spinulose.  B.  aquifolium. 

Leaflets  3-7,  dull,  often  glaucous,  weakly  spinulose.  B.  repens. 

Berberis  nervosa  Pursh.  Oregon  Grape.  Stems  erect,  simple,  15-30  cm, 
high;  leaves  30-75  cm.  long,  with  11-19  leaflets,  these  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  spinulose-dentate;  bud  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  2-2.5  cm. 
long,  persistent,  becoming  dry  and  rigid;  racemes  terminal,  one  or  several, 
10-20  cm.  long;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  fruit;  berries  globose,  purple-black 
with  a  white  bloom,  very  acid.  Lake  Coeur  d'Alene,  rare.  Abundant  west 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Berberis  aquifolium  Pursh.  Shrub  often  1-2  m.  high,  erect  or  nearly  so; 
leaflets^ 5-11,  evergreen,  shining,  oblong  or  ovate,  4-10  cm.  long,  with  numerous 
spiny  teeth;  racemes  usually  clustered,  subterminal;  berries  black  with  a  bloom, 
usually  pear-shaped.  Gravelly  woods  about  Spokane. 

Berberis  repens  Lindl.  Low  depressed  shrub,  20-30  cm.  high,  often  with 
subterranean  stolon-like  branches;  leaves  pinnately  compound,  3-7-f oliolate ; 


112  PAPAVERACEAE. 

leaflets  evergreen,  2-5  cm.  long,  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  pale  or  glaucous,  not 
shining,  sinuately  dentate  with  numerous  spinulose  teeth;  racemes  few,  ter- 
minal; berries  blackish  with  a  bloom,  sour.  Common  in  gravelly  or  stony 
ground. 

Family  40.    PAPAVERACEAE.     POPPY  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  or  watery  juice;  leaves  alternate,  simple 
or  compound,  without  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  regular  or  ir- 
regular, the  parts  in  twos  or  fours;  sepals  2 ;  petals  4-12,  separate 
or  somewhat  united;  stamens  6,  diadelphous,  or  numerous  and 
distinct;  ovary  1-celled  with  2  or  more  parietal  placentae;  fruit 
a  dry  one-celled  pod  with  numerous  seeds. 

Corolla  2-spurred  at  the  base.  153.  BIKUKULLA,  112. 

Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base.  154.  CAPNOIDES,  112. 

153.  BIKUKULLA. 

Erect  or  diffuse  glabrous  perennial  herbs;  leaves  ternately 
compound  or  dissected ;  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles,  irregular, 
nodding;  pedicels  2-bracted;  sepals  2,  scale-like;  petals  slightly 
united  into  a  2-spurred  or  swollen  nectariferous  often  withering- 
persistent  corolla;  stamens  6,  in  two  sets,  opposite  the  outer 
petals;  placentae  2;  style  slender;  capsule  oblong  or  linear, 
2-valved. 

Bikukulla  cucullaria  (L.)  Millspaugh.  Dutchman's  Breeches.  Glabrous 
throughout;  rootstock  short,  covered  with  grain-like  tubers;  leaves  all  basal, 
twice-ternately  compound;  ultimate  divisions  narrow,  acute;  scapes  exceeding 
the  leaves,  bearing  a  one-sided  raceme  of  4-10  nodding  flowers;  corolla  pinkish, 
yellow  at  the  summit,  the  blunt  spurs  widely  diverging,  as  long  as  the  body  of 
the  corolla.  Moist  copses,  blooming  in  early  spring. 

154.  CAPNOIDES. 

Biennial  erect  pale  or  glaucous  herbs;  leaves  radical  and 
cauline,  decompound ;  flowers  in  racemes ;  sepals  2,  small;  petals 
4,  slightly  united  to  a  1-spurred  corolla;  inner  petals  narrow, 
keeled;  stamens  6,  in  two  sets,  opposite  the  outer  petals;  pla- 
centae 2 ;  style  entire,  dilated  or  lobed ;  capsule  oblong  or  linear, 
2-valved. 

Capnoides  aureum  (Willd.)  Kuntze.  Squirrel  Corn.  Glabrous,  the  branched 
stems  decumbent,  30-50  cm.  long;  leaves  bipinnately  compound,  pale  and 
glaucous;  ultimate  segments  cuneate-obovate,  3-5-lobed;  flowers  golden 
yellow,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  in  short  racemes;  spur  blunt,  shorter  than  the  body; 
capsule  torulose,  long-beaked,  2-3  cm.  long;  seeds  black,  very  shiny.  Near 
Wawawai  and  Lewiston. 


CRUCIFERAE.  113 

Family  41.     CRUCIFERAE.     MUSTARD  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  watery  sap;  leaves  alter- 
nate; stipules  none;  flowers  perfect,  regular,  in  usually  bractless 
racemes,  spikes  or  corymbs;  sepals  4,  usually  oblong;  petals  4, 
rarely  none,  hypogynous,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  equal,  generally 
clawed,  alternate  with  the  sepals;  stamens  6,  rarely  fewer, 
hypognyous,  of  unequal  length,  the  two  shorter  opposite  the 
sepals,  the  four  longer  opposite  the  petals ;  pistil  1 ,  of  two  united 
carpels;  pod  usually  2-celled,  dehiscing  by  the  separation  of  two 
valves  from  the  central  partition,  or  rarely  indehiscent,  either 
much  longer  than  broad  (a  silique)  or  short  (a  silicle). 

Pods  indehiscent. 

Fruit  winged;  pubescence  of  simple  hairs.          155.  THYSANOCARPUS,  114. 
Fruit  wingless;  pubescence  of  branched  hairs.  156.  ATHYSANUS,  114. 
Pods  dehiscent,  2-valved,  either  elongate  (siliques) 

or  short  (silicles). 
Pods  elongate  (siliques). 

Siliques  compressed  parallel  to  the  broad 

partition. 

Valves  nerveless;  leaves  all  petioled.       157.  CARDAMINE,  115. 
Valves  1-nerved;  cauline  leaves  sessile. 

Siliques  lanceolate.  158.  PHOENICAULIS,  115. 

Siliques  linear.  159.  ARABIS,  115. 

Siliques  terete,  not  at  all  compressed. 
Pods  4  cm.  long  or  more. 

Flowers  white  or  red ;  stigmas  entire ; 

pods  erect.  160.  THELYPODIUM,  117. 

Flowers    yellow;    stigmas    2-lobed; 

pods  spreading. 

Flowers  large;  leaves  nearly  en- 
tire. 161.  ERYSIMUM,  117. 
Flowers  small;  leaves  pinnatifid.  164.  SISYMBRIUM,  119. 

Pods  less  than  4  cm.  long. 

Siliques  beaked;  seeds  globose.  162.  BRASSICA,  118. 

Siliques  beakless;  seeds  oblong. 

Valves  of  the  pods  nerveless.        163.  RADICULA,  118. 
Valves  of  the  pods  nerved. 

Annuals;  leaves  pinnate  or 

pinnatifid.  164.  SISYMBRIUM,  119. 

Perennials;  leaves  lyrate.          165.  CAMPE,  120. 
Pods  short  (silicles). 

Silicles  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition. 
Flowers  solitary  on  scapes,  white;  seeds 

winged.  166.  PLATYSPERMUM,  120. 

Flowers  racemose;  seeds  wingless. 

Silicles  orbicular.  167.  ALYSSUM,  120. 

Silicles  ovate  or  oblong.  168.  DRAB  A,  121. 

Silicles  either  not  compressed  or  compressed 
contrary  to  the  partition. 


114  CRUCIFERAE. 

Pods  terete,  not  compressed. 

Leaves  pinnatifid.  163.  RADICULA,  118. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so.  169.  CAMELINA,  121. 

Pods  compressed  contrary  to  the  parti- 
tion. 

Valves  nerveless;  pod  obcordate.       170.  PHYSARIA,  121. 
Valves  1 -nerved. 

Nerves    of    the    valves    acute, 

forming  keels  or  wings. 
Silicles  orbicular  or  obovate; 

cells  1-2-seeded.  171.  LEPIDIUM,  122. 

Silicles  ovate  or  oblong;  cells 

2-several-seeded.  172.  THLASPI,  122. 

Nerves  of  the  valves  obtuse,  not 

prominent. 
Silicles  cuneate,  notched  at 

the  apex.  173.  BURSA,  123. 

Silicles     not     cuneate,     not 

notched  at  the  apex.  174.  HUTCHINSIA,  123. 


155.   THYSANOCARPUS. 

Erect  and  slender  sparingly  branched  annual  herbs,  with  a 
pubescence  of  simple  hairs;  flowers  minute,  white  or  rose-colored, 
in  elongated  racemes ;  pod  mostly  pendulous,  on  a  slender  pedicel, 
1 -celled,  indehiscent,  disk-shaped  or  concave,  orbicular,  winged, 
1-seeded;  seed  flattened  but  not  winged. 

Thysanocarpus  curvipes  Hook.  More  or  less  hirsute  below,  glabrous  above ; 
stem  erect,  usually  branched  above,  30-50  cm.  tall;  radical  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse,  dentate,  3-4  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  base,  with  a  petiole;  cauline  sagit- 
tate and  clasping  at  base,  acute,  usually  entire,  commonly  smaller;  racemes 
elongated,  loose;  pedicels  slender,  recurved;  pods  orbicular,  ovate  or  obovate, 
notched,  apiculate  by  the  persistent  style,  puberulent,  4r-6  mm.  long,  the  entire 
or  crenulate  wings  as  broad  as  the  body.  Gravelly  soils,  not  rare. 

Thysanocarpus  curvipes  madocarpus  Piper.  Pods  glabrous.  Quite  as 
common  as  the  species  but  nearly  always  growing  by  itself. 

156.  ATHYSANUS. 

Slender  annual  herbs,  usually  branching  at  the  base,  with  a 
pubescence  of  branched  hairs ;  flowers  minute,  in  racemes ;  petals 
small,  white,  or  none;  style  short;  ovules  3-4,  only  one  maturing; 
pod  orbicular,  indehiscent,  not  margined,  nerveless,  1-celled, 
1-seeded. 

Athysanus  pusillus  (Hook.)  Greene.  Stems  slender,  branched  from  the 
base,  10-20  cm.  tall,  hirsute-pubescent  throughout;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  usually  coarsely  dentate,  rough-pubescent,  5-30  mm.  long;  racemes 
loose,  elongate;  flowers  very  small,  on  curved  pedicels;  petals  linear,  minute, 
or  wanting;  pods  orbicular,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  hirsute,  on  recurved 
longer  pedicels.  Stony  soil,  rather  common. 


CRUCIFERAE.  115 

157.  CARDAMINE.    BITTER  CRESS. 

Mostly  glabrous  leafy-stemmed  perennial  herbs,  growing  in 
moist  places;  leaves  entire,  lobed  or  divided,  all  petioled; 
flowers  white  (in  ours);  pod  elongated,  compressed  parallel  to 
the  partition;  valves  nerveless;  seeds  in  one  row,  wingless. 

Leaves  all  simple.  C.  lyallii. 
Leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnate. 

Basal  leaves  simple.  C.  vallicola. 
Basal  leaves  pinnate. 

Capsules  20-30-seeded;  leaflets  mostly  oblong.  C.  pennsylvanica. 

Capsules  8-20-seeded;  leaflets  mostly  orbicular.  C.  oligosperma. 

Cardamine  lyallii  Wats.  Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent;  stems  erect 
from  running  rootstocks,  15-50  cm.  high;  leaves  petioled,  suborbicular,  reni- 
form  to  cordate,  sinuate,  2-6  cm.  broad;  petals  6^-8  mm.  long;  pods  erect, 
20-30  mm.  long,  on  short  pedicels.  Along  streams  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Cardamine  vallicola  Greene.  Glabrous;  stems  erect  from  running  root- 
stocks;  leaves  all  trif  olio  late  or  some  of  the  radical  ones  rarely  simple;  terminal 
leaflets  orbicular,  coarsely  crenate  or  even  lobed,  5-8  cm.  long;  lateral  leaflets 
ovate,  mostly  entire;  pods  25-30  mm.  long,  erect,  on  widely  spreading  pedicels 
10  mm.  long.  In  springy  places  near  Spokane. 

Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  30-60  cm.  high, 
simple  or  branched;  leaflets  7-13,  sessile,  mostly  oblong,  but  those  of  the 
lowermost  leaves  suborbicular;  pods  suberect  on  spreading  pedicels.  In 
moist  ground,  especially  in  copses.  Ambiguous  forms  seem  to  connect  with 
C.  oligosperma. 

Cardamine  oligosperma  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  usually  simple-stemmed, 
15-30  cm.  high,  sparsely  hirsute  throughout  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  small, 
orbicular,  petiolulate,  3-5-lobed  or  toothed;  raceme  few-flowered;  flowers  2  mm. 
long;  pods  erect,  8-20-seeded,  12-20  mm.  long.  Wet  places,  infrequent. 

158.  PHOENICAULIS. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  branching  caudex;  leaves  mostly 
radical,  the  cauline,  if  present,  reduced;  flowers  rose-colored  or 
purple,  in  racemes  on  slender  scapes;  sepals  oblong,  erect;  petals 
large,  with  an  obovate  blade  and  a  slender  claw;  pod  a  silique, 
compressed  parallel  to  the  partition  with  1 -nerved  valves;  seeds 
orbicular,  winged  or  wingless. 

Phoenicaulis  cheiranthoides  Nutt.  Perennial  from  a  stout  vertical  root; 
caudex  usually  branched  and  covered  with  the  bases  of  dead  leaves;  leaves 
mostly  basal,  entire,  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  3-10  cm.  long,  white  with  a 
fine  dense  stellate  pubescence;  stems  nearly  naked,  10-20  cm.  high;  flowers 
dark  purple,  in  racemes;  pods  glabrous,  spreading,  2-5  cm.  long.  On  stony 
slopes  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

159.  ARABIS.    ROCK  CRESS. 

Erect  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  seldom  divided,  the 
cauline  sessile  and  usually  clasping  and  auricled  at  the  base; 


116  CRUCIFERAE. 

flowers  white  or  purple;  pod  long-linear,  compressed  parallel 
to  the  partition;  valves  more  or  less  1 -nerved;  seeds  flattened, 
usually  winged,  in  one  or  two  rows. 

Seeds  wingless;  flowers  white. 

Cauline  leaves  auriculate;  plant  glaucous,  glabrous  except 

near  the  base.  A.  glabra. 

Cauline  leaves  not  auriculate;  plant  green,  glabrous  above, 

pubescent  towards  the  base.  A,  nuttallii. 

Seeds  winged  or  wing-margined. 

Flowers  white;  seeds  in  a  single  row.  A.  hirsuta. 

Flowers  red  or  pink;  seeds  in  two  rows. 

Cauline  leaves   not  auriculate  or  cordate;   leaves  all 

entire,  villous-hirsute.  A.  cusickii. 

Cauline  leaves  auriculate  or  cordate. 
Radical  leaves  dentate. 

Pods  curved,   spreading;   whole   plant   coarsely 

stellate-pubescent.  A.  sparsiflora. 

Pods    straight,    reflexed;    plant    finely    stellate- 
pubescent.  A.  holboellii. 
Radical  leaves  entire. 

Pods  reflexed;  herbage  covered  with  a  fine  dense 

white  stellate  pubescence.  A.  puberula. 

Pods  erect  or  nearly  so;  herbage  green,  glabrous 
above.  A.  lyallii. 

Arabis  glabra  (L.)  Bernh.  Biennial,  pubescent  near  the  base,  glabrous  and 
glaucous  above;  stems  usually  simple,  60-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate, 
dentate  or  pinnatifid,  pubescent,  5-8  cm.  long;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate, 
sessile,  sagittate  and  auricled  at  base,  all  but  the  lower  glabrous;  flowers 
whitish,  about  5  mm.  long;  pods  erect  or  ascending,  linear,  4-10  cm.  long,  tipped 
with  the  large  2-lobed  sessile  stigma;  pedicels  4-10  mm.  long.  Low  ground, 
not  common. 

Arabis  nuttallii  Robinson.  Perennial  with  branching  rootstocks;  stems 
erect  or  ascending,  simple,  15-25  cm.  high,  glabrous  above,  somewhat  hirsute 
below;  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  acutish,  sinuate-dentate,  1-2  cm.  long; 
cauline  oblong  to  elliptical,  sessile;  flowers  rather  large  in  a  short  raceme; 
petals  5-6  mm.  long;  pods  erect,  12-16  mm.  long,  beaked  with  a  stout  style; 
valves  1-nerved.  In  moist  grassy  meadows. 

Arabis  hirsuta  Scop.  Biennial,  usually  rough-hairy,  but  shade  plants  often 
nearly  glabrous;  stems  erect,  15-50  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  clustered,  oblan- 
ceolate, entire  or  somewhat  dentate,  usually  2-5  cm.  long;  cauline  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  entire  or  dentate,  cordate  or  auriculate  at  base;  flowers  greenish 
white,  small;  pods  on  slender  pedicels,  erect,  slender,  2-5  cm.  long,  tipped  with 
a  very  short  stout  style.  On  rocky  cliffs  or  gravelly  bars,  infrequent. 

Arabis  cusickii  Wats.  Biennial,  roughly  hirsute  throughout  with  simple 
hairs  or  somewhat  glabrous  above;  stems  usually  several,  10-20  cm.  high; 
radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  about  2  cm.  long;  cauline  linear-oblong,  sessile; 
pods  curved,  ascending  or  spreading,  glabrous,  5-8  cm.  long;  valves  1-nerved 
below  the  middle.  On  basalt  outcroppings,  rather  rare. 

Arabis  sparsiflora  Nutt.  (Arabis  arcuata  subvillosa  Wats.)  Perennial 
roughly  stellate-pubescent  below,  glabrous  above;  stems  mostly  simple,  erect  , 
30-60  cm.  high;  radical  leaves  linear,  oblanceolate,  dentate,  petioled;  cauline 
lanceolate,  subentire,  sessile,  with  a  sagittate  base;  flowers  rose-colored;  pods 
recurved,  5-8  cm.  long,  linear,  acute;  pedicels  pubescent,  6-12  mm.  long. 
Basalt  ledges,  common. 


CRUCIFERAE.  117 

Arabis  holboellii  Hornem.  Much  like  A.  sparsiflora  Nutt.  but  the  pu- 
bescence much  finer;  pods  sharply  reflexed;  flowers  purple  or  nearly  white. 
Basalt  ledges,  not  rare. 

Arabis  puberula  Nutt.  Biennial,  the  whole  plant  canescent  with  fine 
stellate  pubescence;  stems  slender,  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  all  entire,  the 
radical  oblanceolate;  cauline  linear,  sessile  and  slightly  auriculate;  pods  on 
slender  pedicels,  pendulous,  2-4  cm.  long;  valves  1-nerved  below  the  middle. 
Blue  Mountains,  Homer;  rare  in'our  limits. 

Arabis  lyallii  Wats.  Perennial  from  a  branched  base,  green  or  somewhat 
glaucous,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  below;  stems  usually  several,  5-10 
cm.  high;  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  with  slender  petioles;  pods  straight, 
erect,  2-5  cm.  long;  valves  1-nerved  below  the  middle  with  some  smaller  veins. 
An  alpine  species  occurring  on  the  higher  peaks  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 


160.   THELYPODIUM. 

Stout  biennial  herbs,  often  succulent;  leaves  simple,  entire, 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  often  auricled  at  the  base;  flowers  usually 
in  rather  dense  racemes;  sepals  oblong  to  linear,  rather  short; 
style  short;  stigma  entire;  pods  slender,  terete  or  4-angled; 
seeds  oblong,  in  one  row  in  each  cell. 

Flowers  whitish ;  leaves  fleshy.  T.  lacinialum. 

Flowers  purple;  leaves  membranous.  T.  streplanthoides. 

Thelypodium  laciniatum  (Hook.)  Endl.  Biennial,  glabrous  and  glaucous, 
rather  succulent;  stem  stout,  50-100  cm.  tall,  simple  or  somewhat  branched; 
leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  irregularly  pinnatifid;  terminal  lobe  largest,  coarsely 
dentate  or  entire;  lateral  lobes  oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  dentate,  sometimes 
wanting;  racemes  dense,  5-40  cm.  long;  sepals  and  petals  yellowish-white; 
pod  slender,  spreading,  5-12  cm.  long;  pedicels  stout,  5-8  mm.  long.  Walla 
Walla  and  Snake  River;  a  common  plant  in  the  sagebrush  region. 

Thelypodium  streptanthoides  Leiberg.  Leaves  green,  neither  glaucous 
nor  succulent;  sepals  purple.  Crevices  of  basaltic  cliffs  along  Snake  River. 

161.  ERYSIMUM. 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  rather  narrow,  entire  or 
toothed,  not  clasping;  flowers  often  large,  usually  yellow,;  pod 
linear,  4-angled  or  rarely  flattened,  not  stipitate;  valves  keeled, 
with  a  prominent  midrib;  seeds  oblong,  marginless,  in  one  row 
in  each  cell. 

Petals  4-5  mm.  long;  pods  1-2  cm.  long.  E.  cheiranthoides. 
Petals  16-24  mm.  long;  pods  5-12  cm.  long. 

Seeds  quadrangular;  leaves  entire  or  dentate.  E.  asperum. 

Seeds  lenticular;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so.  E.  datum. 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.  Erect,  branched  above,  minutely  rough- 
pubescent  throughout;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire  or  minutely 
dentate,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  racemes  elongate;  petals  4-5  mm.  long,  yellow; 
pod  linear,  4-angled,  puberulent,  very  short-beaked,  about  2  cm.  long,  erect, 
on  spreading  pedicels  about  1  cm.  long.  Very  sparingly  introduced. 


Il8  CRUCIFERAE. 

Erysimum  asperum  (Nutt.)  DC.  Whitish  throughout  with  appressed 
pubescence;  stems  simple,  stout,  20-40  cm.  tall,  erect;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblanceolate,  entire  or  somewhat  dentate,  rarely  lobed,  mostly  petioled,  6-10 
cm.  long;  flowers  bright  yellow;  petals  15-25  mm.  long;  pods  stout,  somewhat 
4-angled,  about  8  cm.  long,  tipped  with  a  short  stout  beak  and  a  large  2-lobed 
stigma;  pedicels  stout,  1  cm.  long.  Common  in, stony  soil. 

Erysimum  elatum  Nutt.  Similar  to  E.  asperum  but  taller,  with  sparse 
closely  appressed  pubescence;  leaves  all  entire  or  nearly  so,  lanceolate  or  the 
lowest  oblanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long;  seeds  lenticular.  On  rocky  banks,  Blue 
Mountains. 

162.  BRASSICA. 

Erect  annual  or  biennial  herbs;  lower  leaves  mostly  pinnate 
or  lyrate,  with  a  large  terminal  lobe;  flowers  yellow;  pod  terete  or 
nearly  so,  tipped  with  a  slender  conical  or  somewhat  flattened 
beak;  seeds  globose,  in  one  row  or  rarely  in  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

Cauline  leaves  auricled  at  base  and  clasping.  B.  campeslris. 

Cauline  leaves  not  auricled  or  clasping. 

Beak  of  the  pod  very  short,  less  than  one-fourth  the  seed- 
bearing  part.  B.  nigra. 
Beak  of  the  pod  long,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  seed-bearing 

part.  B.  aruensis. 

Brassica  campestris  L.  Turnip.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  often  glaucous, 
30-90  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  petioled,  somewhat  lobed  or  toothed;  upper  entire 
or  nearly  so,  sessile  and  clasping  by  auricled  bases;  flowers  yellow;  pedicels 
spreading;  petals  6-10  mm.  long;  pods  terete,  3-5  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a 
a  beak  about  1  cm.  long.  Grain  fields  and  waste  places;  sometimes  a  trouble- 
some weed. 

Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch.  Black  Mustard.  Erect,  30-80  cm.  high,  sparsely 
hirsute;  leaves  green,  slender-petioled,  the  terminal  lobe  large  and  coarsely 
toothed,  the  few  lateral  lobes  small;  pods  15-18  mm.  long,  erect,  on  very  short 
pedicels,  only  the  lower  fourth  seed-bearing;  seeds  dark-colored.  In  waste 
places. 

Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  B.S.P.  Charlock.  Stout,  annual,  30-90  cm.  high, 
hispid  with  scattered  hairs;  lower  leaves  pinnately  parted,  consisting  of  a 
large  ovate-oblong  terminal  segment  and  1  or  2  pairs  of  much  smaller  ones,  all 
dentate;  uppermost  leaves  sessile,  none  clasping;  pods  2-4  cm.  long,  erect  or 
ascending,  the  fertile  portion  torulose,  with  a  beak  flat  and  stout  and  half  as 
long.  A  weed  in  waste  ground. 

163.  RADICULA. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs;  leaves  usually  lyrately  or  pinnately 
parted  or  toothed,  auricled  at  base ;  flowers  small,  yellow  or  white ; 
style  short  or  slender;  pods  terete  or  nearly  so;  seeds  turgid, 
minute,  in  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

Flowers  white.  R.  nasturtium-aquatica. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Plant  perennial  by  rootstocks.  R.  sinuata. 

Plants  annual  or  biennial,  without  rootstocks. 

Pedicels  6-8  mm.  long;  stems  erect.  R.  pacifica. 

Pedicels  2^4  mm.  long;  stems  diffuse. 

Pods  curved ;  leaf-lobes  acute.  R.  curvisiliqua. 

Pods  straight;  leaf-lobes  obtuse.  R.  obtusa. 


CRUCIFERAE.  119 

Radicula  nasturtium-aquatica  (L.)  Britt.  &  Rendle.  Perennial,  aquatic, 
smooth;  stems  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  10-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  3-11,  orbicular  or  oblong,  sinuate,  or  the  lower  ones 
sometimes  reduced  to  the  terminal  leaflet;  petals  white,  3-4  mm.  long;  pods 
linear,  12-20  mm.  long,  acute  at  each  end,  a  little  longer  than  the  spreading 
pedicels.  Introduced.  Cultivated  under  the  name  of  Water  cress. 

Radicula  sinuata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Stems  prostrate  or  decumbent,  branched, 
glabrous  or  slightly  scurfy-pubescent,  from  perennial  creeping  rootstocks; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  2-3  cm.  long,  pinnatifid  into  numerous  equal 
linear  or  oblong  lobes,  these  entire  or  nearly  so;  flowers  3-4  mm.  long,  yellow; 
pod  oblong,  6-8  mm.  long,  acute  at  each  end,  tipped  with  the  long  style; 
pedicels  spreading,  5-8  mm.  long.  Sandy  banks  of  Snake  River  at  Almota. 

Radicula  pacifica  (Howell)  Greene.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnately  cleft  or  parted,  petioled, 
5-15  cm.  long,  the  segments  toothed;  pods  oblong,  turgid,  8-12  mm.  long, 
equalling  the  spreading  pedicels.  In  wet  places. 

Radicula  curvisiliqua  (Hook.)  Greene.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or 
slightly  pubescent,  erect  or  decumbent,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
sinuate-dentate  or  pinnately  cleft  into  oblong  dentate  lobes;  flowers  small, 
pale  yellow;  petals  2  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  sepals;  pods  linear-oblong,  4-16 
mm.  long;  styles  stout  or  none.  Wet  places,  common  and  variable. 

Radicula  obtusa  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  branching  from  the  base,  spreading;  leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  or 
the  upper  often  subentire  and  oblong;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long,  ascending  or 
spreading;  flowers  yellow;  pods  usually  long,  straight;  style  very  short  and 
thick.  Spokane  County. 

164.   SISYMBRIUM. 

Mostly  annual  or  biennial  herbs;  leaves  neither  clasping  nor 
auriculate  at  the  base,  rarely  entire,  often  finely  dissected; 
flowers  small,  usually  yellow  or  yellowish;  style  short  or  none; 
stigma  2-cleft;  pod  linear,  short  or  long,  flat  or  terete;  seeds 
oblong. 

Pubescence  of  simple  hairs  or  rarely  wanting. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  into  rather  large  irregular  segments.  S.  officinale. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  in  nearly  equal  linear  segments.  5.  altissimum. 

Pubescence  of  forked  hairs  or  rarely  wanting. 

Leaves  tripinnate.  S.  sophia. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid. 

Green;  seeds  in  1  row.  5.  incisum. 

Canescent ;  seeds  in  2  rows.  S.  canescens. 

Sisymbrium  officinale  leiocarpum  DC.  Hedge  Mustard.  Erect,  sparsely 
hirsute  with  simple  hairs,  or  glabrous,  30-90  cm.  high,  divaricately  branched 
above;  leaves  pinnatifid  into  5-13  lobes,  the  terminal  longest,  all  more  or  less 
dentate;  upper  cauline  leaves  sessile,  the  others  petioled;  flowers  yellow,  3  mm. 
broad;  pods  glabrous,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  1-2  cm.  long,  erect, 
on  short  pedicels.  A  weed  in  waste  ground. 

Sisymbrium  altissimum  L.  Tumbling  Mustard.  Erect,  much  branched, 
60-150  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute,  with  simple  hairs;  basal  leaves 
petioled,  pinnatifid,  in  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  or  dentate  lobes;  upper 
leaves  reduced,  sessile;  flowers  pale  yellow,  5  mm.  broad;  pods  spreading, 
linear,  6-10  cm.  long,  on  short  stout  pedicels.  A  troublesome  weed,  introduce 
from  Europe.  Locally  called  Jim  Hill  Mustard. 


120  CRUCIFERAE. 

Sisymbrium  sophia  L.  Erect,  much  branched  above,  30-100  cm.  tall, 
canescent  throughout  with  short  stellate  pubescence;  leaves  tripinnatifid, 
5-8  cm.  long,  the  segments  linear  or  oblong,  small;  racemes  elongated;  pods 
glabrous,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  curved  upwards,  on  slender  shorter  pedicels;  seeds 
in  one  row  in  each  cell  of  the  pod.  Sparingly  introduced. 

Sisymbrium  incisum  Engelm.  Stem  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  sparingly 
branched,  usually  minutely  stellate-pubescent;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid; 
segments  of  the  lower  leaves  oblong;  race.mes  loose;  flowers  bright  yellow; 
pods  7-15  mm.  long,  acute,  usually  curved,  ascending,  on  slender  pedicels  of 
about  the  same  length.  Blue  Mountains;  rare  in  our  limits. 

Sisymbrium  incisum  filipes  Gray.  Similar  to  the  species  but  the  segments 
of  the  upper  leaves  elongate,  often  linear  and  entire;  pods  10-15  mm.  long,  on 
slender  longer  pedicels.  Very  common  in  fields  and  on  open  hillsides. 

Sisymbrium  canescens  Nutt.  Similar  to  5.  incisum  but  gray  with  a  short 
soft  pubescence;  pods  8-12  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels. 
Waitsburg,  Homer. 

165.5  CAMPE. 

Somewhat  succulent  perennials ;  stems  angled ;  leaves  entire  or 
pinnatifid;  flowers  yellow,  in  racemes;  pod  linear,  terete,  or 
somewhat  4-angled,  tipped  with  the  short  slender  style;  seeds 
flat,  in  one  row. 

Campe  barbarea  (L.)  W.  F.  Wight.  Bitter  Cress.  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems 
simple  or  branched  above,  30-90  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  pinnately  cleft  or 
divided,  the  terminal  segment  large,  orbicular  or  ovate,  entire  or  nearly  so; 
lateral  segments  1-5  pairs,  smaller,  oblong,  entire  or  toothed;  petioles  short, 
auricled  at  base;  upper  cauline  leaves  obovate,  clasping,  the  lower  part  pin- 
nately-clef t ;  raceme  dense;  petals  yellow,  4  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  pods  erect  or  ascending,  2-3  cm.  long,  beaked  by  the  slender  style; 
petals  short  and  stout.  Wet  places,  not  common. 

166.  PLATYSPERMUM. 

Low  annual  herb;  leaves  lyrate,  few-lobed  or  subentire; 
flowers  minute,  solitary,  on  naked  scapes;  pods  compressed 
parallel  to  the  partition,  short,  suborbicular ;  seeds  broadly 
winged,  in  two  rows. 

Platyspermum  scapigerum  Hook.  Glabrous;  scapes  5-15  cm.  tall,  erect 
or  ascending;  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  nearly  entire,  mostly  coarsely  3-7- 
lobed,  all  petipled;  pod  orbicular-ovate,  5-10  mm.  long,  beaked  with  the  short 
style.  In  moist  gravelly  places  in  early  spring,  the  pods  ripening  and  dehiscing 
very  early.  The  peppery  pods  are  eaten  by  children. 

167.   ALYSSUM. 

Low  branching  annual  herbs;  leaves  mostly  simple;  flowers 
yellow;  style  slender;  pod  ovoid  or  orbicular,  compressed;  valves 
convex,  nerveless;  seeds  one  or  two  in  each  cell. 

Alyssum  alyssoides  (L.)  Gouan.  Annual,  10-30  cm.  high,  stellate- 
pubescent  throughout,  usually  branched  from  the  base;  leaves  entire,  spatulate, 
1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  in  racemes,  5-15  cm.  long;  petals  pale  yellow,  cuneate, 


CRUCIFERAE.  121 

scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals;  pods  orbicular,  margined,  notched  at  the  apex, 
minutely  pubescent,  3  mm.  broad,  on  spreading  pedicels.  Introduced  and 
becoming  common. 

168.   DRABA. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  entire  or  toothed; 
flowers  white  or  yellow,  mainly  in  racemes ;  pod  oval  to  oblong  or 
linear,  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition;  valves  nearly  flat, 
nerveless  or  faintly  nerved ;  seeds  few  to  many,  in  two  rows  in  the 
cell,  wingless. 

Perennials,  flowers  yellow.  D.  glacialis. 
Annuals. 

Flowers  yellow.  D.  nemorosa. 
Flowers  white. 

Petals  deeply  2-cleft;  pods  glabrous.  D.  verna. 

Petals  entire;  pods  hispid.  D.  caroliniana. 

Draba  glacialis  Adams.  Perennial  with  many  short  clustered  leafy 
branches;  leaves  linear,  entire,  ciliate  at  base,  stellate-pubescent,  5-15  mm. 
long,  rigid  in  age  and  with  a  prominent  midrib;  scapes  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers 
yellow;  pods  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  2-8  mm.  long,  on  pedicels 
a  little  longer.  On  rock  cliffs  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Draba  nemorosa  L.  Annual,  the  simple  stems  5-40  cm.  high,  leafy  and 
pubescent  below;  leaves  sessile,  oblong  or  ovate,  usually  dentate,  acutish, 
1-2  cm.  long,  stellate-pubescent;  raceme  loose,  3-many-flowered ;  flowers 
small,  4  mm.  broad;  petals  yellow,  notched,  a  little  longer  than  the  villous 
sepals;  pod  oblong,  acute,  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrous,  about  1  cm.  long, 
much  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels.  In  warm  soil  in  copses. 

Draba  verna  L.  Annual;  stems  several,  leafless,  5-10  cm.  high,  simple, 
nearly  glabrous;  leaves  in  a  rosette,  oblong  or  oval,  toothed  or  entire,  obtuse, 
4—8  mm.  long,  pubescent  with  branched  hairs;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  raceme; 
petals  deeply  2-cleft;  pods  oblong,  glabrous,  4-8  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the 
spreading  pedicels.  In  sandy  soil. 

Draba  caroliniana  micrantha  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Winter  annual;  stems  slender, 
usually  branched,  3-10  cm.  high;  leaves  entire,  obovate  to  oblanceolate, 
sessile,  stellate-hairy,  6-12  mm.  long;  petals  small,  often  wanting;  pods  clus- 
tered in  a  short  raceme,  broadly  linear,  hairy,  6-15  mm.  long.  In  early  spring 
in  warm  places. 

169.   CAMELINA.     FALSE  FLAX. 

Erect  annual  herbs;  leaves  entire,  toothed  or  pinnatifid; 
flowers  small,  yellowish;  style  slender;  pod  obovoid  or  pear- 
shaped,  slightly  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition,  many-seeded. 

Camelina  microcarpa  Andrz.  Stems  erect,  mostly  simple,  30-90  cm.  tall, 
hirsute  below,  glabrous  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sagittate  at  base, 
half-clasping,  erect,  entire  or  nearly  so,  stellate-pubescent;  flowers  pale  yellow; 
pods  obovate,  6-8  mm.  long,  beaked  by  the  persistent  style,  glabrous,  on 
slender  pedicels.  In  fields,  introduced. 

170.   PHYSARIA. 

Low  spreading  tufted  perennials  with  stellate  pubescence; 
sepals  oblong  or  elliptical,  short;  petals  longer,  spatulate  to 


122  CRUCIFERAE. 

obovate,  entire;  style  slender;  silicle  obcordate,  compressed  at 
right  angles  to  the  partition,  at  least  somewhat  inflated;  valves 
nerveless. 

Physaria  geyeri  (Hook.)  Gray.  Whole  plant  whitish  with  a  dense  stellate 
pubescence;  leaves  mostly  basal,  broadly  ovate,  eqtire  or  more  or  less  toothed, 
long-petioled ;  cauline  leaves  spatulate;  stems  several,  spreading,  5-15  cm. 
long;  racemes  densely  flowered,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  bright  yellow;  pods 
strongly  compressed,  slightly  inflated,  broadly  notched  at  apex,  narrowed  at 
base.  Common  in  gravelly  or  sandy  soil  about  Spokane. 

171.  LEPIDIUM     PEPPERGRASS. 

Erect  or  diffuse  annual  or  biennial  herbs;  leaves  pinnatifid  to 
toothed  or  entire;  flowers  small,  white  or  greenish,  in  racemes; 
pod  orbicular  to  obovate,  much  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the 
partition,  2-winged  at  the  summit,  each  valve  with  one  acute 
nerve  forming  a  keel;  seeds  flattened,  solitary  in  each  cell. 

Apex  of  the  capsules  bidentate,  the  valves  pubescent  and  strongly 

reticulated.  L.  dictyotum. 

Apex  of  the  capsules  merely  emarginate,  the  valves  glabrous 

and  not  reticulated. 

Petals  wanting  or  very  minute.  L.  apetalum. 

Petals  pre&ent.  L.  medium. 

Lepidlum  dictyotum  Gray.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base,  usually 
spreading;  stems  pubescent,  3-10  cm.  long;  leaves  linear,  entire  or  with  one  or 
two  teeth,  2-4  cm.  long,  pubescent  or  glabrous;  petals  wanting  or  when  present 
scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals;  pods  ovate,  strongly  net-veined,  puberulent. 
Walla  Walla  County,  especially  in  alkaline  soil. 

Lepidium  apetalum  Willd.  Annual,  erect,  much  branched  above,  30-90 
cm.  tall,  minutely  puberulent,  at  least  below;  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  incisely 
serrate  or  lobed,  3-5  cm.  long  and  petioled;  upper  narrower,  sometimes  entire; 
racemes  elongate,  densely  flowered;  petals  none;  pod  orbicular,  notched, 
glabrous,  3  mm.  long,  on  longer  pedicels.  Plentiful  in  sandy  soil. 

Lepidium  medium  Greene.  (L.  idahoense  Heller.)  Much  like  L.  apetalum 
but  petals  present,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  leaves  serrate-dentate,  seldom 
lobed;  stamens  6;  pods  glabrous  or  puberulent.  In  sandy  soil  in  the  warmer 
valleys.  A  form  with  only  two  stamens  occurs  commonly,  often  growing  with 
the  normal  6-stamened  plant.  This  has  been  named  L.  idahoense  Heller  and 
a  more  puberulent  form  L.  simile  Heller. 

172.   THLASPI. 

Glabrous  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  basal  leaves  entire  or 
toothed;  cauline  oblong,  auricled  and  clasping;  flowers  white  or 
purplish;  pod  more  or  less  compressed  at  right  angles  to  the 
partition,  the  valves  often  winged  at  the  apex;  seeds  2-4  in 
each  cell. 

Pods  large,  winged,  deeply  notched;  annual.  T.  arvense. 

Pods  small,  scarcely  winged  or  notched;  perennial.  T.  alpestre. 


CAPPARIDACEAE.  123 

Thlaspi  arvense  L.  Penny  Cress.  Annual,  erect,  glabrous,  simple  or 
branched,  15^0  cm.  high;  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  petioled;  cauline  oblong, 
obtuse,  sagittate  and  half-clasping;  petals  white,  spatulate,  exceeding  the 
sepals;  pod  orbicular,  8-12  mm.  long,  broadly  winged,  deeply  notched.  A 
bad  weed,  sparingly  introduced. 

Thlaspi  alpestre  glaucum  A.  Nelson.  Perennial,  glabrous  and  glaucous; 
stems  usually  several  from  a  branched  base,  10-20  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  ob- 
ovate  or  elliptic,  petioled,  entire  or  toothed;  cauline  oblong,  entire,  sessile 
and  somewhat  auriculate;  flowers  white;  pods  obovate,  emarginate  at  apex 
4-8  mm.  long.  In  the  Blue  Mountains. 

173.  BURSA. 

Slender  and  mostly  smooth  annual  herbs ;  radical  leaves  tufted ; 
flowers  small,  white,  in  racemes;  pod  compressed  at  right  angles 
to  the  partition,  many-seeded. 

Bursa  bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Weber.  Shepherd's  Purse.  Stellate-pubescent 
below,  glabrous  above,  30-60  cm.  tall,  sparingly  branched;  basal  leaves  in  a 
rosette,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  pinnately-lobed,  2-8  cm.  long,  dentate  or 
entire;  flowers  white,  about  2  mm.  long;  pods  triangular,  cuneate,  with  a 
broad  shallow  notch  at  the  apex.  A  common  weed. 

174.  HUTCHINSIA. 

Low  spreading  annual  with  entire  or  pinnately-lobed  leaves; 
flowers  minute,  white,  in  crowded  racemes  which  elongate  in  fruit ; 
stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so;  silicic  oval,  compressed  at  right  angles 
to  the  partition,  not  cuneate,  not  notched  at  the  apex;  each 
valve  conspicuously  1 -nerved. 

Hutchinsia  procumbens  (L.)  DC.  Branched  from  the  base,  glabrous  or 
sparsely  pubescent,  5-15  cm.  high;  stems  decumbent  or  ascending;  basal 
leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  entire;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  cauline  leaves  spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,  sessile,  entire,  or  with  a  few  lobes;  petals  white,  about  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  1  mm.  long;  pods  smooth,  elliptic,  3-4  mm.  long,  on  slender 
pedicels. 

Family  42.     CAPPARIDACEAE.    CAPER  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  alternate  mostly  palmate  leaves;  flowers  with 
petals  in  the  form  of  a  cross;  stamens  6  or  more  but  not  tetra- 
dynamous;  pod  1 -celled  with  2  parietal  placentae;  seeds  kidney- 
shaped. 

175.   CLEOME. 

Annuals  with  flowers  in  bracted  racemes;  petals  entire,  with 
claws;  stamens  6;  receptacle  produced  between  the  petals  and 
stamens;  ovary  stipitate;  pod  linear  to  oblong,  many-seeded. 

Flowers  yellow.  C,  lutea. 

Flowers  purple.  C.  serrulata. 


124  CRASSULACEAE. 

Cleome  lutea  Hook.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1-2  m.  tall;  leaves  5-foliolate; 
leaflets  entire,  lanceolate  to  oblong;  racemes  dense;  flowers  yellow;  stipe  of 
pod  usually  shorter  than  the  pedicel.  Abundant  along  streams  in  the  sage- 
brush region.  Occasional  in  our  limits. 

Cleome  serrulata  Pursh.  Leaves  3-foliolate;  leaflets  entire  or  minutely 
serrulate;  flowers  rose-purple.  Pomeroy.  Spreading  along  the  railways 
from  the  sagebrush  region. 

Family  43.     CRASSULACEAE.    STONECROP  FAMILY. 

Succulent  or  fleshy  plants,  mostly  herbs;  stipules  none; 
flowers  regular  and  symmetrical,  in  cymes  or  rarely  solitary; 
calyx  hypogynous,  mostly  4-5-parted  or  lobed ;  petals  of  the  same 
number  as  the  calyx-lobes,  distinct  or  slightly  united  at  the  base, 
rarely  wanting;  stamens  of  the  same  number  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals;  carpels  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  distinct 
or  united  below;  ovules  numerous;  follicles  1 -celled;  seeds 
minute;  endosperm  fleshy. 

176.  SEDUM'    STONECROP. 

Fleshy  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  erect  or  decumbent;  leaves 
alternate,  entire  or  dentate,  fleshy;  flowers  perfect,  in  terminal 
often  1-sided  cymes;  calyx  4-5-lobed  or  parted;  petals  4-5, 
distinct  or  slightly  united;  stamens  8-10,  perigynous,  the  alter- 
nate ones  usually  attached  to  the  petals;  carpels  4-5,  distinct  or 
united  at  the  base;  ovules  numerous;  follicles  few-many-seeded. 

Leaves  becoming  scarious;  carpels  divergent.  S.  douglasii. 
Leaves  not  becoming  scarious. 

Biennial;  carpels  widely  divergent.  S.  leibergii. 

Perennial;  carpels  erect.  S.  stenopetalum. 

Sedum  douglasii  Hook.  Stems  erect,  branched  at  base,  from  a  stout 
rootstock,  15-20  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  6-12  mm. 
long,  becoming  white-scarious  when  old;  axils  of  the  cauline  leaves  commonly 
bearing  short  deciduous  leafy  branches  by  which  the  plant  is  propagated; 
flowers  yellow,  sessile,  in  an  open  cyme;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  5-6  mm. 
long,  longer  than  the  stamens;  follicles  diverging  from  their  united  bases. 
Basalt  rocks  and  gravelly  soil,  common. 

Sedum  leibergii  Britt.  Biennial;  stems  mostly  single,  stout,  erect; 
radical  leaves  spatulate;  cauline  green,  lanceolate,  acute,  5-10  mm.  long; 
without  propagating  branches  in  the  cauline  leaf  axils;  flowers  as  in  5.  douglasii, 
the  cymes  larger.  On  rock  ledges,  common. 

Sedum  stenopetalum  Pursh.  Perennial  from  branched  rootstocks,  glabrous 
or  minutely  puberulent,  green;  stems  erect,  6-15  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate, 
broadest  at  base,  acute,  sessile,  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  bright  yellow,  nearly 
sessile,  in  a  close  cyme;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals; 
carpels  4  mm.  long,  divergent  only  at  the  tips.  On  cliffs  along  the  Clearwater 
River,  Idaho,  and  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  125 

Family  44.    SAXIFRAGACEAE.    SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite;  stipules  usually 
none;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious ;  calyx  usually  5- 
lobed,  free  or  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals  usually  4  or  5, 
perigynous,  rarely  none;  stamens  usually  definite  in  number  and 
not  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  calyx-lobes;  pistil  formed 
by  the  partial  or  complete  union  of  2-5  carpels;  placentae  axile 
or  parietal;  seeds  usually  numerous;  endosperm  present;  em- 
bryo small. 

Shrubs. 

Leaves  alternate.  177.  RISES,  125. 

Leaves  opposite.  178.  PHILADELPHIA,  127. 

Herbs. 

Ovary  2-celled;  placentae  axile.  179.  SAXIFRAGA,  127. 

Ovary  1-celled;  placentae  parietal. 

Petals  pinnatifid  or  3-cleft  into  thread-like 

divisions,  180.  MITELLA,  128. 

Petals  not  with  thread-like  divisions. 

Petals  cleft  or  lobed.  181.  TELLIMA,  129. 

Petals  small  and  entire  or  none. 

Stamens  10.  182.  TIARELLA,  129. 

Stamens  5.  183.  HEUCHERA,  130. 

177    RIBES.    CURRANT,  GOOSEBERRY. 

Low  sometimes  prickly  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  often  fas- 
cicled, palmately-veined  and  lobed;  flowers  small,  solitary  or 
racemose,  mostly  terminating  short  and  1-2-leaved  axillary 
shoots;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  globose  ovary  and  more  or 
less  extended  beyond  it,  5-,  rarely  4-cleft,  commonly  colored  or 
petal-like;  petals  4-5,  small,  perigynous;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  with  them;  styles  2,  more  or  less  united; 
ovary  1-celled;  ovules  few  or  numerous;  berry  globose,  fleshy, 
usually  many-seeded. 

Stems  armed  with  spines  at  the  nodes,  and  often  prickly  also; 

fruit  not  separating  from  the  pedicel. 
Calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  stamens  decidedly 

longer  than  the  whole  calyx.  R.  niveum. 

Calyx-lobes  not  longer  than  the  tube. 

Stamens    scarcely    longer    than    the    whole    calyx; 

flowers  green.  R.  purpusi. 

Stamens  decidedly  shorter  than  the  whole  calyx; 

flowers  white. 

Calyx-tube  cylindric,  pubescent.  R.  cognatum. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous.  R.  irriguum. 

Stems  not  armed  with  spines  but  in  some  species  prickly; 

fruit  easily  separating  from  the  pedicel. 

Stems  prickly;  calyx  saucer-shaped;  racemes  pendent.       R.  lacustre. 
Stems  not  prickly;  calyx  various. 


126  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

Calyx-tube  saucer-shaped;  racemes  erect.  R.  petiolare. 

Calyx-tube  cylindric  or  campanulate. 

Flowers  yellow.  R.  aureum. 

Flowers  white. 

Berries  red  or  orange,  glabrous  or  slightly 
glandular;  leaves  resinous-dotted;  raceme 
drooping.  R.  cereum. 

Berries  black,  glandular;  leaves  viscid- 
pubescent;  inflorescence  corymbose.  R.  viscosissimum. 

Ribes  niveum  Lindl.  Erect  shrubs,  1-3  m.  high,  armed  with  stout  solitary 
or  triple  dark  spines  but  not  prickly;  leaves  orbicular,  truncate  or  cuneate  at 
base,  the  lobes  bluntly  3-5-toothed,  minutely  ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous,  1-2 
cm.  long;  petioles  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves,  the  3-5  flowers  mostly 
nodding;  calyx-tube  narrow,  shorter  than  the  linear  white  lobes;  stamens  much 
exserted;  filaments  hairy;  berries  smooth,  black,  as  large  as  a  pea.  Along 
Snake  River. 

Ribes  purpusi  Koehne.  (Ribes  inerme  Rydb.)  Low  spreading  shrubs, 
about  1  m.  high,  unarmed  or  with  feeble  simple  spines  and  a  few  prickles; 
young  shoots  glabrous,  the  leaves  somewhat  puberulent  or  glabrous;  leaves 
orbicular,  cordate,  5-lobed,  coarsely-toothed,  1-3  cm.  long  and  broad;  racemes 
drooping,  2-  or  3-flowered;  calyx-tube  bell-shaped,  green,  about  3  mm.  long, 
as  long  as  the  obtuse  greenish  or  purplish  reflexed  lobes;  stamens  exserted, 
as  long  as  the  lobes;  filaments  nearly  glabrous;  berries  small,  black.  Pullman, 
along  streams. 

Ribes  cognatum  Greene.  Erect  shrubs,  1-2  m.  high,  armed  with  pale 
triple  spines,  sometimes  very  prickly  as  well;  leaves  and  young  shoots  densely 
puberulent,  sometimes  glandular;  leaves  orbicular,  truncaie  or  cordate  at  base, 
3-5-lobed,  incisely  dentate,  2-3  cm.  broad;  petioles  hairy*  Its  long  as  or  shorter 
than  the  blades;  racemes  2-  or  3-flowered,  drooping;  bracts"  glandular;  pedicels 
very  short;  calyx-tube  cylindrical,  whitish,  pubescent,  5-6  mm.  long,  larger 
than  the  oblong  spreading  lobes.  Along  streams. 

Ribes  irriguum  Dougl.  Very  similar  to  R.  cognatum,  but  the  calyx-tube 
broader,  campanulate  and  glabrous,  3^4  mm.  long;  bark  often  white  and  the 
spines  few.  Common  in  the  Blue  and  Craig  Mountains  and  about  Spokane. 

Ribes  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir.  Stout,  1-2  m.  high,  armed  with  short  3-5-lobed 
spines  and  very  numerous  bristly  prickles;  leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  deeply 
5-lobed,  incisely  dentate,  minutely  glandular,  2-4  cm.  long;  racemes  loose, 
drooping;  flowers  greenish  or  purplish,  slender-petioled;  calyx  short,  saucer- 
shaped,  the  obtuse  lobes  spreading;  stamens  very  short;  berries  nearly  black, 
bristly-glandular.  Moist  woods  in  the  mountains. 

Ribes  petiolare  Dougl.  Unarmed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  about  1  m.  high; 
leaves  round-cordate,  5-lobed,  serrate,  resinous-dotted  beneath,  the  slender 
petioles  usually  longer;  racemes  erect,  5-12  cm.  long;  pedicels  longer  than  the 
bracts;  calyx  whitish,  the  tube  very  short,  the  lobes  erect,  puberulent;  ovary 
resinous-dotted;  berry  black.  On  the  high  peaks  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Ribes  aureum  Pursh.  Golden  Currant.  Unarmed,  1-2  m.  high,  usually 
glabrous  throughout;  leaves  thick,  somewhat  orbicular,  cuneate  or  rounded 
or  truncate  at  base,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  coarsely  3-5-toothed  or  entire, 
2-3  cm.  broad;  petioles  slender,  about  as  long  as  the  blades;  flowers  bright 
yellow,  in  dense  ascending  or  spreading  racemes;  calyx-tube  slender,  cylindrical, 
about  10  mm.  long,  the  obtuse  lobes  spreading;  petals  short,  oblong,  frequently 
dark-red;  stamens  short;  berries  black,  red  or  golden.  In  the  warmer  valleys. 

Ribes  cereum  Dougl.  About  1  m.  high,  with  numerous  short  branches, 
the  young  commonly  resinous-dotted  and  glutinous;  shoots  and  under  sides 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  127 

of  the  leaves  puberulent;  leaves  orbicular,  somewhat  3-5-lobed,  crenate- 
dentate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  about  1  cm.  long;  petioles  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  very  short;  racemes  short,  dense,  3-5-flowered, 
drooping;  calyx  white,  cylindric,  6-8  mm.  long,  glandular,  the  short  lobes 
obtuse;  petals  orbicular;  berry  orange-red,  insipid.  On  warm  rocky  hillsides. 

Ribes  viscosissimum  Pursh.  Unarmed,  about  1  m.  high,  pubescent 
throughout  and  somewhat  glandular;  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  obtusely 
5-lobed,  somewhat  doubly  dentate,  soft-pubescent,  especially  beneath,  2-5 
cm.  broad;  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blades,  hirsute-glandular;  raceme 
ascending,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  bracts  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  conspic- 
uous; flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  about  10  mm.  long,  on  short  pedicels  which 
become  slender  and  elongate  in  fruit;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  becoming  cy- 
lindric, the  erect  lobes  acute,  shorter;  petals  small,  white;  berry  black,  rather 
dry.  In  mountain  woods. 

178.  PHILADELPHUS. 

Shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  entire  or  toothed,  ovate  or 
oblong,  without  stipules;  flowers  large,  showy,  white,  solitary  or 
cymose-clustered ;  calyx-tube  top-shaped,  4-  or  5-lobed,  adherent 
to  the  ovary  nearly  or  quite  to  its  summit ;  petals  4  or  5,  large,  obo- 
vate or  roundish;  stamens  20-40,  on  the  disk;  styles  3-5,  more  or 
less  united;  ovary  3-5-celled,  inferior;  ovules  numerous ;  capsule 
3-5-valved ;  seeds  very  numerous. 

Philadelphus  lewisii  Pursh.  Syringa.  Shrubs  1-3  m.  high,  much  branched 
above;  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  2-4  cm.  long;  petioles  short;  panicles  narrow,  few-flowered,  5-10 
cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  densely 
pubescent  at  the  tips  within;  petals  oblong,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  styles  united  for 
half  their  length  or  rarely  more;  stigmas  narrow.  A  handsome  shrub,  the 
flowers  odorous. 

179.  SAXIFRAGA.    SAXIFRAGE. 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs;  stem  short  or  none;  radical  leaves 
tufted;  cauline  mostly  alternate;  flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  in 
cymes  or  cymose  panicles;  calyx  5-lobed,  free  or  adhering  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary;  petals  5,  entire,  perigynous;  stamens  10, 
perigynous;  carpels  2,  nearly  distinct  or  uniting  into  a  2-celled 
ovary;  placentae  axile;  styles  distinct;  capsules  2-beaked,  2- 
celled,  sometimes  two  almost  separate  follicles. 

Leaves  coarsely  toothed,  cordate,  long-petioled. 

Caudex   bulbous;   herbage   somewhat   glandular;    leaves 

doubly  dentate.  S.  mertensiana. 

Caudex  not  bulbous;   herbage   glabrous;   leaves  simply  „ 

dentate.  S.  odontoloma. 

Leaves  not  coarsely  toothed,  not  cordate,  short-petioled. 

Filaments  broadest  at  top.  5.  saximontana. 

Filaments  broadest  at  base. 

Petals  longer  than  the  sepals.  S.  fragosa. 

Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Petals  oblong.  S.  columbiana. 

Petals  obovate.  .          S.  plantaginea. 


128  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

Saxifraga  mertensiana  Bong.  Leaves  nearly  all  basal,  the  blades  orbic- 
ular-reniform,  incisely  many  lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  3-toothed  at  apex;  stems 
10-30  cm.  high;  panicle  loose,  the  branches  flowering  at  the  tips  and  usually 
bearing  bulblets  below;  sepals  reflexed;  petals  white,  oblong  or  obovate, 
short-clawed;  filaments  broadest  at  top.  On  moist  cliffs,  especially  in  the 
mountains. 

Saxifraga  odontoloma  Piper.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  prbicular- 
reniform,  deeply  cordate,  coarsely  and  equally  toothed,  rather  thick,  long- 
petioled;  scapes  10-30  cm.  high;  inflorescence  corymbose,  often  loose,  not 
bulblet-bearing;  sepals  reflexed;  petals  white,  obovate;  filaments  broadest  at 
top.  Along  streams  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Saxifraga  saximontana  E.  Nelson.  Stems  slender,  erect,  20-30  cm.  high, 
glandular;  leaves  all  basal,  oblong-ovate,  dentate  or  crenate,  glabrous  except 
the  margins,  the  petioles  short  and  broad;  inflorescence  a  loose  much  branched 
cyme;  sepals  reflexed;  petals  white,  broadly  oval  to  ovate  or  obovate,  short- 
clawed.  On  moist  rock  cliffs,  along  the  Clearwater,  Idaho. 

Saxifraga  fragosa  Suksdorf.  Erect,  more  or  less  viscid-glandular;  leaves 
all  basal,  broadly  ovate,  entire  or  minutely  denticulate,  3-8  cm.  long,  short - 
petioled;  scapes  10-30  cm.  high,  usually  solitary;  inflorescence  a  rather  loose 
pyramidal  cyme;  calyx-lobes  erect,  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  obovate, 
obtuse,  white,  3-3.5  cm.  long.  On  moist  banks. 

Saxifraga  columbiana  Piper.  Erect,  somewhat  viscid-pubescent  through- 
out, 30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  all  radical,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  petioled, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  the  blades  2—1  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  narrow  pyramidal 
branched  cyme;  flowers  greenish,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  triangular- 
ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  short  tube,  becoming  reflexed;  petals  narrowly 
obovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  very  short;  ovary  disk-like, 
crenate  on  the  edges,  half-inferior.  Springy  places,  common. 

Saxifraga  plantaginea  Small.  Similar  to  S.  columbiana  but  stouter; 
leaves  mostly  oval,  broad;  petals  obovate.  Spokane,  Sandberg  and  Leiberg. 

180.  MITELLA.     MITREWORT. 

Low  slender  perennial  herbs;  leaves  simple,  mostly  radical, 
long-petioled,  ovate  or  orbicular;  cauline  rarely  few,  usually 
none;  flowers  small,  white  or  greenish,  in  a  simple  raceme;  calyx 
short,  the  broad  tube  5-lobed,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary 
and  dilated  beyond  it;  petals  5,  slender,  pinnatifid  or  3-cleft 
into  thread-like  lobes;  stamens  10  or  5,  very  short;  styles  2, 
short;  ovary  globose,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  almost  basal 
placentae,  partly  superior;  capsule  globular  or  depressed,  hardly 
at  all  lobed :  seeds  several  to  each  placenta. 

Stamens  opposite  the  pinnatifid  green  petals.  M.  pentandra. 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals. 

Calyx  green;  petals  pinnatifid.  M.  caulescens. 

Calyx  white;  petals  3-parted.  M.  stauropetala. 

Mitella  pentandra  Hook.  Scapes  10-30  cm.  high,  puberulent;  leaves  all 
basal,  broadly  cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  sparsely  pubescent,  petioled;  raceme 
loose;  calyx  saucer-shaped,  the  lobes  short  and  obtuse;  petals  pinnately  divided 
into  7-9  filiform  lobes.  In  moist  woods  in  the  mountains. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  129 

Mitella  caulescens  Nutt.  Stems  slender,  25^10  cm.  high,  bearing  1-3 
petioled  alternate  leaves;  basal  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  5-7-lobed, 
crenate-dentate,  sparsely  hairy;  flowers  greenish,  in  a  loose  raceme;  petals 

?  innately  cleft  into  7-9  filiform  lobes;  plants  producing  runners  in  summer, 
n  moist  woods,  rare. 

Mitella  stauropetala  Piper.  Scapes  30-50  cm.  high,  sparsely  pubescent 
below,  minutely  glandular  above;  leaves  all  basal,  orbicular,  indistinctly 
5-lobed,  slightly  crenate,  reniform,  with  a  narrow  sinus,  sparsely  pilose  and 
ciliate;  raceme  one-sided,  6-12  cm.  long,  10-25-flowered;  flowers  white,  nearly 
sessile;  calyx-lobes  oblong-ovate,  crenulate,  3-nerved;  petals  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals,  3-parted  for  half  their  length  into  filiform  lobes,  the  lateral  lobes 
divaricate.  In  coniferous  woods  in  the  mountains. 

181.  TELLIMA. 

Perennial  herbs;  stem  simple  or  branched  at  the  base;  leaves 
few,  round-cordate,  toothed  or  palmately-divided,  chiefly  alter- 
nate; petioles  with  stipule-like  dilations  at  the  base;  flowers  in  a 
single  terminal  raceme;  calyx  5-lobed,  campanulate  or  turbinate, 
the  base  adhering  to  the  base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary;  petals 
5,  white,  whitish  or  pink,  on  the  throat  or  in  the  sinuses  of  the 
calyx,  cleft  or  lobed;  stamens  10,  short,  included;  ovary  short, 
1 -celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae;  styles  2  or  3,  very  short; 
capsule  conical ,  slightly  2-  or  3-beaked ;  seeds  very  numerous.  Our 
species  bear  propagating  bulblets  at  the  base  and  frequently  in 
the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 

Calyx  obconic;  petals  3-parted.  T.  parviflora. 

Calyx  bell-shaped;  petals  3-7-parted.  T.  tenella. 

Tellima  parviflora  Hook.  Rough-pubescent,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
palmately  3-5-parted;  segments  cuneate,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  sometimes  again 
cleft;  pedicels  erect,  mostly  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx  4-6  mm. 
long,  obconic  or  club-shaped;  petals  pink,  deeply  3-cleft;  ovary  half -inferior. 
Stony  soil,  common. 

Tellima  tenella  (Nutt.)  Walp.  Much  like  T.  parviflora,  smaller  and  more 
slender,  pubescent,  minutely  glandular;  pedicels  spreading;  calyx  bell-shaped, 
3  mm.  long;  petals  3-7-cleft  into  linear  lobes;  ovary  free  except  at  base. 
With  T.  parviflora  but  blooming  about  two  weeks  earlier. 

182.  TIARELLA. 

Slender  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately  lobed,  sometimes 
with  small  stipules;  flowers  small,  white,  in  a  terminal  raceme  or 
panicle;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  5-parted,  nearly  free  from  the 
ovary;  petals  5,  entire,  small,  with  short  claws;  stamens  10; 
filaments  long  and  slender;  styles  2;  ovary  1-celled,  2-horned; 
placentae  parietal,  becoming  almost  basal  in  fruit;  ovules 
numerous;  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  the  valves  usually  unequal; 
seeds  usually  few. 

Tiarella  unifoliata  Hook.  Pubescent  throughout  or  nearly  glabrous; 
stems  simple,  15-40  cm.  high,  erect  or  ascending;  radical  leaves  ovate  or 

10 


130  ROSACEAE. 

orbicular,  cordate,  long-petioled,  3-7-lobed,  the  lobes  crenate-dentate ;  cauline 
1-3,  similar  but  smaller,  short-petioled ;  panicle  narrow,  loose,  5-15  cm.  long; 
flowers  white;  petals  small,  thread-like.  In  moist  woods  in  the  mountains. 

183.   HEUCHERA.     ALUM  ROOT. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  mostly  basal,  long-petioled,  rounded, 
mostly  cordate;  cauline,  if  any,  alternate;  petioles  with  dilated 
margins  or  adherent  stipules;  flowers  greenish  or  purple,  in 
clusters  which  form  a  long  narrow  panicle ;  calyx  tube  campanu- 
late,  5-lobed,  coherent  with  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary;  lobes 
sometimes  unequal;  petals  5,  small,  entire,  sometimes  minute 
or  wanting,  or  early  deciduous;  stamens  5;  styles  2,  slender; 
ovary  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae;  capsule  1 -celled,  more 
or  less  2-beaked ;  seeds  numerous. 

Petioles  and  scape  hirsute.  H.  cylindrica. 
Petioles  and  scape  not  hirsute. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  H.  glabetta. 

Herbage  glandular  puberulent.  H.  ovalifolia. 

Heuchera  cylindrica  Dougl.  (H.  columbiana  Rydb.)  Leaves  all  basal, 
reniform-cordate,  5-7-lobed,  crenate-dentate,  the  teeth  cuspidate,  the  petioles 
much  longer  than  the  blades  and  villous;  stems  erect,  villous  below,  3(M50 
cm.  high;  inflorescence  spike-like,  very  dense,  5-10  cm.  long;  calyx  yellowish, 
7-9  mm.  long.  Infrequent,  Lewiston  and  Spokane  County. 

Heuchera  glabella  T.  &  G.  Tufted,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  below  the  in- 
florescence; leaves  all  radical,  cordate-orbicular,  5-9-lobed,  obscurely  crenate, 
the  teeth  bristle-tipped,  2-5  cm.  broad;  petioles  slender,  mostly  2-4  times  as 
long  as  the  blades;  scapes  stout,  30-60  cm.  high;  inflorescence  a  spike-like 
panicle,  glandular-puberulent;  calyx  yellowish,  campanulate,  6-7  mm.  long. 
Grassy  hillsides,  common. 

Heuchera  ovalifolia  Nutt.  Densely  and  minutely  glandular-pubescent 
throughout;  leaves  all  basal,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  cordate,  shallowly 
5-lobed,  crenate-dentate;  stems  erect,  10-30  cm.  high;  inflorescence  dense, 
2-6  cm.  long;  calyx  greenish,  6-7  mm.  long.  Rocky  places  in  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains. 

Family  45.    ROSACEAE.     ROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  alternate,  simple  or  compound, 
usually  with  evident  stipules  which  are  often  quickly  deciduous; 
flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect,  rarely  polygamo-dioecious ;  calyx 
of  5,  rarely  3-8,  sepals,  united  at  the  base,  often  surrounded  by 
a  row  of  bractlets;  calyx-tube  lined  by  the  disk;  petals  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  rarely  wanting,  on  the  edge  of  the  calyx-tube; 
stamens  usually  numerous,  or  few  and  coherent  with  the  calyx- 
tube;  carpels  1-many,  distinct  and  free,  or  few  and  coherent 
with  the  calyx-tube  into  a  2-several-celled  inferior  ovary;  seeds 
few  or  solitary;  endosperm  none,  scanty  or  rarely  copious. 


ROSACEAE. 


Pistil  one. 

Fruit  a  drupe;  petals  present. 
Fruit  an  akene;  petals  none. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  not  lobed. 
Herbs;  leaves  lobed. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed;  flowers  axillary. 
Leaves  pinnately  lobed ;  flowers  in  a  spike. 
Pistils  more  than  one. 

Pistils  2-5,  united  with  each  other  and  with  the 
lower  part  of  the  receptacle  and  calyx-tube 
with  which  in  fruit  they  form  a  pome. 
Flowers  in  racemes;  locules  of  mature  pomes 

10. 

Flowers  in  corymbs  or  cymes;  locules  1-5. 
Carpels  stony  in  fruit;  plant  thorny. 
Carpels  papery  in  fruit;  plant  not  thorny. 
Pistils  few  or  many,  free. 

Fruit  of  few  2-several-seeded  follicles. 
Leaves  palmately  lobed. 
Leaves  not  palmately  lobed. 

Stamineal  disk  adherent,  entire;  ovules 

2. 
Stamineal  disk  free  at  the  edge,  not 

entire;  ovules  5  or  more. 
Fruit  of  numerous  1-2-seeded  akenes  or  drupe- 
lets. 

Fruit  of  drupelets,  usually  united. 
Fruit  of  akenes. 

Receptacle  urn-shaped  or  bell-shaped, 

enclosing  the  akenes. 
Receptacle  fleshy;  akenes  numer- 
ous; petals  present. 
Receptacle  dry;  akenes  1-4;  petals 

none. 
Leaves  palmately  lobed ;  flowers 

axillary. 
Leaves  pinnately  lobed ;  flowers 

in  a  spike. 

Receptacle  flat  or  but  slightly  concave. 
Styles  persistent,  mostly  plumose  or 

geniculate. 
Styles  jointed,  the  upper  part 

deciduous. 
Styles  not  jointed,  plumose  or 

naked. 

Styles  deciduous,  naked. 
Styles  terminal. 

Stamens  near  the  base  of  the 
receptacle-cup  on  a  thick- 
ened ring. 

Stamens  well  up  on  the  re- 
ceptacle-cup;    no    thick- 
ened ring. 
Styles  lateral. 

Stamens  5;  carpels  10-15. 
Stamens  20;  carpels  numer- 
ous. 

Leaves    trifoliolate ;    re- 
ceptacle fleshy  in  fruit. 


184.  PRUNUS,  132. 

185.  CERCOCARPUS,  132. 

194.  ALCHEMILLA,  137. 

195.  SANGUISORBA,  138. 


186.  AMELANCHIER,  133. 

187.  CRATAEGUS,  133. 

188.  PYRUS,  134. 


189.  OPULASTER,  134. 

190.  HOLODISCUS,  135. 

191.  SPIRAEA,  135. 

192.  RUBUS,  136. 


193.  ROSA,  137. 

194.  ALCHEMILLA,  137. 

195.  SANGUISORBA,  138. 


196.  GEUM,  138. 

197.  SIEVERSIA,  139. 


198.  POTENTILLA,  139. 

199.  IVESIA,  140. 

200.  SlBBALDIA,  140. 

201.  FRAGARIA,  141. 


132  ROSACEAE. 

Leaves    pinnate;    recep- 
tacle not  fleshy. 
Flowers  dark  purple; 

receptacle  spongy.    202.  COMARUM,  141. 
Flowers     yellow     or 
whitish;  recep- 
tacle dry. 
Plant    stolonifer- 
o  u  s  ;    flowers 

solitary.  203.  ARGENTINA,  142. 

Plant  not  stolonif- 
erous;  flowers 
cymose.  204.  DRYMOCALLIS,  142. 

184.  PRUNUS.    PLUM.    CHERRY. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  many  with  edible  fruits ;  leaves  alternate, 
simple,  usually  serrulate;  flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  solitary 
or  fascicled  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  racemes  or  corymbs;  calyx 
5-lobed,  free  from  the  ovary;  petals  5,  on  the  receptacle-cup; 
stamens  numerous;  pistil  1;  style  1;  ovary  1-celled,  2-ovuled; 
fruit  a  drupe;  seed  1,  rarely  2;  endosperm  none. 

Flowers  racemose.  P.  demissa. 

Flowers  corymbose.  P.  emarginata. 

Prunus  demissa  (Nutt.)  Dietr.  Chokecherry.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  2-8  m. 
high;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  cuneate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrate,  5-10  cm.  long,  sometimes  somewhat  pubescent  beneath; 
petioles  1-2  cm.  long,  appearing  after  the  leaves;  calyx  somewhat  glandular; 
petals  nearly  orbicular;  fruit  globose,  dark  purple,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  not 
edible;  stone  globose.  Common  along  streams. 

Prunus  emarginata  (Dougl.)  Walp.  Wild  Cherry.  Shrub  or  small  tree 
3-8  m.  high;  branches  and  bark  chestnut  brown,  with  prominent  lenticels; 
leaves  narrow,  ovate,  elliptical  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  cuneate  at  base, 
minutely  serrate,  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath,  3-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled ; 
corymbs  few-flowered,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  flowers  about  1  cm.  broad; 
fruit  oblong,  bright  red,  bitter;  stone  with  a  grooved  ridge  on  one  side.  In 
dry  open  places  in  the  mountains. 

IBS.  CERCOCARPUS. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  simple  petioled  leaves; 
flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  clustered,  axillary  or  terminal,  sessile 
or  nearly  so;  calyx  narrowly  tubular,  5-lobed;  petals  none; 
stamens  15-25,  peri gy nous;  pistil  1,  narrow,  terete;  fruit  a 
coriaceous,  linear,  terete  akene  with  a  long  exserted  plumose 
twisted  style. 

Cercocarpus  ledifolius  Nutt.  Mountain  Mahogany.  Scraggly  shrub  or 
tree,  3-10  m.  high;  leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  1-nervecl, 
tomentose  beneath,  usually  glabrous  above,  short-petioled,  2-3  cm.  long,  the 
margins  more  or  less  inrolled;  flowers  sessile,  tomentose;  tail  of  the  akene  when 
mature  5-7  cm.  long.  In  sheltered  places  on  high  ridges  in  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains. 


ROSACEAE.  133 

186.  AMELANCHIER.    SERVICE  BERRY. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  not  thorny;  leaves  alternate,  simple, 
petioled,  serrate  or  entire;  flowers  white,  in  racemes;  calyx-tube 
campanulate,  5-lobed,  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals 
5 ;  stamens  numerous,  on  the  calyx-tube;  styles  2-5,  united  below 
or  distinct;  ovary  5-celled,  each  cell  2-ovuled;  berry-like  pome 
10-celled,  by  the  growth  of  a  false  partition  in  each  cell  of  the 
ovary;  each  cell  1-ovuled. 

Young  leaves  loosely  tomentose  beneath,  toothed  only  above 

the  middle.  A.florida. 

Young  leaves  glabrous,  mostly  sharply  serrate  from  the  base. 

Young  leaves  bright  green ;  petals  nearly  2  cm.  long.  A .  cusickii. 

Young  leaves  pallid;  petals  1  cm.  long.  A.  basalticola. 

Amelanchier  florida  Lindl.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  2-5  m.  high;  leaves 
broadly  oblong,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  obtuse,  tomentose  when 
young,  especially  beneath,  glabrate,  toothed  above  the  middle  or  rarely  entire, 
2-±  cm.  long;  petioles  pubescent,  1-2  cm.  long;  racemes  4-8  cm.  long;  calyx 
pubescent,  the  triangular  acute  lobes  not  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  ob- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  about  1  cm.  long.  Common  along  streams  and  on  moist 
hillsides. 

Amelanchier  cusickii  Fernald.  Shrub,  3-6  m.  high,  with  numerous  virgate 
branches,  the  young  bark  chestnut-brown;  leaves  glabrous  from  the  first, 
oblong  or  orbicular,  obtuse  or  acute,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  mostly  sharply 
serrate  the  whole  length;  petioles  slender,  glabrous;  racemes  short,  dense; 
calyx-lobes  slightly  hairy,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  oblong- 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  about  2  cm.  long.  Common  on  basalt  ledges  along  the 
rivers;  blooming  ten  days  earlier  than  A.florida. 

Amelanchier  basalticola  Piper.  Small  shrub,  with  pale  bark,  even  on  the 
young  branchlets;  leaves  appearing  before  the  flowers,  orbicular  or  oblong, 
mostly  truncate  at  base  and  apex,  serrate  above  the  middle  or  less  commonly 
from  the  base,  glabrous  and  glaucous  from  the  first,  firm  in  texture,  1.5-2  cm. 
long,  on  slender  petioles,  nearly  as  long;  racemes  very  short,  few-flowered; 
calyx-lobes  attenuate-acuminate,  sparsely  hairy,  longer  than  the  tube;  petals 
narrow,  oblong-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  10-12  mm.  long;  stamens  20,  the  filaments 
united  into  a  disk-like  structure  at  the  base;  styles  separate;  mature  fruit  not 
seen.  Bluffs  of  Snake  River. 

187.   CRATAEGUS.    THORN.     HAWTHORN. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  thorny;  leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
entire,  serrate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  flowers  white,  rarely  rose- 
colored,  in  terminal  corymbs;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped  or  cam- 
panulate, adherent  to  the  carpels,  the  limb  5-lobed;  petals  5, 
roundish,  on  the  calyx-tube;  stamens  many,  or  only  5  or  10; 
styles  1-5,  separate;  ovary  inferior,  or  its  summit  free;  ovules 
one  to  each  carpel;  pome  small,  drupe-like,  with  1-5  bony 
carpels,  each  1 -seeded. 

Calyx  pubescent;  fruit  red;  spines  3-6  cm.  long.  C.  columbiana. 

Calyx  nearly  glabrous;  fruit  black;  spines  1-3  cm.  long.  C.  brevispina. 


134  ROSACEAE. 

Crataegus  columbiana  Howell.  A  much-branched  shrub,  2-4  m.  high; 
bark  of  older  stems  light  gray;  that  of  the  younger  twigs  light  brown,  the 
lenticels  conspicuous;  the  branches  of  the  season  and  the  inflorescence  strigose- 
villous;  thorns  2-5  cm.  long,  dark-brown,  shining,  straight  or  nearly  so,  some- 
what reflexed;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long,  bearing  several  glands;  leaf-blades  broadly 
oval  in  outline,  sparingly  strigose  on  both  sides,  dark  and  glossy  above,  paler 
and  dull  beneath,  incised  and  doubly  serrate  at  or  above  the  middle  but  merely 
serrate  on  the  cuneate  base;  teeth  sharp  and  gland-tipped;  apex  short,  acu- 
minate; corymbs  4-12-flowered;  calyx  villous;  sepals  3-5  mm.  long,  promi- 
nently glandular-dentate;  anthers  white;  fruit  spherical  or  nearly  so,  about 
12  mm.  in  diameter,  coral-red,  glabrous;  nutlets  ridged  on  the  back,  without 
cavities  on  the  ventral  faces.  Springy  gravelly  places,  infrequent. 

Crataegus  columbiana  piped  (Britt.)  Eggleston.  More  pubescent; 
calyx  and  pedicels  somewhat  villous;  fruit  pubescent.  More  common  than 
the  species  and  intergrading  with  it. 

Crataegus  brevispina  (Dougl.)  Heller.  Shrubs,  2-6  m.  high;  spines  stout, 
2-3  cm.  long;  leaves  obovate,  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  doubly  dentate 
above  the  middle,  acute  or  obtuse,  sparsely  pubescent  on  both  sides  when  young, 
paler  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  short,  glandless;  corymbs  usually  many- 
flowered;  flowers  about  12  mm.  broad;  calyx-tube  glabrous,  the  lanceolate 
lobes  pubescent;  anthers  pink;  fruit  black,  smooth;  nutlets  with  cavities  on  the 
ventral  faces.  Common  along  streams. 

188.   PYRUS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  not  thorny  (in  ours);  leaves  simple  or  com- 
pound; flowers  in  corymbed  cymes;  calyx  urn-shaped,  5-cleft; 
petals  roundish  or  obovate;  stamens  numerous;  styles  2-5; 
pome  fleshy  or  berry-like,  the  2-5  carpels  or  cells  of  a  papery  or 
cartilaginous  texture,  2-seeded. 

Pyrus  sitchensis  (Roem.)  Piper.  Mountain  Ash.  Shrub,  2-5  m.  high,  with 
smooth  bark;  young  branches  pubescent;  leaves  pinnate,  12-20  cm.  long; 
leaflets  4-6  pairs,  mostly  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  shiny  above,  2-6  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  broad;  cymes  dense, 
compound,  8-12  cm.  broad;  flowers  white,  8  mm.  broad;  calyx  and  pedicels 
loosely  woolly-pubescent;  fruit  bright-red,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter.  In 
mountain  woods. 

189.   OPULASTER.    NINEBARK. 

Branching  shrubs;  leaves  petioled,  simple,  palmately-lobed ; 
flowers  in  umbel-like  corymbs;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5,  round, 
on  the  calyx-tube;  stamens  many,  distinct,  on  the  calyx-tube; 
pistils  1-5,  more  or  less  united;  follicles  1-5,  2-valved;  seeds 
2-4;  endosperm  copious. 

Carpels  pubescent,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  0.  pauciflorus. 

Carpels  glabrous,  much  exceeding  the  calyx.  O.  opulifoltus. 

Opulaster  pauciflorus  (T.  &  G.)  Heller.  (0.  mahaceus  Greene.)  Erect 
shrubs,  about  1  m.  high,  the  branches  spreading  or  recurved,  the  bark  shreddy; 
leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  bluntly  3-5-lobed,  somewhat 
doubly  dentate,  nearly  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath  with  stellate  hairs; 
petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  corymb,  3-5  cm.  broad,  woolly-pubescent 


ROSACEAE.  135 

throughout;  pedicels  slender;  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  the  blunt  lobes  as 
long  as  the  tube;  petals  white,  obovate,  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  carpels 
2  or  3,  pubescent,  flattened,  somewhat  united  at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
tardily  dehiscent.  Mostly  in  pine  woods,  common.| 

Opulaster  opulifolius  (L.)  Kuntze.  Very  similar  to  0.  pauciftorus,  usually 
larger;  carpels  glabrous,  a  half  longer  than  the  calyx.  Along  streams  in 
woods.  The  western  form  is  by  some  authors  considered  distinct  and  has 
been  called  0.  capitatus  (Pursh)  Kuntze.  „,  ^  f| 

190.   HOLODISCUS. 

Thornless  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  simply  pinnately  toothed 
or  lobed,  without  stipules;  flowers  numerous,  white,  in  terminal 
panicles;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed;  petals  5,  as  long  as  the  calyx 
lobes,  rounded;  stamens  20,  on  a  perigynous  entire  ring-like 
adherent  disk,  scarcely  exserted;  pistils  5,  with  2  ovules,  becom- 
ing 1 -seeded  hairy  carpels  almost  indehiscent. 

Holodiscus  discolor  (Pursh)  Maxim.  Ocean  Spray.  Large  shrub,  2-5  m. 
high;  young  twigs  pubescent;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  truncate 
or  cuneate  at  base,  woolly-pubescent  beneath,  glabrous  above,  2-5  cm.  long; 
panicle  broadly  pyramidal,  much  branched,  10-20  cm.  long;  flowers  small, 
white,  becoming  yellowish;  calyx  densely  short-pubescent,  the  lobes  acute, 
spreading.  In  canyons  and  on  warm  timbered  slopes. 

191.   SPIRAEA. 

Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  without 
stipules;  flowers  white  or  pink,  perfect,  in  racemes,  cymes, 
corymbs,  or  panicles;  calyx  4-  or  5-lobed;  petals  4  or  5, exceeding 
the  calyx  and  inserted  on  the  calyx- tube;  stamens  numerous,  dis- 
tinct, on  a  disk  which  is  free  at  the  edge  and  crenate  or  glandular- 
toothed;  filaments  much  exserted;  pistils  commonly  5,  superior, 
alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes;  ovules  5-11;  follicles  usually  5, 
not  inflated,  1-valved;  seeds  few-several. 

Flowers  panicled.  S.  menziesii. 

Flowers  corymbose.  S.  corymbosa. 

Spiraea  menziesii  Hook.  Erect  shrub,  1-1.5  m.  high,  not  much  branched, 
minutely  pubescent  on  the  young  twigs  and  under  side  of  the  leaves;  leaves 
oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  green  on  both  sides, 
coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  rarely  entire,  3-6  cm.  long;  petioles 
short;  panicles  dense,  pyramidal  or  oblong,  5-20  cm.  long;  flowers  rose- 
colored;  calyx-lobes  becoming  reflexed ;  carpels  5,  glabrous.  In  moist  places 
in  wooded  regions. 

Spiraea  menziesii  pyramidata  (Greene)  Piper  n.  comb.  (S.  pyramidata 
Greene.)  Flowers  white.  Often  growing  with  the  species  and  intermediate 
pink  flowered  forms  occurring  also. 

Spiraea  corymbosa  Raf.  Low  shrub,  30-60  cm.  high,  branched  below; 
leaves  elliptic  or  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  coarsely  and  unevenly 
serrate  or  incised  above  the  middle,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides;  petioles 
short;  inflorescence  a  flat-topped  dense  corymb,  5-12  cm.  across;  flowers  small, 
white;  carpels  5,  glabrous.  Common  in  open  woods  or  copses. 


136  ROSACEAE. 

192.   RUBUS. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  or  vines,  often  prickly;  leaves  alter- 
nate, simple,  or  pinnately  3-7-foliolate,  with  stipules  adherent  to 
the  petiole;  flowers  white  or  reddish,  solitary  or  in  racemes  or 
corymbs;  calyx  5-lobed,  without  bractlets;  petals  5,  conspicuous; 
stamens  numerous,  on  the  calyx-tube;  styles  nearly  terminal; 
carpels  numerous,  on  the  convex  receptacle,  ripening  into  1- 
seeded  drupelets  forming  an  aggregate  fruit. 

Stems  trailing;  fruit  not  separating  from  the  receptacle  when 

ripe.  R.  macro petalus. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending;  fruit  separating  from  the  receptacle 

when  ripe. 

Leaves  3-5-lobed;  stems  unarmed,  perennial.  R.  parviflorus. 

Leaves  3-5-foliolate;  stems  prickly,  biennial. 

Berry  red;  stems  not  glaucous.  R.  strigosus. 

Berry  black;  stems  glaucous. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath.  R.  leucodermis. 

Leaves  green  beneath,  R.  hesperins. 

Rubus  macropetalus  Dougl.  Dewberry.  Stems  slightly  woody,  biennial, 
prickly,  trailing,  1-8  m.  long,  usually  unbranched  the  first  year,  but  bearing 
numerous  short  flowering  branches  the  second  year;  leaves  3-foliolate,  rarely 
5-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  mostly  acute,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  doubly  and 
somewhat  incisely  dentate,  pubescent  especially  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  calyx 
glandular  and  prickly;  petals  white,  1-2  times  as  long  as  the  sepals  which  have 
an  acute  somewhat  foliaceous  tip;  fruit  black  when  ripe,  cylindrical,  1-3  cm. 
long,  finely  flavored.  In  open  woods,  especially  old  "  burns." 

Rubus  parviflorus  Nutt.  Thimble  Berry.  Stems  wholly  unarmed,  peren- 
nial, 1-1.5  m.  high;  bark  brownish,  becoming  shreddy,  usually  glandular- 
pubescent  when  young;  leaves  palmately  and  acutely  5-lobed,  irregularly 
serrate,  cordate  at  base,  soft-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  10-30  cm.  broad; 
petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blades,  with  stipules;  corymbs  few-flowered; 
calyx  glandular  and  woolly;  petals  white,  about  2  cm.  long;  fruit  red,  flat- 
convex,  juicy,  about  2  cm.  broad.  Common  in  open  woods;  rare  away  from 
timber. 

Rubus  strigosus  Michx.  Red  Raspberry.  Stems  erect,  biennial,  1-2  m. 
high,  densely  armed  with  weak,  glandular  bristles  or  sometimes  nearly  un- 
armed; leaves  mostly  3-foliolate,  rarely  5-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate, 
simply  or  doubly  dentate,  rounded  at  base,  thin,  usually  white-tomentose 
beneath,  glabrous  above,  2-6  cm.  long;  corymbs  few-flowered;  calyx  usually 
pubescent  and  bristly;  petals  white,  about  as  long  as  the  acuminate  sepals; 
fruit  hemispherical,  light  red.  In  low  woods  and  on  talus  slopes. 

Rubus  leucodermis  Dougl.  Blackcap.  Erect  shrubs;  the  biennial  stems 
1-2  m.  high,  very  glaucous,  armed  with  stout  straight  or  curved  prickles; 
leaves  3-foliolate,  rarely  5-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  ser- 
rulate, white-pubescent  beneath,  the  lateral  ones  oblique  and  frequently  with 
one  or  two  lobes;  petioles  and  midveins  prickly;  flowers  small,  in  few-flowered 
corymbs;  petals  white,  small,  erect,  shorter  than  the  reflexed  sepals;  fruit 
nearly  black  when  mature,  hemispherical,  glaucous  or  tomentose,  about  1  cm. 
broad.  In  wet  places  in  woods. 

Rubus  hesperius  Piper.  Much  like  R.  leucodermis  but  with  more  numerous 
stouter  straight  or  curved  prickles;  leaves  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides; 
berries  black,  glabrous.  Snake  River  canyon. 


ROSACEAE.  137 

193.  ROSA.     ROSE. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  usually  with  prickly  stems;  leaves 
alternate,  odd-pinnate,  with  adherent  stipules;  leaflets  mostly 
serrate;  flowers  solitary  or  in  corymbs;  receptacle-tube  cup  or 
urn-shaped,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit,  usually  5-lobed,  without 
bractlets;  petals  5,  large,  obcordate;  stamens  numerous,  on  the 
receptacle-tube;  styles  distinct  or  united;  carpels  numerous, 
sessile,  within  the  receptacle-tube;  akenes  numerous,  enclosed 
in  the  berry-like  receptacle-tube. 

Flowers  small,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  deciduous 

from  the  fruit.  R.  gymnocarpa. 

Flowers  large,  3  cm.  or  more  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  persistent. 

Flowers  mostly  solitary;  fruit  globose,  2  cm.  broad.  R.  nutkana. 

Flowers  in  corymbs;  fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  not  more  than 

1  cm.  broad.  R.  pisocarpa. 

Rosa  gymnocarpa  Nutt.  Small  shrub,  about  1  m.  high,  armed  with 
numerous  slender  straight  prickles;  leaflets  5-9,  elliptic,  cuneate  at  base, 
serrate,  nearly  glabrous,  5-20  mm.  long;  serratures  and  petioles  glandular; 
flowers  mostly  solitary,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  acuminate,  not 
foliaceous,  appendaged,  deciduous  from  the  fruit;  fruit  oblong  or  pear-shaped, 
about  1  cm.  long.  In  dry  woods. 

Rosa  nutkana  Presl.  Stout,  1-2  m.  high,  armed  with  few  but  stout  prickles; 
leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate,  1-3  cm.  long,  glabrous 
or  somewhat  pubescent,  usually  glandular  on  the  petioles  and  serratures; 
flowers  mostly  solitary,  4-5  cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  glandular,  foliaceous, 
appendaged,  persistent;  receptacle-tube  globose,  smooth;  fruit  globose,  2  cm. 
in  diameter;  seeds  large.  Common. 

Rosa  nutkana  macdougali  (Holzinger)  Piper.^.  Receptacle-tube  and  fruit 
densely  hispid-prickly.  Common. 

Rosa  pisocarpa  Gray.  Very  similar  to  R.  nutkana,  the  leaves  usually 
finely  pubescent;  flowers  smaller,  about  3  cm.  in  diameter,  usually  in  corymbs; 
fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  5-10  mm.  in  diameter.  Common  in  low  places. 

194.  ALCHEMILLA. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately  lobed  or 
compound,  with  sheathing  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  small,  green- 
ish, in  corymbs;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  with  as  many  minute  bractlets; 
petals  none;  stamens  1-4,  very  small;  styles  basal  or  lateral; 
carpels  1-4,  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx-tube;  akenes  1-4, 
enclosed  in  the  receptacle. 

Alchemilla  arvensis  occidentalis  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Annual,  2-8  cm.  high, 
simple  or  branched  below,  sparsely  hairy;  leaves  short-petioled,  fan-shaped, 
3-parted,  the  lobes  acutely  2-3-cleft;  stipules  conspicuous,  cleft;  calyx  1-1.5 
mm.  long,  acutely  4-cleft,  the  bractlets  minute;  akenes  ovate,  pale,  1  mm. 
long.  Stony  soil,  not  rare. 


138  ROSACEAE. 

195.   SANGUISORBA. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  odd-pinnate; 
stipules  adherent  to  the  petiole;  flowers  small,  perfect  (in  ours), 
in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  heads;  calyx  4-lobed;  petals  none; 
stamens  4-many;  styles  terminal,  filiform;  carpels  1-3,  free  from 
the  calyx-tube;  akenes  usually  1,  enclosed  in  the  4-angled  dry 
closed  calyx-tube. 

Annual;  flowers  greenish.  S.  annua. 

Perennial;  flowers  white  or  reddish.  S.  latifolia. 

Sanguisorba  annua  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  glabrous,  15-40  cm.  high,  usually 
simple  below;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  1-2  cm.  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  deeply  pinnatifid 
into  linear  obtusish  lobes;  flowers  perfect,  greenish,  in  short  oblong  spikes,  1-3 
cm.  long;  bracts  ovate,  scarious- margined,  persistent;  calyx-lobes  broadly 
ovate,  scarious;  stamens  4,  rarely  2,  somewhat  exserted.  Dry  ground,  common. 

Sanguisorba  latifolia  (Hook.)  Coville.  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems  30-90 
cm.  high,  simple  or  branched  above;  leaflets  5-10  pairs,  oval,  about  three  times 
as  long  as  broad,  coarsely  serrate,  more  or  less  cordate;  stipules  serrate;  spikes 
3—10  cm.  long;  flowers  white.  In  bogs  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

196.    GEUM. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  pinnate,  with  stipules;  radical  clus- 
tered; cauline  smaller;  flowers  rather  large,  solitary  or  in  corymbs; 
calyx  5-lobed  with  5  alternate  bractlets;  petals  5,  obovate, 
usually  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes ;  stamens  many,  on  the  throat 
of  the  calyx;  styles  terminal,  elongated  in  fruit,  usually  plumose 
or  jointed,  the  upper  part  deciduous;  akenes  2-6,  pubescent. 

Receptacle    downy;    terminal    leaflet    cuneate-obovate    to 

oblanceolate,  deeply  cleft  into  acute  lobes.  G.  strictum. 

Receptacle  nearly  naked. 

Terminal   leaflet   broadly   ovate   to   suborbicular,    not 

cordate,  crenately  cleft  into  mostly  obtuse  lobes.          G.  oregonense. 
Terminal  leaflet  suborbicular,  cordate,  finely  crenate- 

dentate.  G.  macrophyttum. 

Geum  strictum  Ait.  Stems  60-120  cm.  high,  hirsute;  radical  leaves  pinnate; 
cauline  3-5-foliolate ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  incisely  and  acutely  lobed  and 
toothed,  pubescent;  petioles  hirsute;  flowers  rather  large;  petals  golden  yellow; 
receptacle  densely  pubescent;  btyles  hairy  at  top.  Moist  meadows,  rare  in 
our  limits. 

Geum  oregonense  Scheutz.  Intermediate  between  G.  strictum  and  G. 
macrophyttum;  leaflets  obtuse,  the  terminal  one  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular, 
cuneate  or  truncate  at  base,  more  deeply  lobed  and  toothed ;  receptacle  gla- 
brous; styles  puberulent.  In  moist  meadows. 

Geum  macrophyllum  Willd.  Stout,  erect,  30-80  cm.  high,  bristly-hairy; 
radical  leaves  pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  much  larger  than  the  3-8  lateral 
ones,  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  3-7-lobed,  dentate,  5-10  cm.  long;  lateral 
leaflets  ovate  or  elliptic,  dentate,  2-3  cm.  long,  usually  with  smaller  ones  inter- 
spersed; cauline  leaves  similar,  but  nearly  sessile,  with  1-3  leaflets  or  segments; 


ROSACEAE.  139 

stipules  ovate,  toothed,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  about  1  cm.  broad, 
several  in  a  loose  cyme;  petals  obovate,  longer  than  the  reflexed  acute  calyx- 
lobes;  fruiting  head  globose,  1.5  cm.  long;  akenes  hispid;  styles  jointed  and 
twisted  near  the  tip,  glabrous.  In  moist  places  in  open  woods. 

197.   SIEVERSIA. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  simple  stems;  radical  leaves  pinnate; 
flowers  in  terminal  cymes;  sepals  5,  erect  or  spreading,  with  5 
bractlets;.  petals  5;  carpels  sessile;  styles  not  jointed,  persistent, 
erect,  plumose  or  naked. 

Sieversia  ciliata  (Pursh)  G.  Don.  Erect,  from  stout  rootstocks,  SOy-SO 
cm.  high,  soft-hairy  throughout;  radical  leaves  tufted,  oblanceolate  in  outline, 
10-15  cm.  long,  pinnate  with  numerous  leaflets,  these  cuneate,  obovate,  in- 
cisely  cleft  into  acute  narrow  lobes;  cauline  leaves  1  or  2,  much  reduced; 
flowers  long-peduncled,  3-5  in  a  cyme;  calyx  purplish,  the  linear  bractlets 
exceeding  the  triangular  acute  calyx-lobes;  petals  oblong,  erect,  yellowish  or 

Eurplish,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  akenes  with  straight  plumose  tails,  2-3  cm. 
>ng.     Common  on  grassy  hillsides. 

198.  POTENTILLA. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  pinnate  or  pal- 
mate, with  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  in  cymes;  sepals 
5,  rarely  4,  with  5,  rarely  4,  alternate  bractlets;  petals  5,  seldom 
4,  rounded,  mostly  yellow;  stamens  usually  20,  in  two  or  three 
rows  on  the  receptacle-tube;  style  small,  terminal  or  nearly  so, 
not  elongating  in  fruit,  neither  jointed  nor  plumose;  carpels 
usually  numerous;  ovules  pendulous,  anatropous;  receptacles 
and  akenes  dry  in  fruit. 

Cymes  leafy;  annuals  or  biennials  with  small  flowers. 

Lower  leaves  pinnate,  upper  ternate.  P.  rivalis. 

Leaves  all  ternate. 

Petals  as  long  as  the  sepals.  P.  mpnspeliensis. 

Petals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals.  P.  biennis. 

Cymes   not   leafy;    perennials;    leaves   palmate   with    5-9 

leaflets. 

Leaves  densely  pubescent  on  both  sides.  P.  permollis. 

Leaves  glabrous  at  least  above. 

Under  side  of  leaflets  white  tomentose.  P.  blaschkeana. 

Under  side  of  leaflets  green. 

Calyx  glandular  atomiferous.  P.  nuttallii, 

Calyx  not  glandular  atomiferous.  P.  rectiformis, 

Potentilla  rivalis  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial;  stems  erect  or  ascending, 
branched  above,  villous-pubescent,  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnate,  the  lower 
5-foliolate,  the  cauline  usually  3-foliolate;  leaflets  obovate,  cuneate  at  base, 
incisely  toothed,  2-4  cm.  long;  cymes  loose,  leafy,  many-flowered;  flowers 
4-6  mm.  broad,  on  slender  pedicels,  bractlets  about  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute 
calyx-lobes;  petals  yellow,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes;  akenes  smooth,  gray. 
Banks  of  Snake  River. 


140  ROSACEAE. 

Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  Annual  or  biennial,  stout,  leafy,  erect,  30-80 
cm.  high,  hairy;  leaves  3-foliolate,  or  the  lowest'sometimes  5-foliolate,  green; 
leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  serrate,  3-10  cm.  long;  cyme  rather  dense, 
leafy;  calyx  hairy;  petals  pale  yellow,  obovate;  stamens  usually  20;  akenes 
glabrous,  rough.  In  meadows,  Marshall,  Spokane  County. 

Potentilla  biennis  Greene.  Similar  to  P.  rivalis  but  leaves  all  3-foliolate, 
usually  somewhat  glandular;  leaflets  broadly  cuneate-obovate;  inflorescence 
somewhat  elongate;  akenes  white,  smooth.  In  dry  ground,  common  in  the 
warmer  valleys. 

Potentilla  permollis  Rydb.  Very  similar  to  P.  nuttallii  but  densely  hirsute- 
pubescent  throughout  with  nearly  white  soft  hairs;  inflorescence  rather  dense; 
teeth  of  the  leaflets  rather  long,  lanceolate.  In  moist  meadows  at  Endicott, 
Elmer. 

Potentilla  blaschkeana  Turcz.  Perennial;  stems  tufted,  erect,  60-80  cm. 
high,  finely  tomentose;  leaflets  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  cut  half  way 
to  the  midribs  into  linear  acute  flat  lobes;  petals  broadly  obovate,  with  a  large 
shallow  notch,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Common  on  hillsides.  Some  of 
our  forms  have  been  considered  distinct  and  have  been  called  P.  glomerata 
A.  Nelson  and  P.  longiloba  Rydb. 

Potentilla  nuttallii  Lehm.  Perennial,  with  a  short  rootstock;  stem  60-80 
cm.  high,  branched  above,  sparingly  hirsute;  basal  leaves  digitate,  usually 
7-foliolate,  prominently  veined  and  sparingly  hirsute,  not  at  all  tomentose 
beneath,  green;  petioles  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs;  cauline  leaves  smaller 
and  short-petioled  ;  cymes  many-flowered;  bractlets  linear  to  lanceolate,  gener- 
ally shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate  sepals  which  are  5-7 
mm.  long;  petals  yellow,  obovate,  emarginate,  6-8  mm.  long.  Around  Lake 
Waha,  Nez  Perces  County,  Idaho. 

Potentilla  rectiformis  Rydb.  Perennial,  the  whole  plant  sparsely  hirsute; 
stems  tufted,  erect,  not  branched  below  the  inflorescence,  30-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  palmately  5-7-foliolate,  oblanceolate,  coarsely  and  evenly  toothed, 
green  on  both  sides,  5-8  cm.  long;  basal  petioles  long  and  slender,  cauline  ones 
short;  cymes  many-flowered,  loose;  calyx  about  1  cm.  broad,  the  lobes  longer 
than  the  tube;  bractlets  about  as  long  as  the  acuminate  calyx-lobes;  petals 
broadly  obovate,  notched,  equalling  the  calyx.  Low  ground,  rather  common. 

199.   IVESIA. 

Low  herbs  with  pinnate  leaves  with  numerous  small  palmately 
lobed  crowded  leaflets  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  cymes  ;  calyx  bell- 
shaped,  5-lobed,  with  5  alternate  bractlets;  stamens  5;  filaments 
slender,  subulate  or  filiform  ;  carpels  few  or  one  on  a  small  villous 
receptacle;  styles  filiform,  subterminal. 

Ivesia  gordoni  (Hook.)  T.  &  G.  Viscid  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous; 
stems  5-20  cm.  high,  from  a  stout  caudex;  leaflets  10-20  pairs,  approximate, 
each  divided  into  3-5  narrow  segments;  cauline  leaves  small,  pinnatifid;  cyme 
dense;  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals,  yellow.  On  high  ridges  in  the 
Blue  Mountains,  rare. 


Depressed  alpine  plants  somewhat  woody  with  alternate  tri- 
foliolate  leaves;  flowers  in  cymes  on  nearly  leafless  peduncles; 
calyx  persistent,  slightly  concave,  5-lobed,  with  5  bracts;  petals 


ROSACEAE.  141 

5,  yellow,  much  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  5,  on  the 
margin  of  the  villous  disk;  carpels  5-10,  on  short  pubescent 
stipes;  styles  lateral. 

Sibbaldia  procumbens  L.  Perennial,  sparsely  villous,  5-15  cm.  high; 
leaflets  3,  rather  thick,  cuneate,  3-5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex,  1-2  cm. 
long;  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves;  petals  yellow,  acute.  Highest 
peaks  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

201.  FRAGARIA.    STRAWBERRY. 

Acaulescent  perennial  herbs,  propagating  by  runners;  leaves 
alternate,  basal,  tufted,  3-foliolate,  with  obovate  serrate  leaflets; 
flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  white,  few,  in  corymbs  or  racemes, 
on  naked  scapes;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  with  5  alternate  bractlets; 
petals  5,  obovate,  short-clawed;  stamens  numerous,  in  1  row; 
style  lateral;  carpels  numerous;  receptacle  much  enlarged  and 
fleshy  in  fruit,  conical,  scarlet,  bearing  the  small  turgid  akenes 
on  the  surface. 

Scapes  shorter  than  the  leaves;  akenes  sunk  in  pits  in  the  fruit.  F.  platypetala. 
Scapes  longer  than  the  leaves;  akenes  not  sunk  in  pits.  F.  bracteata. 

Fragaria  platypetala  Rydb.  Rootstocks  stout;  scapes  10-15  cm.  high, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  petioles  silky- villous;  leaflets  somewhat 
glaucous,  elliptic  or  obovate,  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  toothed  above 
the  middle,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  appressed  silky-villous  below,  2-5  cm. 
long;  runners  long,  rather  stout,  12-16  mm.  broad;  petals  nearly  orbicular, 
longer  than  the  sepals;  fruit  hemispherical,  the  akenes  sunk  in  shallow  pits. 
In  meadows  and  open  woods. 

Fragaria  bracteata  Heller.  Rootstocks  stout;  scapes  10-^20  cm.  high, 
usually  exceeding  the  leaves;  whole  plant  sparsely  silky-villous;  leaflets 
broadly  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  dentate;  lateral  leaflets  oblique; 
flowers  1.5-2  cm.  broad;  petals  nearly  orbicular,  somewhat  longer  than  the 
spreading  sepals;  fruit  oblong,  the  akenes  on  the  surface.  In  open  woods, 
common. 

202.   COMARUM. 

Stout  dark  green  nearly  glabrous  perennial  herbs ;  leaves  alter- 
nate, pinnate,  with  large  stipules;  flowers  large,  cymose  or 
solitary,  terminal  or  also  axillary;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed  with  5 
narrow  bractlets;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes,  acute, 
purple;  stamens  numerous,  on  the  large  pubescent  disk;  pistils 
numerous  on  the  pubescent  receptacle  which  becomes  spongy  in 
fruit ;  styles  lateral ;  akenes  glabrous. 

Comarum  palustre  L.  Perennial;  stems  decumbent,  rooting  below,  30-90 
cm.  long;  leaves  pinnately  5-7-foliolate;  leaflets  elliptic  or  oblong,  serrate, 
obtuse,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  5-8  cm.  long;  cyme  few-flowered; 
flowers  dark-purple.  In  swampy  places,  especially  borders  of  lakes.  Marshall, 
Piper. 


142  LEGUMINOSAE. 

203.   ARGENTINA. 

Stoloniferous  creeping  herbs  with  pinnately  compound  leaves; 
flowers  axillary  solitary;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed  with  5  alternate 
bractlets;  petals  yellow;  stamens  20  or  more;  carpels  numerous 
on  a  small  villous  slightly  concave  receptacle;  style  filiform, 
lateral ;  akenes  glabrous. 

Argentina  anserina  sericea  (Hayne)  Piper  n.  comb.  (Potentilla  anserina 
sericea  Hayne.)  Villous  herb,  tufted  and  spreading  by  slender  runners; 
leaves  all  basal,  pinnate;  principal  leaflets  3-10  pairs,  white  silky  on  both  sides, 
oblong,  serrate;  peduncles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  bright 
yellow;  akenes  somewhat  corky  and  grooved  on  the  back.  In  moist  spots 
especially  where  alkaline. 

204.   DRYMOCALLIS. 

Very  similar  to  Potentilla'  leaves  pinnate;  flowers  yellow  or 
whitish;  stamens  in  groups  on  a  thick  fleshy  disk;  anthers  flat; 
styles  lateral,  nearly  basal;  seeds  ascending,  orthotropous. 

Flowers  cream-colored.  D.  convallaria. 
Flowers  bright  yellow. 

Petals  small,  slightly  if  at  all  exceeding  the  sepals.  D.  glandulosa. 

Petals  large,  much  exceeding  the  sepals.  D.  valida. 

Drymocallis  convallaria  Rydb.  (D.  corymbosa  Rydb.)  Perennial;  stems 
erect,  stout,  glandular- viscid  and  villous,  40-60  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  with 
7-11  leaflets,  these  broadly  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  and  somewhat 
doubly  dentate  or  incised,  glandular-pubescent  or  glabrate;  cauline  leaves 
with  fewer  leaflets;  cyme  usually  dense,  the  branches  erect;  flowers  10-20  mm. 
broad;  calyx  very  glandular- viscid ;  bractlets  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes; 
petals  broadly  obovate,  yellowish,  barely  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens 
about  25.  Common  on  hillsides. 

Drymocallis  glandulosa  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  40-50  cm. 
high,  sparsely  villous  and  glandular,  loosely  branched  above;  basal  leaves 
with  7-9  leaflets,  these  obovate  or  orbicular,  simply  or  doubly  dentate,  sparsely 
pubescent,  1-3  cm.  long;  cauline  leaves  usually  with  fewer  leaflets;  flowers  10- 
15  mm.  broad,  in  loose  open  cymes;  calyx  somewhat  glandular;  bractlets 
snorter  than  the  ovate  acute  or  acuminate  calyx-lobes;  petals  oval  or  obovate, 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Dry  open  woods. 

Drymocallis  valida  (Greene)  Piper.  Similar  in  habit  to  D.  convallaria; 
glandular-pubescent  throughout;  leaflets  7-11,  mostly  obovate  to  orbicular, 
incisely  serrate,  3-6  cm.  long;  cyme  rather  loose  and  flat-topped;  petals  elliptic 
to  suborbicular,  one  third  longer  than  the  sepals.  In  open  pine  woods,  rare 
in  our  limits. 

Family  36.    LEGUMINOSAE. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound, 
with  stipules ;  flowers  irregular  (papilionaceous)  (in  ours) ,  perfect 
or  sometimes  polygamous,  in  spikes,  heads,  racemes  or  panicles ; 
calyx  4-5-toothed  or  cleft;  lobes  equal  or  unequal,  sometimes 
2-lipped;  petals  more  or  less  united  or  separate,  perigynous  or 


LEGUMINOSAE.  143 

hypogynous,  usually  papilionaceous,  that  is,  with  the  upper  or 
odd  petal  (standard)  larger  than  the  others  and  usually  turned 
backward  or  spreading;  the  two  lateral  ones  (wings)  oblique  and 
exterior  to  the  two  lower;  the  last  pair  connivent  and  commonly 
more  or  less  coherent  by  their  anterior  edges,  forming  the  keel, 
which  usually  encloses  the  stamens  and  pistil;  stamens  10,  rarely 
5  or  many,  monadelphous,  diadelphous  or  occasionally  distinct; 
pistil  1,  1-celled  or  several-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  partitions, 
free;  ovules  1-many;  fruit  a  legume;  endosperm  mostly  none. 

Stamens  distinct.  205.  THERMOPSIS,  143. 

Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 

Anthers  of  two  forms,  round  and  oblong.  206.  LUPINUS,  144. 

Anthers  all  alike. 

Leaves  palmate  or  trifoliolate. 

Foliage  glandular-dotted.  207.  PSORALEA,  146. 

Foliage  not  glandular-dotted. 

Flowers  in  heads.  208.  TRIFOLIUM,  146. 

Flowers  in  racemes. 

Racemes    close,    spike-like;     pods 

curved  or  twisted.  209.  MEDICAGO,  148. 

Racemes  loose,  long;  pods  straight.    210.  MELILOTUS,  149. 
Leaves  pinnate. 

Foliage  dotted  with  conspicuous  glands.      211.  GLYCYRRHIZA,  149. 
Foliage     not    dotted    with    conspicuous 

glands. 
Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  usually  with 

tendrils. 
Style   filiform,  hairy  near  the  tip 

only.  212.  VICIA,  149. 

Style  flattened,  hairy  on  the  inner 

side.  213.  LATHYRUS,  150. 

Leaves  odd  pinnate;  with  no  tendrils. 
Flowers  in  umbels  or  solitary;  pods 

linear.  214.  HOSACKIA,  151. 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  rarely 
solitary,  then  the  pods  not  linear. 

215.  ASTRAGALUS,  151. 

205.  THERMOPSIS. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  palmately  3-foliolate,  with 
large  foliaceous  stipules;  flowers  large,  yellow,  in  terminal  or 
axillary  racemes;  calyx  campanulate,  the  lobes  equal  and  sepa- 
rate or  the  two  upper  united ;  standard  nearly  orbicular,  equalling 
the  oblong  wings  and  about  equalling  the  keel;  stamens  10,  dis- 
tinct; ovary  sessile  or  short-stipitate ;  ovules  numerous;  pod 
sessile  or  short-stipitate  in  the  calyx,  flat,  linear,  straight  or 
curved. 

Thermopsis  montana  Nutt.  Stout,  60-100  cm.  high,  the  glabrous  some- 
what glaucous  stems  slightly  branched  above;  leaflets*  oblong  or  oval,  mostly 


144 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


obtuse,  cuneate  at  base,  3-6  cm.  long,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath; 
stipules  ovate  or  lanceolate,  large;  petioles  longer  than  the  leaflets;  raceme 
terminal,  short-peduncled,  8-16  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  somewhat  whorled, 
stout-pedicelled;  calyx  pubescent,  with  short  broad  teeth;  corolla  nearly  2  cm. 
long;  pods  pubescent,  dark-colored,  linear,  slender-beaked,  5-10  cm.  long, 
erect,  8-12-seeded.  In  moist  places  in  pine  woods. 

Thermopsis    montana    ovata    Robinson.     Leaflets    broader,    ovate.     In 
moist  places  in  pine  woods;  more  common  than  the  species. 


206.   LUPINTTS.     LUPINE. 

Annuals  or  herbaceous  or  shrubby  perennials ;  leaves  alternate 
or  basal,  palmately  5-13-foliolate;  flowers  showy,  often  whorled, 
in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  often 
bifid,  the  lower  sometimes  3-toothed;  standard  orbicular  with 
reflexed  sides;  wings  obovate,  united  at  the  summit  and  enclosing 
the  falcate  keel ;  stamens  united  into  a  closed  tube ;  ovary  sessile ; 
pod  more  or  less  flattish,  leathery  and  hairy. 

Corolla  yellow. 

Flowers  large;  petals  about  16    mm.    long,    deep   yellow; 

leaflets  10-15  mm.  broad.  L.  sabinii. 

Flowers  smaller;  petals  about  10  mm.  long,  light  yellow; 

leaflets  less  than  10  mm.  broad.  L.  sulphureus. 

Corolla  violet. 

Calyx  saccate  or  spurred  at  the  base.  L.  laxiflorus. 

Calyx  symmetrical  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  glabrous  above. 

Stems  glabrous.  L.  burkei. 

Stems  villous.  L.  wyethii. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides. 

Flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  long  spike-like  racemes; 

pubescence  coarse  and  rather  loose.  L.  leucophyllus. 

Flowers  on  well  developed  pedicels. 

Pubescence  not  silky;  stems  loosely  retrorse- 

villous.  L.  retrorsus. 

Pubescence  silky. 

Stems  scape-like,  simple,  the  leaves  chiefly 

basal. 
Leaflets    3    cm.    long;    pedicels    loosely 

pubescent.  L.  piperi. 

Leaflets  4-5  cm.  long;  pedicels  appressed- 

pubescent.  L.  hellerae. 

Stems  leafy,  usually  branched  above. 

Pubescence  of  stem  loose  and  spreading.    L.  sericeus. 
Pubescence  of  stem  appressed. 

Bracts  not  exceeding  the  full  grown 

buds.  L.  ornatus. 

Bracts  exceeding  the  full  grown  buds.  L.  flexuosus. 

Lupinus  sabinii  Dougl.  Stems  tall,  erect,  sparsely  pubescent,  60-120  cm. 
high;  leaflets  8-11,  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  appressed-pubescent  on  both 
sides  with  white  hairs;  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  leaflets;  stipules  subulate, 
villous;  raceme  15-30  cm.  long;  pedicels  spreading,  puberulent,  1  cm.  long, 
scarcely  equalling  the  flowers;  bracts  setaceous,  equalling  the  calyx,  quickly 


LEGUMINOSAE.  145 

deciduous;  calyx  finely  tomentose;  upper  lip  short,  slightly  emarginate; 
standard  emarginate,  glabrous;  keel  ciliate.  Common  near  the  lower  timber 
line  at  the  head  of  the  Touchet  River  in  the  Blue  Mountains.  A  purple- 
flowered  form  occurs  rarely. 

Lupinus  sulphureus  Dougl.  Stems  erect,  sparsely  appressed-puberulent, 
60-100  cm.  high;  leaflets  9-15,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  usually  folded,  densely 
puberulent  on  both  sides  but  green;  petiole  much  longer  than  the  leaflets; 
stipules  subulate,  villous,  about  1  cm.  long;  raceme  erect,  rather  dense,  10-20 
cm.  long;  pedicels  spreading,  densely  puberulent,  shorter  than  the  flowers; 
calyx  very  silky,  ebracteolate,  somewhat  saccate  or  very  short-spurred  at 
base;  corolla  pale  yellow,  about  10  cm.  long;  standard  glabrous;  keel  sparsely 
ciliate;  pods  silky- villous.  In  the  Blue  and  Craig  Mountains. 

Lupinus  laxifloms  Dougl.  Rather  slender,  about  60  cm.  high;  pubescence 
finely-silky,  but  the  plant  green;  leaflets  6-11,  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
silky  on  both  sides,  3-4  cm.  long;  petioles  slender,  usually  twice  as  long  as  the 
leaflets,  or  none;  racemes  loose,  10-15  cm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  5-6  mm.  long; 
calyx  short,  spurred  at  base;  corolla  about  1  cm.  long;  standard  glabrous  or 
pubescent.  Open  pine  woods. 

Lupinus  burkei  Wats.  Green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect, 
60-100  cm.  high;  leaflets  6-11,  oblanceolate,  acute,  glabrous  above,  sparsely 
appressed-pubescent  beneath;  petioles  of  the  lower  leaves  very  long;  stipules 
lanceolate;  racemes  dense,  10-40  cm.  long,  the  pedicels  short,  2-4  mm.  long; 
bracts  lanceolate,  villous,  somewhat  persistent;  calyx  pubescent;  corolla 
blue-violet;  standard  glabrous;  pods  dark,  10-20  mm.  long,  4-6-seeded,  loosely 
villous.  In  moist  places,  especially  in  meadows. 

Lupinus  wyethii  Wats.  Villous,  not  silky,  erect,  30-50  cm.  high;  leaflets 
7-11,  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-4  cm.  long,  glabrous  above;  petioles 
2-4  times  as  long  as  the  leaflets;  racemes  strict,  15-30  cm.  long;  pedicels 
slender;  flowers  dark-blue,  10-15  mm.  long;  standard  glabrous.  A  very  showy 
species,  locally  abundant. 

Lupinus  leucophyllus  Dougl.  Densely  silky-villous  and  somewhat  tomen- 
tose, erect,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaflets  7-10,  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
pubescent  on  both  sides,  3-6  cm.  long;  petioles  about  as  long  or  longer;  flowers 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  elongated  short-peduncled  dense  racemes,  often  30-40 
cm.  long;  standard  somewhat  hairy  on  the  back.  Common  in  low  ground. 

Lupinus  retrorsus  Henderson.  Stems  erect,  60-90  cm.  high,  villous  with 
soft  spreading  or  retrorse  white  hairs;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  villous  but  green  above,  densely  white  villous  beneath,  4-7  cm. 
long;  petioles  villous;  raceme  densely  flowered,  6-20  cm.  long;  bracts  subulate, 
hairy,  quite  persistent,  longer  than  the  buds;  pedicels  1-4  mm.  long;  calyx 
villous;  corolla  8-12  mm.  long;  banner  hairy;  keel  ciliate;  pods  densely  villous. 
Lake  Coeur  d'Alene,  opposite  Harrison,  Idaho. 

Lupinus  piperi  Robinson.  Silky  and  canescent,  leafy  at  the  base;  root 
single,  perpendicular;  stems  1  to  6,  scapose,  rather  stout,  simple,  erect,  curved- 
ascending,  or  decumbent,  covered  with  a  loosely  appressed  pubescence ;  leaflets 
5-8,  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  about  3  cm.  long;  petioles  5  to  10  cm.  iong; 
peduncles  7-13  cm.  in  length,  equalling  the  showy  rather  loose  racemes; 
pedicels  3-4  mm.  long,  tomentose  with  widely  spreading  hairs;  corolla  deep 
blue;  the  standard  broad,  entirely  glabrous,  paler  toward  the  center;  keel 
ciliated;  pods  20-24  mm.  long,  4  or  5-seeded.  Common  in  gravelly  soil 
about  Spokane  and  Spangle. 

Lupinus  hellerae  Heller.  Silvery  canescent;  stems  several,  clustered, 
erect,  30-35  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  mostly  basal;  leaflets  7-9,  oblong- 


146  LEGUMINOSAE. 

lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  4-5  cm.  long,  acutish  and  mucronate;  petioles 
10-15  cm.  long;  stipules  linear- lanceolate ;  racemes  about  15  cm.  long,  rather 
loose  with  the  flowers  somewhat  in  whorls;  pedicels  with  appressed  pubescence; 
calyx  silky;  corolla  blue;  standard  glabrous;  keel  bearded.  Gravelly  or  sandy 
soil,  banks  of  the  Clearwater  River  near  Lewistoq,  Idaho. 

Lupinus . sericeus  Pursh.  Stems  stout,  villous,  40-70  cm.  tall;  leaves 
canescent  and  somewhat  villous,  not  silvery;  leaflets  6-8,  oblanceolate,  acute, 
3-5  cm.  long,  about  equalling  the  petioles;  bracts  not  exceeding  the  buds; 
flowers  10-12  mm.  long,  bluish-purple,  in  rather  loose  racemes;  standard 
pubescent.  In  the  canyons  of  Snake  River  and  its  tributaries. 

Lupinus  ornatus  Dougl.  Pubescence  silky  or  silky- villous,  the  whole  plant 
silvery-green,  30-40  cm.  high;  leaflets  6-8,  oblanceolate,  acute,  pubescent  on 
both  sides,  2-4  cm.  long;  petioles  as  long  or  longer;  racemes  rather  loose, 
short-peduncled ;  flowers  almost  10  mm.  long,  stout-pedicelled ;  standard  hairy. 
Abundant  on  the  high  prairies. 

Lupinus  flexuosus  Agardh.  (L.  ornatus  bracteatus  Robinson;  L.  subulatus 
Rydb.)  Very  similar  to  L,  ornatus,  but  usually  taller,  40-70  cm.  high;  stems 
usually  leafless  on  the  lower  part  and  radical  leaves  few  or  absent;  bracts 
subulate,  often  recurved,  conspicuously  exceeding  the  buds,  somewhat  per- 
sistent. In  gravelly  soil  near  Spokane,  Piper. 

207.   PSORALEA. 

Perennial  herbs,  usually  glandular-dotted;  leaves  mostly  3-5- 
foliolate,  with  stipules;  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx-lobes 
5,  the  lower  longest;  corolla  papilionaceous;  stamens  10,  dia- 
delphous  or  sometimes  monadelphous;  anthers  of  two  kinds; 
ovary  sessile  or  short-stalked,  1-ovuled;  pod  seldom  longer  than 
the  calyx,  thick,  often  wrinkled,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded. 

Leaflets  broadly  ovate.  P.  physodes. 

Leaflets  lanceolate.  P.  lanceolata. 

Psoralea  physodes  Dougl.  Erect  or  ascending,  bushy,  30-50  cm.  high, 
sparsely  hairy;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  3-4  cm.  long,  somewhat  glandular; 
peduncles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  in  dense  short  racemes; 
bracts  small;  calyx  black-hairy,  8-10  mm.  long,  in  age  becoming  larger  and 
inflated;  corolla  dirty-white,  the  keel  tipped  with  purple;  pod  membranaceous, 
pubescent,  suborbicular,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Near  Troy,  Idaho,  one  of 
two  stations  where  this  plant  occurs  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  west  of 
these  mountains  it  is  common. 

Psoralea  lanceolata  scabra  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Erect  or  ascending,  30-60  cm. 
high,  sparsely  puberulent,  dotted  throughout  with  coarse  black  glands; 
leaflets  3,  entire,  narrowly  or  broadly  oblanceolate,  acute,  obtuse  or  emarginate 
at  apex,  cuspidate,  1-3  cm.  long;  petioles  at  least  as  long  as  the  leaflets;  pe- 
duncles barely  exceeding  the  leaves;  racemes  short,  dense;  flowers  bluish- 
white,  5  mm.  long,  short-pedicelled ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube;  pod 
subglobose,  5-6  mm.  long,  glandular  and  white-hairy.  Sandy  banks  of  Snake 
River. 

208.   TRIFOLIUM.     CLOVER. 

Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs;  leaves  mostly  palmately,  sometimes 
pinnately,  3-foliolate;  stipules  united  with  the  petiole;  flowers  in 


LEGUMINOSAE.  147 

heads  or  in  umbel-like  heads;  calyx-teeth  5,  nearly  equal;  petals 
more  or  less  persistent,  the  claws  of  all  but  the  standard  united 
more  or  less  below  the  stamen-tube;  stamens  10,  diadelphous  or 
the  tenth  only  partly  separate;  pod  small  and  membranous, 
1-6-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx. 

Heads  not  subtended  by  an  involucre. 

Flowers  pedicelled,  in  rather  loose  heads. 

Stoloniferous;  flowers  white.  T.  repens. 

Not  Stoloniferous;  flowers  pink.  T.  hybridum. 

Flowers  sessile,  in  dense  heads. 

Annual;    calyx- teeth    plumose,    longer    than    the 

corolla.  T.  arvense. 

Perennial;  calyx-teeth  not  plumose,  shorter  than 

the  corolla. 
Calyx  and  leaves  glabrous;  heads  usually  oblong- 

cylindric.  T.  douglasii. 

Calyx    and    leaves    pubescent;    heads    ovoid- 
orbicular. 

Flowers  red;  stipules  aristate.  T.  pratense. 

Flowers  whitish;  stipules  acuminate.  T.  latifolium. 

Heads  subtended  by  an  involucre. 

Involucre     deeply    cleft,     the     lobes    f  ringe- toothed ; 

flowers  dark-purple. 
Perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks;   heads   10-20 

mm.  broad.  T.  spinulosum. 

Annual;  heads  5-10  mm.  broad.  T.  variegatum. 

Involucre  not  deeply  cleft,  its  lobes  serrate  or  entire; 

flowers  white  or  pink;  annual. 

Glabrous;  calyx-teeth  slender  and  branched.  T.  cyathiferum. 

Pubescent;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  scarious-margined.   T.  microcephalum. 

Trifolium  repens  L.  White  Clover.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  sparsely 
pubescent,  with  creeping  stems,  10-30  cm.  long,  which  root  at  the  nodes; 
leaflets  obovate,  obtuse  or  notched  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  denticulate,  1-2 
cm.  long;  petioles  elongated;  stipules  narrow,  acute;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves;  head  globose;  flowers  white,  6-10  mm.  long,  pedicelled,  at  length 
reflexed;  calyx-teeth  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  tube.  Everywhere  in- 
troduced. 

Trifolium  hybridum  L.  Alsike  Clover.  Perennial,  erect  or  decumbent, 
not  creeping,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  stem  30-60  cm.  long;  leaflets  obovate, 
obtuse  or  notched,  cuneate  at  base,  sharply  serrulate,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  petioles 
about  as  long  as  the  leaflets;  stipules  membranous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate; peduncles  elongated;  heads  globose;  flowers  pink  or  pinkish,  6-8  mm. 
long,  on  slender  pedicels,  at  length  reflexed;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Sparingly  introduced. 

Trifolium  arvense  L.  \  Rabbit's  Ear  Clover.  Annual,  erect,  somewhat 
silky-pubescent  throughout,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaflets  linear  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse  or  notched,  denticulate  near  the  apex,  1-2  cm.  long;  petioles  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaflets;  stipules  narrow,  with  long  subulate  tips;  peduncles 
2-4  cm.  long;  head  oblong,  dense,  10-25  mm.  long,  without  an  involucre; 
calyx  plumose,  the  subulate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube  and  the  pink  or  whitish 
corolla.  Sparingly  introduced. 

Trifolium  douglasii  House.  (T.  allissimum  Dougl.)  Perennial  from  a 
thick  root,  erect,  stout,  glabrous;  leaflets  linear  or  oblong,  narrowed  at  both 


148  LEGUMINOSAE. 

ends,  acute  or  obtuse,  cuspidate,  2-4  cm.  long,  strongly  veined,  the  veinlets 
usually  protruding  as  slender  teeth;  stipules  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaflets, 
acute,  entire,  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  5-10  cm.  long;  heads  globose  or  oblong- 
cylindric,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  red,  sessile,  at  length  reflexed,  12-15  mm.  long; 
calyx-tube  strongly  nerved,  the  subulate  teeth  twice  as  long,  the  lowest 
straight,  the  others  twisted.  Low  meadows,  common. 

Trifolium  pratense  L.  Red  Clover.  Perennial,  erect  or  decumbent,  rarely 
branched,  20-40  cm.  high,  somewhat  pubescent  throughout;  leaflets  elliptic 
or  obovate,  obtuse  or  rarely  emarginate,  denticulate,  1-4  cm.  long,  frequently 
dark-spotted  near  the  middle;  petioles  short;  heads  globose  or  ovoid,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  2  cm.  long;  flowers  red,  10-12  mm.  long;  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
shorter  than  the  corolla.  Introduced  and  common. 

Trifolium  latifolium  (Hook.)  Greene.  Sparsely  puberulent,  especially 
above;  perennial  from  a  stout  root  but  with  long  slender  root-like  under- 
ground branches;  stems  slender,  10-15  cm.  high;  stipules  broadly  ovate, 
acuminate,  obscurely  toothed  or  lobed;  petioles  slender;  leaflets  mostly  ovate, 
denticulate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  5-20  mm.  long;  peduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves;  heads  globose,  1.5-2  cm.  broad,  loosely  15-30-flowered;  pedicels  as 
long  as  the  calyx-tube;  calyx  teeth  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube;  flowers 
whitish,  10-12  mm.  long,  all  reflexed  in  age.  In  open  woods,  simulating 
closely  in  appearance  common  white  clover. 

Trifolium  spinulosum  Dougl.  (T.  fimbriatum  Lindl.  ?.)  Perennial  by 
creeping  rootstocks,  glabrous  throughout;  branches  prostrate  or  ascending, 
20-40  cm.  long;  leaflets  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  spinulose-denticulate, 
the  lower  obtuse  or  even  retuse,  the  upper  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  1-3 
cm.  long;  stipules  triangular,  acuminate,  with  a  few  teeth;  heads  subglobose, 
1-2  cm.  broad;  involucre  short,  laciniately  parted;  calyx  lobes  unequal, 
subulate,  somewhat  spiny,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals  purple  with 
paler  or  white  tips.  In  wet  meadows. 

Trifolium  variegatum  Nutt.  Annual,  glabrous  throughout;  stems  decum- 
bent, 10-30  cm.  long,  branching,  leafy;  leaflets  obovate  to  obcordate,  minutely 
and  sharply  serrulate,  veiny,  6-12  mm.  long;  stipules  broad,  f ringed-toothed; 
peduncles  very  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves;  heads  small,  4-1 2-flowered ; 
involucre  shorter  than  the  flowers,  campanulate,  fringe-toothed ;  calyx  glabrous, 
its  teeth  subequal,  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  purple  with  white 
tips,  pods  2-seeded.  In  moist  ground,  common. 

Trifolium  cyathiferum  Lindl.  Annual,  glabrous;  stems  weak,  ascending, 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  serrulate,  acute,  obtuse  or 
truncate,  cuneate  at  base,  1-2  cm.  long;  petioles  slender;  stipules  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  laciniate;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  heads  commonly  1.5 
cm.  broad;  involucre  large  and  conspicuous,  whitish  with  green  margin, 
many- nerved,  with  short  sharply-toothed  lobes;  flowers  whitish;  calyx  mem- 
branous, prominently  5-nerved,  the  nerves  prolonged  and  branched,  equalling 
the  corolla;  pod  2-seeded.  Springy  gravelly  places,  rare. 

Trifolium  microcephalum  Pursh.  Annual,  erect  or  spreading,  soft  villous; 
stems  5-30  cm.  long;  leaflets  obovate,  usually  retuse,  serrulate,  8-12  mm. 
long;  petioles  slender;  stipules  entire,  acuminate;  heads  small,  many-flowered; 
involucre  membranaceous,  about  9-lobed,  the  lobes  3-nerved,  entire;  calyx 
hairy,  the  teeth  subulate;  corollas  pale  pink;  pods  glabrous,  1-seeded.  In 
gravelly  or  sandy  soil. 

209.   MEDICAGO. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  small  trifoliolate  leaves;  leaf- 
lets toothed;  flowers  small,  yellow  or  violet,  in  axillary  spikes; 
pods  1-several-seeded,  curved  or  coiled. 


LEGUMINOSAE.  149 

Medicago  lupulina  L.  Black  Medic.  Yellow  Trefoil.  Low  pubescent 
decumbent  branched  annual;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  "toothed  at  the  apex; 
flowers  yellow,  in  short  spikes;  pods  curved,  black,  slightly  hirsute,  1 -seeded. 
Becoming  a  weed  in  the  Palouse  hills. 

Medicago  sativa  L.  Alfalfa.  Erect  smooth  much  branched  perennial; 
leaflets  obovate-oblong,  toothed,  especially  near  the  apex;  flowers  violet  or 
blue,  in  spike-like  racemes;  pods  coiled.  Roadsides;  escaped  from  cultivation. 

210.   MELILOTUS. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs;  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate;  leaflets 
denticulate;  flowers  in  racemes;  calyx  campanulate,  with  short 
equal  teeth;  corolla  deciduous,  free  from  the  stamen-tube; 
stamens  diadelphous;  anthers  all  alike;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate, 
few-ovuled;  pod  coriaceous,  1-2 -seeded. 

Melilotus  alba  Desr.  Sweet  Clover.  Biennial,  stout,  ere*ct,  branching, 
1-2  m.  high,  finely  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  slender-petioled ; 
leaflets  oblong  or  obovate,  denticulate,  mostly  truncate  at  apex,  1-2  cm.  long; 
stipules  subulate;  racemes  slender,  10-20  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  sweet- 
scented,  4-5  mm.  long,  reflexed  on  short  pedicels;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  as 
long  as  the  tube;  pod  ovoid,  2-3  mm.  long.  Sparingly  introduced. 

211.  GLYCYRRHIZA. 

Perennial  glandular-dotted  herbs  with  long  thick  sweet  roots; 
leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  minute  deciduous  stipules;  flowers  in 
axillary  spikes;  calyx  with  the  two  upper  lobes  shorter  or  partly 
united;  stamens  usually  diadelphous;  anther-sacs  confluent  at 
the  apex,  the  alternate  ones  smaller ;  pod  prickly,  ovate  or  oblong- 
linear,  compressed,  often  curved,  few  seeded. 

Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  Nutt.  Wild  Licorice.  Erect,  stout,  50-100  cm. 
high,  glandular-puberulent  throughout;  leaves  10-20  cm.  long;  leaflets  6-8 
pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronate,  3-5  cm.  long,  glandular- 
dotted;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  spikes  dense,  3-6  cm.  long;  flowers 
greenish-yellow,  about  1  cm.  long;  calyx  campanulate,  6^-8  mm.  long,  the  acute 
teeth  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  pods  1.5  cm.  long,  thickly  armed  with  long 
hooked  prickles.  In  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

212.  VICIA.    VETCH. 

Climbing  or  trailing  herbaceous  vines;  leaves  pinnate,  tendril- 
bearing,  with  half-sagittate  or  entire  stipules;  flowers  solitary  or 
in  loose  peduncled  axillary  racemes;  calyx  5-cleft  or  toothed,  un- 
equal, the  two  upper  teeth  often  shorter  or  the  lowest  longer; 
wings  adherent  to  the  short  keel;  stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly 
so;  style  filiform,  hairy  near  the  tip  only;  ovary  2-many-ovuled ; 
pod  flat,  2-valved,  2-several-seeded. 

Vicia  americana  Muhl.  Perennial,  stout  or  slender,  30-100  cm.  high, 
nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  4-8  pairs,  usually  elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  truncate, 
mucronulate,  entire  or  toothed  above,  glabrous  above,  minutely  puberulent 


150          v  LEGUMINOSAE. 

beneath,  about  2  cm.  long;  tendrils  well  developed;  stipules  deeply  toothed; 
peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves,  4-8-flowered;  flowers  purple- violet. 
15-20  mm.  long,  short-pedicelled ;  calyx-tube  campanulate  with  short  broad 
unequal  teeth,  somewhat  pubescent;  pods  glabrous,  2-4  cm.  long,  6-8  mm. 
broad.  Common  in  copses. 

Vicia  americana  linearis  (Nutt.)  Wats.  Leaflets  linear,  acute.  In  dry 
ground,  infrequent. 

213.  LATHYRUS. 

Mostly  smooth  perennial  herbaceous  vines  or  erectherbs;  leaves 
pinnate,  mostly  with  tendrils  or  tendrils  much  reduced  or  want- 
ing; flowers  in  racemes  or  sometimes  solitary;  peduncles  usually 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  and  several-flowered;  calyx- 
teeth  nearly  equal  or  the  upper  ones  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
lower;  corojla  rather  larger  than  in  Vicia;  stamens  diadelphous 
or  monadelphous  below;  style  dorsally  flattened  near  the  top, 
hairy  on  the  inner  side;  ovules  generally  numerous;  pod  flat  or 
terete,  2-valved. 

Plants  climbing  by  simple  or  3-forked  tendrils.  L.  pauciflorus. 
Plants  erect;  tendrils  wanting  or  much  reduced. 

Corolla  white;  leaflets  oblong  or  ovate.  L,  obovatus. 

Corolla  purple;  leaflets  linear  to  obovate.  L.  bijugalus. 

Lathyrus  pauciflorus  Fernald.  Glabrous  throughout,  60-90  cm.  high; 
stems  angled;  leaflets  3-6  pairs,  oblong-elliptic,  thickish,  prominently  veined, 
paler  beneath,  acute  and  cuspidate,  rounded  at  base,  2-4  cm.  long;  stipules 
about  half  as  long  as  the  adjacent  leaflets;  tendrils  simple  or  branched;  pe- 
duncles exceeding  the  leaves,  3-5-flowered;  flowers  violet,  about  2  cm.  long; 
calyx-teeth  slightly  pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  pods  smooth,  4-6 
cm.  long.  Warm  slopes,  infrequent. 

Lathyrus  pauciflorus  tenuior  Piper.  Leaflets  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
3-6  cm.  long,  otherwise  as  in  the  species.  Less  common  than  the  species. 

Lathyrus  obovatus  (Torr.)  White.  Erect  or  decumbent,  12-25  cm.  high; 
leaflets  1-2  pairs,  elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse,  cuspidate,  thinly  pubescent  and 
paler  beneath,  2-4  cm.  long;  stipules  narrow,  acuminate;  tendrils  none; 
peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  2-4-flowered;  flowers  stout- pedicelled,  white 
or  ochroleucous,  nearly  2  cm.  long;  calyx- teeth  triangular-acute,  shorter  than 
the  tube.  Waitsburg,  Homer,  and  near  Troy,  Idaho. 

Lathyrus  obovatus  stipulaceus  White.  Stipule  broadly  ovate,  obtuse, 
one-third  to  one-half  as  large  as  the  leaflets;  flowers  more  numerous.  Near 
Spokane. 

Lathyrus  bijugatus  White.  Erect,  10-15  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  sparsely 
pubescent;  stems  not  winged;  leaflets  1-2  pairs,  oblong  or  elliptic,  acute, 
cuspidate,  about  2  cm.  long;  stipules  sagittate,  narrow,  5-10  mm.  long;  tendrils 
none,  but  the  rachis  prolonged  into  a  slender  tip;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  1-4-flowered;  calyx-teeth  triangular,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  purple,  8-10  mm.  long.  On  stony  hillsides. 

Lathyrus  bijugatus  sandbergii  White.  Leaflets  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
4-6  cm.  long.  With  the  species  on  stony  hillsides. 


LEGUMINOSAE.  151 

214.  HOSACKIA. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  pinnate,  1-many-foliolate ;  stipules 
minute  and  gland  or  spine-like;  flowers  yellow  or  reddish, 
solitary  or  in  umbels ;  calyx-teeth  nearly  equal ;  petals  free  from 
the  diadelphous  stamens ;  standard  ovate  or  roundish ;  pod  linear, 
compressed  or  somewhat  terete,  sessile,  several-seeded. 

Annuals;  flowers  solitary.  H.  americana. 

Perennials;  flowers  in  umbels. 

Foliage  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pods  linear,  glabrous,  many- 
seeded.  H.  bicolor. 

Foliage  pubescent;  pods  curved,  pubescent,  1  or  2-seeded.     H.  decumbens. 

Hosackia  americana  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Annual,  erect,  usually  branched,  30- 
60  cm.  high;  leaves  3-foliolate,  or  the  upper  1-foliolate,  nearly  sessile;  leaflets 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  silky-pubescent,  acuminate,  stalked,  6-20  mm.  long; 
stipules  gland-like,  dark;  peduncles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves; 
flowers  pink,  4-6  mm.  long;  calyx  villous,  the  slender  lobes  twice  as  long  as  the 
tube,  nearly  equaling  the  corolla;  pod  linear,  narrow,  often  reflexed,  glabrous 
and  shining,  2-3  cm.  long.  Sandy  soil,  common. 

Hosackia  americana  pilosa  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Similar  to  the  species  but  the 
pubescence  hirsute  and  spreading.  Gravelly  stream  banks,  rare. 

Hosackia  bicolor  Dougl.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout, 
erect  or  decumbent,  30-50  cm.  high,  stout ;  leaflets  5-9,  obovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
cuneate  at  base,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  stipules  broad,  scarious;  peduncles  exceeding 
the  leaves;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  spreading,  3-7  in  an  umbel;  calyx  about  6  mm. 
long,  the  teeth  shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube;  corolla  yellow,  the  wings 
white,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  pod  linear,  narrow,  glabrous,  4-6  cm.  long.  Wet 
places,  rare. 

Hosackia  decumbens  Benth.  Perennial,  many-stemmed  from  a  thick 
woody  root,  villous  and  more  or  less  tomentose;  stems  decumbent,  branched, 
30-60  cm.  long;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong  to  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  mostly  acute, 
6-10  mm.  long;  stipules  minute,  spine-like,  deciduous;  peduncles  scarcely 
longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  yellow,  in  5-10-flowered  umbels,  each  umbel 
with  a  1-3-foliolate  bract;  calyx  silky,  the  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube;  pods 
falcate,  pubescent,  mostly  2-seeded.  Common  on  the  gravelly  plains  about 
Spokane. 

215.  ASTRAGALUS. 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  stipules; 
flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth; 
corolla  and  its  slender-clawed  petals  usually  narrow,  spreading, 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt-keeled;  stamens 
diadelphous;  anthers  all  alike;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate;  ovules 
numerous;  pod  sometimes  inflated,  1-celled  or  2-celled  by  a  false 
partition;  seeds  few  or  many. 

Pods  membranaceous,  thin,  much  inflated. 

Herbage  slightly  pubescent;  pods  2-celled.  A.  lentiginosus. 

Herbage  silky  or  villous;  pods  1-celled.  A.  hookerianus. 

Pod  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  not  inflated. 

Herbage  white-woolly  or  hairy. 


152 


LEGUMINOSAE. 


Pods  2-celled,  small,  ovate,  short- villous.  A.  spaldingii. 

Pods  1-celled,  large,  curved,  soft-woolly. 

Flowers  ochroleucous ;  leaflets  13-17.  A.  purshii. 

Flowers  violet;  leaflets  21-25.  A.  inflexus. 

Herbage  and  pods  either  glabrous  or  short-canescent. 
Pods  stipitate,  the  stipe  equalling  or  exceeding  the 

calyx. 

Pods  with  both  sutures  prominent.  A.  collinus. 

Pods  with  the  dorsal  suture  impressed  or  intruded. 
Leaflets  broadly  oval,  glabrous;  pods  oblong, 

thick.  A.  beckwilhii. 

Leaflets  oblong  to  linear,   pubescent  at  least 

beneath;  pods  linear. 

Pods  slender,  curved,  the  stipe  much  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx;  leaflets  puberulent  on 
both  sides.  A.  arthiiri, 

Pods  stout,  straight,  the  stipe  not  exceeding 

the  calyx;  leaflets  glabrous  above.  A.  arrectus. 

Pods  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Pods  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  sutures. 

Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish;  pods  oblong.          A.  mortoni. 
Flowers  purple  or  purplish. 

Pods  oblong;  flowers  spicate.  A.  adsurgens. 

Pods  ovate ;  flowers  capitate.  A .  hypoglottis. 

Pods  1-celled. 

Flowers  in  racemes ;  leaflets  not  rigid  nor  prickly- 
pointed.  A.  reventus. 
Flowers  subsessile  in  the  leaf  axils;  leaflets  rigid, 

prickly-pointed.  A.  viridis. 

Astragalus  lentiginosus  Dougl.  Slightly  appressed  puberulent  but  green; 
stems  spreading,  10-30  cm.  long;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate;  leaflets  11-21, 
obovate  to  oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  purple;  pods  ovate, 
curved,  acuminate,  not  stipitate,  perfectly  2-celled,  puberulent.  In  moist 
somewhat  alkaline  situations.  Rare  in  our  limits. 

Astragalus  hpokerianus  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.  Herbage  pale,  silky  or  villous, 
with  a  fine  whitish  pubescence;  stems  ascending,  10-30-  cm.  long,  usually 
much  branched  at  base;  leaflets  7-9  pairs,  oblong,  petiolulate,  4-6  mm.  long; 
stipules  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  sheathing;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  the  racemes  few-flowered;  bracts  setaceous,  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels; 
calyx  pubescent  with  black  and  white  hairs,  the  teeth  subulate,  shorter  than 
the  tube;  corolla  whitish,  the  tip  of  the  keel  purple  tinged;  pods  shortly  stipi- 
tate, much  inflated,  thin,  ovoid,  1-3  cm.  long,  pale,  mottled  with  purple 
splotches.  High  rocky  ridges  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  first  collected  by 
Douglas. 

Astragalus  spaldingii  Gray.  Densely  white-villous  throughout;  stem  erect 
or  decumbent,  30-50  cm.  high;  leaves  6-10  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  leaflets 
10-15  pairs,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  about  1  cm.  long;  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  in  dense  spikes,  2-6  cm.  long;  calyx  densely 
villous,  the  linear  lobes  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube;  corolla  white,  the 
keel  purple-blotched,  7-8  mm.  long;  pod  villous,  ovoid,  beaked,  1-  or  2-seeded, 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  dorsal  suture  slightly  impressed.  Not  rare,  on 
hillsides. 

Astragalus  purshii  Dougl.  Herbage  densely  white-villous;  stems  ascending 
or  spreading,  10-20  cm.  long;  leaflets  6-8  pairs,  oblong,  sessile,  about  1  cm. 
long;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate;  peduncles  snorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers 


LEGUMINOSAE.  153 

in  short  racemes;  bracts  narrow,  exceeding  the  pedicels;  calyx-lobes  subulate, 
subequal,  half  the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla  3-3.5  cm.  long,  pale  yellowish, 
the  tip  of  the  keel  purple;  pods  ovoid,  densely  villous,  stout  beaked,  curved, 
about  2  cm.  long.  Gravelly  soil  about  Spokane. 

Astragalus  inflexus  Dougl.  Densely  white-villous  and  tomentose  through- 
out; stems  prostrate  or  decumbent,  10-30  cm.  long;  leaves  short-petioled ; 
leaflets  21-25,  ovate,  acuminate,  short-stalked,  about  1  cm.  long;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  racemes  rather  densely  few-flowered,  the  flowers 
short-pedicelled;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  much  shorter  than  the  cylindric 
tube;  corolla  violet,  rarely  yellowish,  about  20  mm.  long;  pod  villous,  stout- 
beaked,  curved,  2-2.5  cm.  long.  Sandy  bars  of  Snake  River. 

Astragalus  collinus  Dougl.  Erect,  30-50  cm.  high,  greenish,  but  with  an 
appressed  pubescence  throughout;  leaves  5-10  cm.  long;  leaflets  5-10  pairs, 
oblong-truncate  or  retuse,  cuneate  at  base,  short-stalked,  about  1  cm.  long, 
smoother  above;  peduncles  mostly  terminal,  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers 
yellow,  reflexed,  in  racemes,  5-12  cm.  long;  calyx-tube  oblong,  campanulate, 
gibbous  at  base,  1  cm.  long,  the  teeth  short,  triangular,  acute;  corolla  12-15 
mm.  long;  pods  linear,  acuminate,  puberulent,  2-3  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  the 
stipitate  base  as  long  as  the  calyx.  On  warm  hillsides. 

Astragalus  beckwithii  T.  &  G.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  ascending  or 
spreading,  20-40  cm.  long;  leaflets  7-11  pairs,  oval  to  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse 
or  retuse,  5-10  mm.  long,  pale,  thickish;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
flowers  5-8,  in  a  short  raceme,  yellowish,  10-15  mm.  long;  calyx  glabrous  or 
with  a  few  black  hairs,  the  subulate  teeth  about  equalling  the  campanulate 
tube;  pods  straight,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  glabrous,  turgid,  coriaceous,  the  dorsal 
suture  slightly  intruded,  the  ventral  prominent.  Bluffs  of  Snake  River, 
near  Lewiston,  Idaho,  Henderson,  and  along  the  Tukanon,  Brandegee. 

Astragalus  arthuri  Jones.  Erect  or  nearly  so,  40-60  cm.  high,  pale  green, 
with  a  fine  appressed  pubescence,  leafy  only  tov/ard  the  base;  leaves  oblong, 
6-10  cm.  long;  leaflets  10-13  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  5-12  mm.  long,  glabrous 
above,  short-petioled;  peduncles  10-20  cm.  long,  each  bearing  about  ten 
reflexed  or  spreading  pods;  pods  slender,  falcate,  stipitate,  5-5.5  cm.  long  when 
mature,  2  mm.  broad,  acuminate,  puberulent,  triangular  in  cross  section, 
the  dorsal  suture  deeply  intruded;  flowers  not  seen.  Craig  Mountains  near 
Lake  Waha,  Idaho,  and  Blue  Mountains  near  the  mouth  of  the  Grande  Ronde 
River. 

Astragalus  arrectus  Gray  (A.  palousensis  Piper).  Erect,  30-60  cm.' high, 
sparsely  appressed-pubescent  throughout;  leaves  erect  of  ascending,  10-20 
cm.  long;  leaflets  about  15  pairs,  oblong,  somewhat  truncate,  cuneate  at  base, 
puberulent  on  both  sides,  1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  stout,  much  longer  than  the 
leaves;  flowers  whitish,  in  rather  dense  erect  racemes;  calyx  5  mm.  long,  black- 
pubescent,  the  tube  campanulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  short  acute  teeth; 
corolla  10-12  mm.  long;  pods  linear,  short-beaked,  12-16  mm.  long,  5  mm.  wide, 
thinly  puberulent,  slightly  roughened,  the  dorsal  suture  pressed  inwards,  the 
stipitate  base  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Grassy  hillsides,  not  rare. 

Astragalus  mortoni  Nutt.  Erect,  30-80  cm.  high,  minutely  appressed- 
pubescent,  but  green;  leaves  10-15  cm.  long;  leaflets  7-10  pairs,  ovate,  oblong 
or  obovate,  truncate  or  notched  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  base, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  peduncles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves,  stout;  spikes 
dense,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  reflexed,  but  the  fruit  erect;  calyx  campanulate, 
gibbous,  7-8  mm.  long,  the  triangular  acuminate  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube; 
corolla  greenish,  12-15  mm.  long;  pods  sessile,  densely  crowded,  linear,  10-15 
mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  with  a  slender  hooked  beak.  Open  woods  and 
meadows. 


154  GERANIACEAE. 

Astragalus  adsurgens  Pall.  Herbage  puberulent  with  fine  white  appressed 
hairs  or  becoming  glabrous;  stems  ascending,  20-50  cm.  high;  leaflets  7-12 
pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers 
purplish,  nearly  sessile,  in  dense  oblong  spikes;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than 
the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  pods  erect,  oblong, 
straight,  8-10  mm.  long,  finely  pubescent,  triangular-compressed,  with  a  deep 
dorsal  furrow.  Silver  Lake,  Spokane  County.  "This  is  originally  from  Siberia 
but  our  plant  is  the  same  species. 

Astragalus  hypoglottis  L.  Herbage  somewhat  hairy;  stems  slender,  pro- 
cumbent or  ascending,  8-15  cm.  long;  leaflets  7-10  pairs,  oblong  to  obovate, 
obtuse  to  retuse;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  violet,  in  a  short 
dense  head;  bracts  longer  than  the  hairy  calyx;  calyx-teeth  subulate  as  long 
as  the  tube;  pods  ovate,  straight,  triangular-compressed,  silky- villous.  In 
damp  meadows;  our  plant  varies  from  the  European  type  and  is  also  known 
as  Astragalus  agreslis  Dougl. 

Astragalus  reventus  Gray.  Erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  with  harsh  appressed 
puberulence;  leaves  erect  or  ascending;  leaflets  10-15  pairs,  linear,  usually 
obtuse  or  truncate,  cuneate  at  base,  subsessile;  peduncles  stout,  much  longer 
than  the  leaves;  flowers  whitish,  in  rather  dense  erect  racemes;  calyx  5  mm. 
long,  black-pubescent,  the  tube  campanulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  acute  teeth; 
corolla  10  mm.  long;  pods  transversely  roughened,  wrinkled,  turgid,  the  dorsal 
suture  not  impressed,  from  narrowly  ovoid  to  globose,  stout-beaked,  1.5-2 
cm.  long.  Bluffs  of  Snake  River. 

Astragalus  viridis  (Nutt.)  Sheldon.  Herbage  silky-canescent ;  stems  much 
branched,  spreading,  forming  circular  mats;  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  linear-subu- 
late, rigid,  spine-tipped,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  yellowish  or  purplish,  solitary 
or  two  or  three  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils;  calyx  hairy,  the  teeth  subequal; 
pods  ovate,  compressed,  pubescent,  usually  containing  one  seed.  High  ridges 
of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Family  47.     GERANIACEAE.    GERANIUM  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  basal,  alternate  or  opposite, 
often  with  stipules;  flowers  solitary  or  clustered,  perfect,  regular, 
commonly  symmetrical,  the  parts  in  fives;  sepals  persistent; 
stamens  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  mostly  in  two  sets, 
those  alternate  with  the  petals  sometimes  sterile;  ovary  1,  deeply 
3-5-lobed  and  3-5-celled ;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity ;  fruit  a  capsule ; 
carpels  1-seeded,  separating  when  mature  from  the  axis. 

Leaves  palmate,  variously  cleft  or  divided.  GERANIUM,  154. 

Leaves  pinnately  compound  (in  ours).  ERODIUM,  155. 

216.   GERANIUM.    WILD  GERANIUM. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  palmately-lobed,  cleft  or 
divided,  with  stipules;  flowers  regular,  on  axillary  1-2-flowered 
peduncles;  sepals  5;  petals  5,  hypogynous;  stamens  10,  rarely  5, 
generally  5  longer  and  5  shorter;  ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled,  beaked 
with  a  compound  style;  capsule  5-celled,  each  1-seeded,  and  long- 
tailed,  at  maturity  separating  from  the  long  beak  of  the  recep- 
tacle, splitting  from  below  upward. 


LINACEAE.  155 

Perennials;  flowers  large.  G.  viscosissimum. 
Annuals;  flowers  small. 

Peduncle  short;  inflorescence  compact.  G.  carolinianum. 
Peduncles  long;  inflorescence  loose. 

Seeds  reticulately  ridged;  fruits  2  cm.  long.  G.  bicknettii. 

Seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so;  fruits  1  cm.  long.  G.  pusillum. 

Geranium  viscosissimum  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Stout,  perennial,  30-60  cm. 
high,  villous  and  glandular  throughout,  somewhat  branched  above;  leaves 
orbicular,  5-10  cm.  broad,  5-7-cleft  or  parted;  lobes  cuneate,  oblong,  incisely- 
lobed  or  toothed;  petioles  of  the  radical  leaves  elongate,  of  the  cauline  short ; 
flowers  purple-red,  2-3  cm.  broad;  carpels  glandular,  2-3  cm.  long.  Common 
on  hillsides. 

Geranium  carolinianum  L.  Annual,  erect,  branched,  15-30  cm.  high, 
pubescent  throughout  and  somewhat  glandular;  leaves  orbicular,  3-6  cm. 
broad,  deeply  5-9-cleft;  lobes  cuneate-oblong,  acutely  and  incisely  toothed  or 
lobed;  petioles  slender;  peduncles  short,  2-flowered,  the  inflorescence  rather 
compact;  flowers  pink,  8-10  mm.  broad;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  short-awned, 
ciliate;  carpels  hispid,  the  beaks  2  cm.  long;  tipped  with  a  short  slender  style; 
seeds  reticulated.  Sandy  soil  in  copses. 

Geranium  bickneu-i  Britt.  Similar  to  G.  carolinianum;  peduncles 
scattered,  elongate;  flowers  in  pairs  the  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx; 
petals  rose-colored;  beak  of  the  fruit  tipped  with  a  long  slender  style  4-6  mm. 
long.  In  open  woods. 

Geranium  pusillum  Burm.  f.  Annual  spreading  finely-pubescent,  the  weak 
stems  15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  1-3  cm.  broad,  7-9-cleft  into  equal  cuneate- 
oblong  lobes,  these  3-toothed  at  apex;  peduncles  scattered,  2-flowered;  flowers 
pink  or  violet,  4-5  mm.  broad;  sepals  acute,  not  awned;  petals  notched; 
anther-bearing  stamens  only  5;  carpels  canescent,  small,  including  the  tails 
about  1  cm.  long;  seeds  smooth.  A  weed  in  lawns  and  waste  places. 

217.  ERODIUM. 

Herbs,  generally  with  jointed  nodes;  leaves  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, with  stipules ;  flowers  regular,  in  axillary  umbels ;  sepals  5 ; 
petals  5,  hypogynous;  anthers  5,  the  5  shorter  stamens  sterile 
or  wanting;  ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled,  beaked  by  the  united  styles; 
tails  of  the  carpels  bearded  on  the  inner  side,  becoming  twisted. 

Erodium  cicutarium  (L.)  L'Her.  Alfilaria.  Filaree.  Branched  and 
spreading  from  the  base,  hairy-pubescent,  the  weak  stems  10-60  cm.  long; 
leaves  pinnate,  3-15  cm.  long,  the  leaflets  pinnatifid  into  narrow  acute  lobes; 
peduncles  generally  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  2-10  pink  flowers;  sepals 
acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  entire  petals,  these  4  mm.  long;  carpels  puberulent, 
the  tails  5-7  cm.  long,  spirally-twisted  when  ripe.  Introduced  and  becoming 
common. 

Family  48.    LINACEAE.     FLAX  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs;  leaves  all  simple  and  entire,  mostly 
alternate;  stipules  none;  flowers  perfect,  regular,  symmetrical, 
in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes,  or  panicles;  sepals  5  or  4;  petals 
as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the  sepals;  stamens  of  the  same 


156  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

number  and  alternate  with  the  petals ;  pistil  1 ;  styles  2-5 ; 
ovary  2-5-celled;  fruit  usually  a  capsule,  often  4-10-celled  by 
false  partitions;  endosperm  fleshy  or  none. 

218.  LINTJM.    FLAX. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  bark  tough  and  fibrous;  leaves 
alternate  or  opposite,  sessile,  entire,  without  stipules;  flowers 
perfect;  sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  styles  5,  regularly  alternate 
with  each  other;  pistil  of  5  united  carpels,  5-celled,  with  2  seeds 
in  each  cell ;  each  cell  divided  in  fruit  by  a  false  partition  making 
a  10-celled  pod. 

Flowers  small,  yellow.  L.  digynum. 
Flowers  large,  blue. 

Annual;  stigmas  as  long  as  the  styles.  L.  usitatissimum. 

Perennial;  stigmas  short.  L.  lewisii. 

Linum  digynum  Gray.  Annual,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  much  branched, 
10-15  cm.  high;  stems  slender,  striate;  leaves  opposite,  elliptic,  5-10  mm.  long, 
the  lower  entire  and  obtuse,  the  upper  acute  and  serrate;  stipules  none; 
flowers  in  loose  leafy  racemes  or  corymbs,  short-pedicelled ;  sepals  ovate, 
unequal,  glandular,  serrate  or  lacerate;  petals  yellow,  3  mm.  long,  without 
appendages;  capsule  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Rare,  in  springy  gravelly 
places. 

Linum  usitatissimum  L.  Common  Flax.  Erect  annual;  stem  30-50  cm. 
high;  leaves  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long;  stipules  none;  flowers 
in  loose  cymes;  sepals  acute,  ciliate,  the  inner  margin  scarious;  petals  blue, 
10  mm.  long;  capsule  nearly  indehiscent,  as  long  as  the  calyx;  its  septa  not 
ciliate.  Escaped  from  cultivation. 

Linum  lewisii  Pursh.  Perennial,  with  a  woody  base,  the  erect  branches 
30-40  cm.  high,  glabrous  throughout;  leaves  alternate,  numerous,  linear  or 
narrow,  mostly  very  acute,  1-3  cm.  long;  stipules  none;  flowers  few,  in  a  corym- 
bose cyme;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  the  inner  margin  scarious,  usually  entire, 
4-6  mm.  long;  petals  blue,  15-20  mm.  long,  obovate,  without  appendages; 
filaments  with  slender  appendages;  capsule  ovoid,  longer  than  the  calyx, 
incompletely  10-celled  and  10-valved.  Common  in  low  ground. 

Family  49.    EUPHORBIACEAE. 

Herbs  (in  ours),  with  milky  juice;  leaves  opposite,  alternate  or 
whorled,  entire  or  toothed,  sessile  or  petioled;  stipules  present 
or  wanting;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  often  much  reduced 
and  subtended  by  an  involucre  which  resembles  a  calyx;  parts  of 
flowers  various,  often  different  in  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers; 
calyx  none  or  minute;  petals  often  wanting;  stamens  1-many, 
free  or  united;  ovary  usually  3-celled;  fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule; 
endosperm  copious. 


CALLITRICHACEAE.  157 

219.  EUPHORBIA.     SPURGE. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  (in  ours);  flowers  monoecious,  in- 
cluded in  a  cup-shaped  4-5-lobed  involucre  resembling  a  calyx 
or  corolla  and  usually  bearing  large  thick  glands  at  its  sinuses; 
glands  rounded  or  often  petal-like  or  crescent-shaped ;  staminate 
flowers  numerous,  of  a  single  naked  stamen,  jointed  upon  a  short 
pedicel  which  usually  has  a  minute  bract  at  its  base;  pistillate 
flowers  solitary  in  the  center  of  the  involucre,  pedicelled,  and 
soon  exserted;  calyx  none,  or  rarely  present  and  minute;  styles 
3,  2-cleft;  stigmas  6;  ovary  3-celled,  3-ovuled. 

Stems  prostrate  or  nearly  so;  glands  of  the  involucre  with 

petal-like  appendages. 

Seeds  with  sharp  transverse  ridges.  E.  glyptosperma. 

Seeds  pitted  and  wrinkled.  E.  serpyllifolia. 

Stems   erect;   glands   of   the   involucre   without   petal-like 

appendages. 

Leaves  filiform,  very  numerous;  seeds  smooth.  E.  cyparissias. 

Leaves  not  filiform  nor  very  numerous;  seeds  not  smooth.   E.  dictyosperma. 

Euphorbia  glyptosperma  Engelm.  Annual,  glabrous,  prostrate  or  decum- 
bent; stems  much  branched  from  the  base,  5-30  cm.  long;  leaves  opposite, 
oblong,  obtuse,  very  oblique  at  the  obtuse  or  subcordate  base,  serrulate  or 
sometimes  entire,  short- petioled,  4-12  cm.  long;  stipules  whitish,  fringed; 
involucres  solitary-axillary,  somewhat  clustered  near  the  tips  of  the  branches, 
campanulate,  1  mm.  long;  glands  somewhat  saucer-shaped,  with  narrow 
crenate  or  lobed  appendages;  seeds  whitish,  with  sharp  transverse  ridges, 
but  not  pitted.  Common  in  sandy  soil,  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

Euphorbia  serpyllifolia  Pers.  Very  similar  to  E.  glyptosperma,  always 
prostrate;  leaves  narrowly  obovate,  usually  cuneate  at  base;  seeds  slightly 
ridged  and  pitted.  In  dried-up  ponds  and  stream  margins. 

Euphorbia  cyparissias  L.  Perennial,  erect,  branched  above,  30-60  cm. 
high;  leaves  numerous,  linear,  alternate,  those  at  the  base  of  the  umbels 
whorled,  sessile,  entire,  1-2  cm.  long;  lower  leaves  reduced  to  scales;  inflores- 
cence terminal,  a  many-rayed  umbel;  bracts  opposite,  broadly  ovate,  sessile, 
5-8  mm.  long,  yellowish;  involucres  campanulate,  2  mm.  long;  glands  crescent- 
shaped,  without  appendages;  seeds  smooth.  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 

Euphorbia  dictyosperma  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Annual,  erect,  glabrous  through- 
out, 15-30  cm.  high,  branched  above;  cauline  leaves  alternate,  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  narrowed  into  a  sessile  base, 
1-3  cm.  long;  floral  leaves  opposite,  longer  than  broad,  mucronate;  involucre 
about  1  mm.  long,  the  rounded  lobes  sometimes  ciliate;  glands  transversely 
elliptical,  yellow,  about  1  mm.  wide;  stamens  5-15;  styles  split  only  above  the 
middle;  capsules  subglobose,  warty;  seeds  ovoid,  purplish,  with  low  reticulated 
ridges.  Banks  of  Snake  River  and  at  Walla  Walla. 

Family  50.     CALLITRICHACEAE.    WATER  STARWORT  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  or  rarely  terrestrial  usually  tufted  herbs;  leaves 
opposite,  entire,  spatulate  or  linear,  without  stipules;  flowers 
minute,  perfect  or  monoecious,  axillary;  perianth  none;  bracts 


158  ANACARDAICEAE. 

two,  sac-like,  or  none;  stamen  1;  pistil  1;  styles  2,  filiform; 
ovary  4-celled;  ovule  1  in  each  cell;  fruit  nutlike,  compressed, 
4-lobed,  4-celled,  more  or  less  winged  or  keeled;  endosperm  oily. 

220.  CALLITRICHE.    WATE'R  STARWORT. 

Low  slender  usually  tufted  herbs ;  leaves  spatulate  or  linear  or 
both,  entire;  flowers  monoecious,  solitary  or  2  or  3  in  the  axil  of 
a  leaf,  with  or  without  a  pair  of  membranaceous  bracts;  stami- 
nate  flower  a  single  stamen;  pistillate  flower  a  single  4-celled 
ovary,  sessile  or  pedicelled,  with  2  distinct  sessile  stigmas. 

Callitriche  verna  L.  Aquatic  or  growing  in  the  mud ;  floating  leaves  obovate, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  the  others  linear  or  spatulate,  1-nerved,  1-2  cm.  long; 
when  terrestrial,  leaves  all  linear;  bracts  2,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  fruit 
or  wanting;  fruit  oval,  emarginate,  1  mm.  long,  the  edges  grooved  and  narrowly 
winged;  styles  erect,  shorter  than  the  fruit.  Not  rare,  in  ponds  and  pools. 

Family  51.    ANACARDIACEAE.     CASHEW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice;  leaves 
alternate,  usually  compound,  without  stipules,  not  punctate; 
flowers  regular,  small,  polygamo-dioecious  or  perfect;  calyx  5- 
lobed ;  petals  5 ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals, 
rarely  fewer  or  more;  styles  3;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  fruit 
generally  a  small  drupe;  endosperm  scant  or  none. 

221.  RHUS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  some  poisonous  to  the  skin;  flowers  polyga- 
mous or  dioecious,  seldom  truly  perfect,  small,  greenish  or  rarely 
yellow  or  rose-color;  calyx  small,  5-parted;  petals  5;  stamens  5; 
ovule  basal. 

Leaflets  9-31;  fruit  red,  pubescent.  R.  glabra. 

Leaflets  3;  fruit  white,  glabrous.  R.  toxicodendron. 

Rhus  glabra  occidentalis  Torr.  Sumac.  .Shrub  or  small  tree,  2-5  m.  high, 
with  ridged  bark,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous  except  the  inflorescence; 
leaflets  9-31,  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  paler  beneath,  5-8  cm. 
long;  inflorescence  a  dense  panicle,  usually  puberulent,  10-12  cm.  long; 
flowers  green  or  yellowish,  polygamous;  drupes  red,  4-5  mm.  in  diameter, 
densely  clustered,  covered  with  short  hairs.  Common  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

Rhus  toxicodendron  L.  Poison  Ivy.  Low  shrubs,  weak  or  decumbent, 
50-100  cm.  high;  leaflets  3,  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  or  with  a  few 
tooth-like  lobes,  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  lateral 
ones  with  shorter  stalks;  petioles  longer  than  the  leaflets;  panicles  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  flowers  green;  drupes  globose,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  shiny, 
whitish,  longitudinally  ribbed;  stone  stria te.  In  the  warmer  valleys;  very 
poisonous.  Our  form  seldom  or  never  climbs  and  has  been  considered  a  distinct 
species,  R.  rydbergii  Small. 


ACERACEAE.  159 

Family  52.     CELASTRACEAE.    STAFFTREE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  often  climbing;  leaves  simple  and  undivided,  alternate 
or  opposite;  stipules  none  or  small  and  early  withering;  flowers 
regular,  usually  perfect,  small;  pedicels  commonly  jointed; 
calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated;  petals  4-5,  spreading; 
stamens  4-5,  perigynous  on  a  disk,  alternate  with  the  petals; 
ovary  sessile,  free  from  or  confluent  with  the  disk;  fruit  a  some- 
what fleshy  dehiscent  pod ;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Evergreen  smooth  shrub;  stamens  4;  petals  4.  222.  PACHISTIMA,  159. 

Deciduous  spiny  shrub;  stamens  10;  petals  5.  223.  FORSELLESIA,  159. 

222.   PACHISTIMA. 

Low  evergreen  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  smooth,  serrulate,  cori- 
aceous; flowers  perfect,  very  small,  green,  solitary  or  fascicled 
in  the  axils;  calyx-lobes  4,  broad;  petals  4;  stamens  4,  on  the 
edge  of  the  disk;  style  very  short;  ovary  free;  pod  small,  oblong, 
2-celled;  seeds  1  or  2,  enclosed  in  a  white  membranous  many- 
cleft  aril. 

Pachistima  myrsinites  (Pursh)  Raf.  Evergreen  glabrous  shrub,  much 
branched,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
cuneate  at  base,  serrulate,  nearly  sessile,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  margin  somewhat 
revolute;  flowers  yellowish  or  purplish,  3  mm.  broad;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
short,  2-3  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  acute,  5-6  mm.  long.  In  woods,  Thatuna 
Hills. 

223.  FORSELLESIA. 

Low  and  rigid  shrubs,  with  slender  spinescent  branches ;  leaves 
small,  alternate,  sessile,  entire;  stipules  minute,  setaceous-subu- 
late; flowers  small,  perfect,  solitary,  terminating  short  axillary 
branches  or  in  spur-like  fascicles ;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft ;  petals  5 ; 
stamens  10;  style  short  or  none;  ovary  1 -celled,  of  a  single  ovoid 
carpel;  ovules  2;  fruit  a  coriaceous  follicle,  1-2-seeded. 

Forsellesia  spinescens  (Gray)  Greene.  Low  much  branched  shrubs, 
somewhat  spiny,  1  m.  or  less  high;  leaves  numerous,  oblanceolate,  acute, 
short-petioled,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  pale-green  and  glaucous,  6-16  mm. 
long;  stipules  minute,  usually  reddish;  flowers  on  pedicels  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
petals  yellow,  narrow,  6  mm.  long;  capsules  ovoid,  acutely  beaked,  striate, 
often  curved.  In  basalt  crevices,  along  Snake  River. 

Family  53.    ACERACEAE.     MAPLE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs ;  leaves  simple  or  pinnately  or  palmately  com- 
pound, opposite,  without  stipules  (in  ours) ;  flowers  small,  regular 
(in  ours),  polygamous  or  dioecious;  sepals  4-5;  petals  often  none 
(in  ours);  stamens  3-12,  inserted  on  the  fleshy  disk;  ovary  2- 


160  RHAMNACEAE. 

celled  and  lobed  (in  ours),  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell  (in  ours); 
endosperm  none. 

224.  ACER.     MAPLE. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  palmately-lobed,  without 
stipules;  flowers  small,  polygamo-dioecious,  in  clusters;  calyx 
colored,  usually  5-lobed;  petals  5  and  equal  or  none;  stamens 
3-12;  styles  2;  ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cell; 
fruit  a  double  samara,  2-winged  above,  separable  at  maturity, 
each  1 -seeded. 

Acer  glabrum  douglasii  (Hook.)  Piper.  Small  tree,  3-10  m.  high,  with 
smooth  light-gray  bark;  leaves  simple,  rarely  3-foliolate,  orbicular,  acutish, 
5-lobed,  coarsely  serrate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  glabrous,  dark-green 
above,  paler  beneath,  5-10  cm.  long;  petiole  slender;  flowers  polygamous,  in 
small  corymbs;  petals  narrow,  spatulate-oblong,  veiny,  about  as  long  as  the 
similar  sepals;  fruit  glabrous,  roughened,  the  wings  diverging  at  less  than  a 
right  angle,  2.5-3  cm.  long.  In  the  mountains,  along  streams. 

Family  54.    BALSAMINACEAE.     BALSAM  FAMILY. 

Usually  glaucous  succulent  herbs  with  watery  juice;  leaves 
alternate,  simple,  without  stipules;  flowers  irregular  with  a 
petal-like  imbricated  usually  spurred  calyx;  petals  4,  united  in 
two  pairs;  stamens  5,  with  short  filaments  and  more  or  less 
united  anthers;  ovary  5-celled;  seeds  without  endosperm. 

225.  IMPATTENS.    JEWELWEED. 

Delicate  herbs  with  translucent  stems;  leaves  coarsely  toothed, 
petioled;  flowers  axillary  or  panicled,  often  of  two  kinds;  large 
sterile  ones  and  smaller  cleistogamous  ones  which  ripen  good  seed ; 
sepals  apparently  four,  the  posterior  ones  usually  spurred ;  petals 
4,  united  in  two  pairs;  filaments  5,  each  with  a  scale-like  append- 
age; appendages  united  and  covering  the  stigma;  pod  with 
evanescent  partitions,  opening  suddenly  when  touched  and 
projecting  the  seeds. 

Impatiens  biflora  Walt.  Stems  erect,  often  branched  above,  60-90  cm. 
high;  leaves  elliptical,  acute,  coarsely  crenate-serrate,  paler  beneath,  5-8  cm. 
long,  the  petioles  nearly  as  long;  flowers  orange-colored,  spotted  with  brown; 
saccate  sepal  longer  than  broad,  tapering  into  a  spur  half  as  long.  Swamps  and 
springy  places,  Spokane,  Rock  Lake  and  Mud  Lake,  Idaho. 

Family  55.    RHAMNACEAE. 

Erect  shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  simple;  stipules  small  and 
early  deciduous  or  none;  flowers  small  and  regular,  sometimes 
polygamo-dioecious;  disk  fleshy;  calyx  4-  or  5 -toothed;  petals 


RHAMNACEAE.  l6l 

4  or  5,  on  the  disk,  or  sometimes  none;  stamens  4  or  5,  perigynous, 
alternate  with  the  sepals  and  opposite  the  petals;  ovary  sessile; 
fruit  a  drupe  or  pod,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell;  endosperm  sparingly 
fleshy. 

Fruit  a  drupe;  flowers  solitary  or  in  umbels.  226.  RHAMNUS,  161. 

Fruit  a  dry  capsule;  flowers  in  panicles.  227.  CEANOTHUS,  161. 

226.   RHAMNUS. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinnately- 
veined,  with  small  deciduous  stipules;  flowers  greenish,  polygamous 
or  dioecious,  in  axillary  clusters;  calyx  4-  or5-cleft;  calyx-tube 
bell-shaped,  lined  with  the  disk,  both  free  from  the  ovary;  petals 
5,  small,  oblong,  sessile,  acute  or  none;  stamens  4 or  5 ;  ovary  2-4- 
celled;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  with  2—4  separate  seed-like 
nutlets. 

Shrub;  petals  wanting;  leaves  nearly  glabrous  beneath.  R.  alnifolia. 

Tree;  petals  present;  leaves  downy  beneath.  R.  purshiana. 

Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'Her.  Shrub,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  oval,  acute  at  each 
end,  serrate,  5-8  cm.  long,  straight  veined;  petioles  slender,  puberulent; 
fruit  black,  3-seeded.  In  swamps  near  Spokane  and  about  Lake  Coeur  d'Alene, 
Idaho. 

Rhamnus  purshiana  DC.  Small  tree,  3-12  m.  high,  with  nearly  smooth 
dark-gray  bark;  young  twigs  pubescent;  leaves  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acuminate, 
rounded  at  base,  somewhat  undulate,  denticulate,  pubescent,  especially  be- 
neath, 5-15  cm.  long;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long,  downy;  umbels  stout-peduncled, 
8-15-flowered;  flowers  3-5  mm.  long;  sepals  5;  petals'  minute,  hood-shaped; 
fruit  black,  obovoid,  as  large  as  a  pea,  3-seeded,  insipid.  Along  streams,  un- 
common. Bark  used  medicinally  under  the  name  Cascara  sagrada. 

227.    CEANOTHUS. 

Shrubs,  sometimes  evergreen;  leaves  alternate,  petioled; 
flowers  perfect,  in  small  umbel-like  clusters,  forming  dense 
panicles  at  the  summits  of  naked  branches;  calyx  5-lobed;  calyx 
and  disk  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals  hooded,  spreading; 
stamens  5;  ovary  3-lobed;  fruit  3-lobed,  dry  and  very  oily, 
splitting  into  its  three  carpels  when  ripe. 

Evergreen;  leaves  varnished.  C.  velutinus. 

Deciduous;  leaves  not  varnished.  C.  sanguineus. 

Ceanothus  velutinus  Dougl.  Sticky  Laurel.  Stout  shrub,  1-2  m.  high, 
much  branched;  branchlets  puberulent;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  subcordate  at 
base,  prominently  3-nerved,  finely  denticulate,  thick  and  firm,  glabrous  and 
gummy  above,  puberulent  beneath,  5-8  cm.  long;  petioles  stout;  flowers  white, 
in  terminal  panicles  5-10  cm.  long;  peduncles  stout,  puberulent;  pedicels 
slender;  carpels  subglobose,  3-lobed  above,  nearly  smooth.  Thatuna  Hills, 
common. 

12 


1 62  MALVACEAE. 

Ceanothus  sanguineus  Pursh.  Buckbrush.  Shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  with 
slender  smooth  usually  reddish  branchlets;  leaves  thin,  elliptical  or  ovate, 
obtuse,  rounded  at  base,  finely  serrate;  glabrate  above,  paler  and  puberulent 
beneath,  5-8  cm.  long;  petioles  slender;  panicles  lateral,  6-10  cm.  long,  their 
peduncles  villous;  flowers  white;  capsules  smooth,  3-lobed.  Thatuna  Hills, 
common.  This  plant  forms  a  very  important  and  fattening  food  for  sheep 
on  the  summer  range  because  of  its  oily  seeds. 

Family  56.     MALVACEAE.     MALLOW  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  palmately-veined,  with 
stipules;  flowers  regular,  showy;  peduncles  axillary,  jointed; 
calyx  valvate;  sepals  5,  united  at  base,  often  subtended  by  an 
involucre  of  numerous  bractlets;  corolla  convolute;  petals  5, 
their  bases  united  with  each  other  and  with  the  stamen-column ; 
stamens  numerous,  monadelphous,  in  a  column;  pistils  several, 
the  ovaries  united  in  a  ring  or  forming  a  several-celled  pod; 
endosperm  scant. 

Bractlets  none;  stamens  in  two  series.  228.  SIDALCEA,  162. 
Bractlets  three;  stamens  monadelphous. 

Stigmas  terminal,  capitate.  229.  SPHAERALCEA,  162. 

Stigmas  on  the  inner  face  of  the  styles.  230.  MALVA,  163. 

228.    SIDALCEA. 

Herbs;  leaves  rounded,  mostly  lobed  or  parted;  flowers  pink 
or  red,  in  a  narrow  terminal  raceme  or  spike;  involucre  none; 
stamen-column  double,  the  filaments  of  the  outer  series  united 
usually  into  5  sets  opposite  the  petals;  styles  filiform,  stigmatic 
on  the  inner  surface;  carpels  5-9,  1-ovuled,  separating  at  ma- 
turity from  the  short  axis,  indehiscent. 

Sidalcea  oregana  Gray.  Perennial,  puberulent  throughout;  stems  erect, 
about  1  m.  high,  branched  above;  lower  leaves  orbicular,  about  9-cleft,  the 
segments  incised;  upper  leaves  more  deeply  cleft  or  parted,  the  segments 
narrower;  petioles  mostly  longer  than  the  blades;  stipules  linear;  racemes 
strict,  10-30  cm.  long;  calyx  densely  puberulent,  5-6  mm.  long,  the  lobes 
deltoid,  acuminate;  petals  pink,  about  2  cm.  long;  carpels  roughened  on  the 
back.  Low  ground,  common. 

229.   SPHAERALCEA. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  flowers  in  narrow  panicle-like  racemes; 
involucre  of  3  bractlets  which  are  distinct  or  united  at  the  base; 
petals  notched  or  entire;  stamen-column  anther-bearing  at  the 
summit;  styles  stigmatic  at  the  apex;  carpels  2-valved;  seeds 
usually  2  or  3  in  each  cell. 

Leaves  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  scarlet.  S.  munroana. 

Leaves  5-15  cm.  long;  flowers  rose-colored.  S.  rivularis. 


HYPERICACEAE.  163 

Sphaeralcea  munroana  (Dougl.)  Spach.  Perennial,  hoary-pubescent 
throughout;  stems  prostrate  or  decumbent,  rarely  erect,  20-40  cm.  long; 
leaves  broadly  ovate,  crenulately  toothed  or  lobed,  2-4  cm.  long;  petioles 
mostly  as  long  as  the  blades;  panicle  narrow,  10-30  cm.  long;  flowers  bright 
scarlet;  petals  about  1  cm.  long;  carpels  reniform,  oval,  3-4  mm.  long.  Sandy 
ground  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

Sphaeralcea  rivularis  (Dougl.)  Torr.  Stout,  perennial,  1-1.5  m.  tall, 
green,  sparsely  pubescent;  leaves  large,  palmately  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  acute, 
coarsely  dentate;  petioles  stout,  mostly  as  long  as  the  blades;  panicle  narrow, 
erect,  15-60  cm.  long;  petals  rose-colored,  2-3  cm.  long;  carpels  very  bristly, 
2  cm.  long.  Along  streams  especially  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

230.   MALVA. 

Pubescent  or  glabrous  herbs;  leaves  dentate,  lobed  or  dis- 
sected; flowers  perfect,  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered; 
involucre  3-leaved ;  calyx  5-cleft;  petals  5,  obcordate;  styles  nu- 
merous, stigmatic  down  the  inner  side;  fruit  depressed,  separat- 
ing at  maturity  into  as  many  1 -seeded  indehiscent  carpels  as 
there  are  styles. 

Malva  rotundifolia  L.  Mallow.  Cheeses.  Annual  or  biennial,  pubescent 
or  glabrous;  stems  prostrate,  branched  near  the  base,  20-60  cm.  long;  leaves 
round-reniform,  5-7-lobed,  crenate-dentate,  2-5  cm.  broad;  petioles  long  and 
slender;  flowers  pale  blue,  about  1  cm.  broad,  clustered  in  the  axils;  pedicels 
slender,  1-2  cm.  long;  carpels  12-15,  puberulent,  not  reticulated.  A  weed 
sparingly  introduced. 

Family  57.    HYPERICACEAE.    ST.  JOHNSWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  mostly  sessile,  with 
translucent  or  dark-colored  glandular  dots;  stipules  wanting; 
flowers  perfect,  regular;  sepals  4-5;  petals  4-5,  hypogynous; 
stamens  commonly  in  three  or  more  clusters;  styles  2-5,  usually 
distinct  or  nearly  so;  capsule  1 -celled,  with  2-5  parietal  placentae, 
or  3-5-celled;  endosperm  none. 

231.  HYPERICUM.     ST.  JOHNSWORT. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  sessile,  entire,  punctate;  flowers  yellow, 
in  cymes;  sepals  5;  petals  5;  stamens  numerous;  ovary  1-celled, 
with  3-5  parietal  placentae,  rarely  3-5-celled. 

Erect,  30-60  cm.  tall;  stamens  60  or  more.  H.  scouleri. 

Spreading,  5-15  cm.  tall;  stamens  15-20.  H.  anagalloides. 

Hypericum  scouleri  Hook.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched  above, 
15-60  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  half-clasping  at  base,  2-3  cm. 
long,  black-dotted  on  the  margin;  inflorescence  a  corymb,  loose  or  rather  dense; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute;  petals  bright  yellow,  black  dotted 
on  the  margin,  1  cm.  or  less  long;  stamens  numerous,  in  three  fascicles. 
Moist  places,  common. 


164  VIOLACEAE. 

Hypericum  anagalloides  nevadense  Greene.  Stems  weak,  erect  or  as- 
cending, 8-15  cm.  high;  leaves  pale  and  glaucous,  ovate,  obtuse,  somewhat 
clasping,  1  cm.  or  less  long;  cymes  peduncled,  loose,  the  branches  elongated; 
flowers  small,  not  dotted,  6-8  mm.  broad,  dark  yellow;  sepals  unequal, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  in  fruit  much  longer  than  the  capsule.  Forming  loose 
mats  in  springy  places;  not  common. 

Family  58.    ELATINACEAE.    WATERWORT  FAMILY. 

Low  annual  marsh  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  not  punctate,  with 
membranous  stipules;  flowers  minute,  axillary,  regular,  sym- 
metrical; sepals  2-5,  free;  petals  2-5,  hypogynous;  stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  ovary  2-5-celled,  with  a 
many-ovuled  axile  placenta;  fruit  a  capsule. 

Plants  glabrous;  flower  parts  2-4.  232.  ELATINE,  164. 

Plants  pubescent;  flower  parts  5.  233.  BERGIA,  164. 

232.   ELATINE. 

Dwarf  glabrous  plants  growing  in  or  near  the  water,  often 
rooting  at  the  nodes ;  sepals  2-4,  obtuse;  petals  2-4,  hypogynous; 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals ;  styles  or  sessile 
stigmas  2-4;  pod  membranaceous,  2-4-celled,  several-many- 
seeded. 

Elatine  calif ornica  Gray.  Plants  small,  2-5  cm.  high;  leaves  obovate  or 
spatulate,  attenuate  at  base  or  the  lowermost  petioled;  flowers  white,  on 
short  peduncles;  petals  3  or  4  and  stamens  6-8;  seeds  cylindrical,  curved,  marked 
by  10-12  longitudinal  lines  and  many  transverse  markings.  In  low  wet 
meadows  near  Spokane. 

233.   BERGIA. 

Diffuse  or  ascending  herbs,  branching,  often  pubescent;  leaves 
entire  or  serrate;  flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered;  parts  of 
the  flower  in  fives;  sepals  acute,  with  a  prominent  midrib;  cap- 
sule crustaceous,  ovoid,  5-valved;  seeds  numerous.  • 

Bergia  texana  (Hook.)  Seubert.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base,  4-20 
cm.  high;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  glandular-pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate, 
obovate  or  spatulate,  serrate,  1—2  cm.  long,  petioled ;  flowers  in  small  axillary 
fascicles;  sepals  acuminate,  3  mm.  long,  equalling  the  white  or  pinkish  petals; 
stamens  5  or  10.  Sandy  banks  of  Snake  River  at  Almota,  very  rare. 

Family  59.     VIOLACEAE.     VIOLET  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  with  stipules;  flowers 
perfect,  axillary,  nodding;  sepals  5,  hypogynous;  corolla  some- 
what irregular,  1 -spurred,  of  5  petals;  stamens  5,  hypogynous; 
anthers  adnate,  united  over  the  pistil;  ovary  1-celled,  with  3 


VIOLACEAE.  165 

parietal  several-ovuled  placentae;  capsule  3-valved;  endosperm 
copious. 

234.   VIOLA.     VIOLET. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  with  foliaceous 
stipules;  peduncles  1-flowered,  axillary;  flowers  usually  of  two 
kinds,  the  earlier  ones  perfect  and  conspicuous,  but  often  sterile, 
the  later  (near  the  ground  in  stemless  species)  with  small  and 
rudimentary  petals,  cleistogamous  and  producing  numerous 
seeds;  sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auricled;  petals  unequal,  the 
lower  spurred;  the  two  lower  stamens  spurred. 

Stemless;  leaves  and  flowers  all  from  a  subterranean  root- 
stock;  flowers  violet.  V.  nephrophylla. 
Stems  leafy,  though  sometimes  very  short. 
Flowers  violet  or  violet-tinged. 

Style  capitate;  stipules  entire.  V.  canadensis. 

Style  slender,  not  capitate;  stipules  toothed.  V.  adunca. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Stigma  beardless;  leaves  reniform-orbicular.  V.  orbiculala. 

Stigma  bearded. 

Glabrous;  leaves  cordate-reniform,  crenulate.  V.  glabetta. 

Puberulent;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate. 

Leaves  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed.  V.  venosa. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so.  V.  nuttallii. 

Viola  nephrophylla  Greene.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  thickish,  reni- 
form  to  cordate,  faintly  crenate,  obtuse,  2-6  cm.  long,  rather  pale;  flowers 
violet,  on  peduncles  10-20  cm.  long,  exceeding  the  leaves;  lateral  petals  bearded, 
the  spurred  one  villous;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse;  capsules  oblong,  gla- 
brous. In  springy  places. 

Viola  canadensis  L.  Herbage  minutely  pubescent,  but  at  length  glabrate, 
20-30  cm.  high;  leaves  cordate,  serrate,  acute,  rather  large;  stipules  scarious, 
lanceolate;  flowers  whitish,  the  back  of  the  petals  tinged  with  violet;  lateral 
petals  bearded;  spurred  petal  yellow  at  base  within  and  dark- veined;  sepals 
narrow,  acuminate;  capsule  oval,  glabrous.  In  woods,  Craig  Mountains. 

Viola  adunca  Smith.  Stems  leafy,  short  or  at  length  elongated,  from 
creeping  rootstocks,  nearly  glabrous  throughout;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  crenate,  usually  brown  dotted,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles, 
5-8  cm.  long;  stipules  foliaceous,  lanceolate,  fringe-toothed;  flowers  violet- 
purple,  rarely  white;  petals  6-12  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  bearded;  spurs 
nearly  straight,  as  long  as  the  petals.  Stony  hillsides  and  copses.  Common 
and  variable. 

Typical  Viola  adunca  has  puberulent  leaves.  The  glabrous  or  nearly  gla- 
brous form  is  Viola  adunca  glabra  Brainerd. 

Viola  orbiculata  Geyer.  Rootstocks  short,  scaly;  leaves  orbicular,  cordate, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  deep  sinus  often  closed,  obscurely  crenate,  1-4  cm. 
broad;  petioles  slender,  5-10  cm.  long;  flowering  scapes  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  petals  yellow,  7-10  mm.  long,  the  blunt  spurs  short.  Early  plants 
appear  as  if  acaulescent,  the  leafy  branches  being  produced  later  and  bearing 
only  cleistogamous  flowers.  Coniferous  woods,  in  the  mountains. 


1 66  LOASACEAE. 

Viola  glabella  Nutt.  Whole  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  rootstock  rather 
stout,  creeping;  stem  leafy  above,  10-20  cm.  tall;  radical  leaves  reniform, 
acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  1-5  cm.  broad,  long-petioled ;  cauline  similar, 
short-petioled ;  stipules  thin,  membranous,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  entire;  pe- 
duncles 2-6  cm.  long;  petals  yellow,  purple-veined,  10-12  mm.  long;  spur  short 
and  broad.  Moist  rich  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Viola  venosa  (Wats.)  Rydb.  (  V.  atriplicifolia  Greene.)  Minutely 
puberulent  or  glabrous,  5-15  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  ovate,  cuneate  or  truncate 
at  base,  coarsely  dentate  or  angularly  lobed,  purple  veined,  the  blades  5-20 
mm.  long;  peduncles  little  exceeding  the  leaves;  petals  8-12  mm.  long,  yellow, 
the  upper  ones  dark  purple  or  brownish  on  the  back,  the  lateral  ones  bearded 
at  the  base;  capsules  globose,  pubescent.  High  ridges  of  the  Blue  Mountains 
in  stony  soil. 

Viola  nuttallii  linguaefolia  (Nutt.)  Piper  n.  comb.  (  V.  linguaefolia  Nutt.) 
Stems  mostly  very  short  from  rather  thick  fleshy  roots;  leaves  numerous, 
more  or  less  pubescent;  blades  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  obtuse,  cuneate  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  crenate  or  entire,  2-4  cm.  long;  petioles  margined,  longer 
than  the  blades;  stipules  narrow,  entire;  flowers  yellow,  the  peduncles  usually 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  petals  about  5-10  mm.  long;  spur  short  and  blunt. 
Rather  rare,  in  meadows. 

Viola  nuttallii  major  Hook.  (  V.  flayovirens  Pollard.)  Flowers  larger, 
the  petals  10-14  mm.  long;  leaves  sometimes  more  hairy.  In  the  Blue  and 
Craig  Mountains. 

Family  60.    LOASACEAE. 

Herbs,  with  rough-barbed  or  stinging  hairs;  leaves  alternate 
or  opposite,  without  stipules;  flowers  perfect;  calyx  4-  or  5-lobed, 
adherent  to  the  ovary;  stamens  usually  very  numerous,  rarely 
few,  some  of  the  outer  occasionally  petal-like;  ovary  1 -celled, 
with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae;  endosperm  mostly  scant  or  none. 

235.   MENTZELIA. 

Annual  or  biennial  erect  herbs,  more  or  less  rough  with  rigid 
barbed  hairs,  the  stems  becoming  white  and  shining;  leaves 
alternate,  mostly  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  flowers  ter- 
minal, solitary  or  in  cymose  clusters;  calyx  cylindrical,  5-parted; 
petals  5  or  10,  regular,  spreading,  perigynous;  stamens  perigy- 
nous;  styles  3,  more  or  less  united  into  one;  capsule  few-many- 
seeded. 

Biennial;  flowers  large;  outer  filaments  dilated.  M.  laevicaulis. 

Annual ;  flowers  small ;  filaments  all  filiform.  M.  inlegrifolia. 

Mentzelia  laevicaulis  (Dougl.)  T.  &  G.  Biennial ;  stem  stout,  erect,  30-100 
cm.  high,  hoary-pubescent  throughout  or  glabrate,  branched  above;  radical 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  petioled,  10-15  cm.  long,  coarsely  dentate  or  lobed, 
hoary-pubescent;  cauline  similar,  sessile,  gradually  reduced  upwards;  flowers 
nearly  sessile,  terminal,  mostly  solitary;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-attenuate, 
2-3  cm.  long;  inner  petals,  when  present,  narrow;  stamens  numerous,  as  long 
as  the  style,  shorter  than  the  petals;  capsule  oblong,  about  2  cm.  long. 
Gravelly  places,  locally  abundant. 


LYTHRACEAE.  167 

Mentzelia  integrifolia  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Annual,  puberulent  throughout; 
stem  white,  erect,  rarely  decumbent,  more  or  less  branched,  10-40  cm.  high; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  or  the  upper  ovate,  entire  or  sinuately  pinnatifid, 
2-6  cm.  long,  sessile;  flowers  yellow,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  leafy  cymes,  6-10 
mm.  broad;  calyx- lobes  deltoid-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  petals;  capsule 
linear,  2-3  mm.  long;  seeds  nearly  cubical,  smooth,  grooved  on  the  angles. 
Dry  soil,  Wawawai  and  Cedar  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Family  61.     CACTACEAE.     CACTUS  FAMILY. 

Fleshy  and  thickened  plants;  stems  flattened,  terete,  ridged 
or  tubercled,  continuous  or  jointed,  leafless  or  with  small  leaves, 
generally  spiny;  spines  from  cushions  of  minute  bristles;  flowers 
solitary,  sessile,  perfect,  regular,  showy;  sepals  and  petals 
numerous,  in  several  rows,  the  bases  adherent  to  the  ovary; 
stamens  numerous,  on  the  calyx-tube;  style  1;  ovary  1-celled, 
with  several  parietal  placentae;  ovules  numerous;  fruit  a  1-celled 
berry;  endosperm  scanty  or  copious. 

236.   OPUNTIA     PRICKLY  PEAR. 

Jointed,  much-branched  plants;  leaves  small,  terete,  subulate, 
early  deciduous,  on  young  branches;  flowers  usually  lateral, 
large ;  calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  lobes  numer- 
ous, spreading;  petals  numerous,  slightly  united;  stamens  very 
numerous,  in  several  rows;  fruit  a  berry,  often  prickly. 

Opuntia  polyacantha  Haw.  Prostrate,  frequently  in  large  tufts;  joints  of 
the  stem  flattened,  orbicular  or  oblong,  5-12  cm.  long,  pale-green;  leaves 
minute,  3-4  mm.  long;  cushions  pale  bristly;  spines  4-8,  whitish,  usually 
red-tipped,  5-20  mm.  long,  mostly  deflexed;  flowers  yellow,  4-5  cm.  broad; 
fruit  ovate,  dry,  2.5  cm.  long,  with  a  shallow  saucer-like  apex.  Rocky  and 
sandy  places,  banks  of  Snake  River. 

Family  62.     LYTHRACEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  entire,  with  no  stipules; 
flowers  axillary  or  whorled,  perfect;  calyx  enclosing  but  free  from 
the  ovary;  petals  4-7,  as  many  as  the  calyx- teeth,  peri gy nous,  or 
none ;  stamens  4-14,  on  the  calyx ;  style  1 ;  ovary  2-4-celled ; 
ovules  numerous,  rarely  few;  fruit  a  membranous  capsule;  'endo- 
sperm none. 

Flowers  mostly  more  than  one  in  the  axils;  capsule  burst- 
ing irregularly.  237.  AMMANNIA,  168. 

Flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils;  capsule  septicidally 

dehiscent.  238.  ROTALA,  168. 


1 68  ONAGRACEAE. 

237.   AMMANNIA. 

Low  and  inconspicuous  smooth  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  narrow; 
flowers  small,  1-several  in  the  axils;  calyx  bell-shaped,  usually 
4-angled,  4-toothed  and  with  4  intermediate  short  tooth-like 
appendages  in  the  sinuses;  petals  4,  small,  early  deciduous,  or 
wanting;  stamens  4-8;  capsule  globular,  enclosed  in  the  calyx, 
mostly  4-celled,  bursting  irregularly. 

Ammannia  coccinea  Rottb.  Erect  or  ascending,  glabrous,  5-30  cm.  high, 
branched  below;  leaves  oblong-linear,  acute  or  obtuse,  auriculate-clasping  at 
the  sessile  base,  entire,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  1-5  in  the  axils,  sessile  or  nearly 
so;  petals  broadly  spatulate,  truncate;  style  slender,  about  one-half  as  long 
as  the  capsule.  Sandy  banks  of  Snake  River  at  Almota,  rare. 

238.   ROTALA. 

Low  annual  mostly  glabrous  herbs;  stems  4-angled;  leaves 
opposite,  sessile  or  sometimes  petioled;  flowers  small,  axillary, 
mostly  solitary;  calyx  4-lobed;  petals  4;  stamens  4,  short; 
ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  globose,  4-celled;  capsule  globose, 
enclosed  by  the  membranous  calyx,  4-celled,  septicidally  dehis- 
cent. 

Rotala  ramosior  (L.)  Koehne.  Annual,  glabrous,  simple  or  branched  below, 
5-15  cm.  high,  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  entire,  oblong  or  spatulate,  obtuse 
or  acute,  1-2  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  at  base,  not  auricled; 
flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils;  calyx  2-3  mm.  long;  petals  minute;  style 
very  short.  Moist  places,  especially  lake  shores  and  stream  banks,  rare. 

Family  63.     ONAGRACEAE.     EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  simple  alternate  or  opposite  leaves ;  stipules  none ; 
flowers  perfect,  symmetrical,  the  parts  in  twos  or  fours;  calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  or 
rarely  wanting;  stamens  as  many  as  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
petals  or  calyx-lobes,  on  the  calyx-tube;  style  single,  slender; 
stigma-lobes  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary;  fruit  a  capsule 
or  small  nut ;  endosperm  none. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos.  239.  CIRCAEA,  169. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours. 

Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like,  few-seeded.  240.  GAURA,  169. 

Fruit  dehiscent,  many-seeded. 

Calyx-limb    persistent;    petals    minute    or 

wanting.  241.  ISNARDIA,  169. 

Calyx-limb  deciduous;  petals  conspicuous. 
Seeds  silky-hairy;  lower  leaves  mostly 

opposite.  242.  EPILOBIUM,  170. 

Seeds  not  hairy;  leaves  all  alternate. 
Anthers  attached  at  or  near  the  base, 
erect. 


ONAGRACEAE.  169 

Petals  with  claws.  243,  CLARKIA,  171. 

Petals  without  claws.  244.  BOISDUVALIA,  172. 

Anthers  attached  near  the  middle, 

versatile. 
Stamens  unequal,  the  outer  ones 

longer. 

Annuals;  small  flowered,  cau- 
lescent. 245.  GAYOPHYTUM,  172. 
Biennials;   large  flowered,  a- 

caulescent  or  nearly  so.          246.  PACHYLOPHUS,  173. 
Stamens  equal. 

Stigmas    deeply    4-cleft,    the 

lobes  linear.  247.  OENOTHERA,  173. 

Stigmas  entire  or  nearly  so. 
Calyx-tube  longer  than  the 

ovary;  flowers  large.         248.  TARAXIA,  174. 
Calyx-tube    shorter    than 
the  ovary;  flowers  small.  249.  SPHAEROSTIGMA,  174. 

239.    CIRCAEA. 

Delicate  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  on  slender 
petioles;  flowers  white,  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes;  parts  of 
the  flower  in  twos;  calyx-tube  prolonged,  deciduous;  lobes  re- 
flexed;  fruit  indehiscent,  small,  bur-like,  1-2-celled,  with  hooked 
hairs;  cells  1 -seeded. 

Circaea  pacifica  Asch.  &  Magn.  Nearly  glabrous  but  pilose  with  white 
hairs  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  12-50  cm.  high;  stem  usually  simple, 
from  a  small  tuber;  leaves  ovate-orbicular,  nearly  entire  or  slightly  denticulate, 
3.5-6  cm.  long,  base  truncate  or  rarely  cordate,  apex  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse; 
petioles  one  third  as  long  to  as  long  as  the  blade;  bracts  of  the  inflorescence 
foliaceous,  or  setaceous  or  none;  flowers  2.5-3  mm.  long,  rarely  pinkish  in  the 
buds;  fruit  mostly  white-hairy.  In  moist  shady  woods. 

240.    GAURA. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  somewhat  woody  at  base; 
leaves  alternate,  sessile;  flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  in  spikes  or 
racemes;  calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  4-lobed, 
rarely  3-lobed;  petals  4,  with  claws,  unequal;  stamens  mostly  8, 
turned  down;  fruit  hard  and  nut-like,  3- or  4-ribbed  or  angled, 
indehiscent  or  nearly  so,  usually  1-celled  and  1-4-seeded. 

Gaura  parviflora  Dougl.  Annual,  erect,  1-2  m.  high,  whitish-pubescent 
throughout,  the  stems  villous;  leaves  numerous,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute, 


entire  or  denticulate,  rounded  at  base,  nearly  sessile,  silky-pubescent,  some- 
what villous-ciliate,  6-10  cm.  long;  flowers  small,  pink,  3-4  mm.  broad^  in 
erect  spikes,  8-30  cm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate,  quickly  deciduous;  fruit  sessile, 
fusiform,  glabrous,  6-8  mm.  long.  In  sandy  soil  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

241.   ISNARDIA. 

Annual,  or  perennial  succulent  herbs  with  prostrate  creeping  or 
floating  stems;  leaves  opposite,   fleshy,  narrowed  into  petioles 


170  ONAGRACEAE. 

shorter  than  the  blades;  flowers  perfect,  axillary,  sessile;  calyx 
turbinate,  with  4  segments,  persistent;  petals  4  and  small,  or 
none;  stamens  4;  filaments  short;  stigma  4-lobed,  often  nearly 
sessile;  ovary  4-celled,  very  short;  ovules  numerous;  capsule  4- 
angled,  septicidal;  seeds  numerous. 

Isnardia  palustris  L.  Glabrous;  stems  creeping  or  sometimes  floating, 
15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate  or  oval,  1-2  cm.  long,  acute,  petioled; 
flowers  sessile,  axillary;  petals  very  small  and  reddish,  or  none;  capsules  short- 
oblong,  4-sided,  sessile,  not  attenuate  at  base.  In  ditches  and  shallow  lake 
borders.  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

242.  EPILOBIUM.    WILLOW  HERB. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  denticulate  or 
entire,  alternate  or  opposite;  flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary 
or  clustered;  calyx-tube  scarcely  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary, 
4-cleft;  petals  4,  spreading  or  somewhat  erect;  stamens  8,  the  4 
alternate  ones  shorter;  fruit  a  dehiscent  capsule;  seeds  numer- 
ous, with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs  at  the  end. 

Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  flowers  large.  E.  angustifolium. 
Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  flowers  mostly 

small. 
Annuals;  stigmas  mostly  4-cleft. 

Stems  8-20  cm.  tall,  but  little  branched;  herbage 

puberulent.  E.  minulum. 

Stems    30-90    cm.    tall,    usually    much    branched; 

herbage  glabrous  or  glandular.  E.  paniculatum. 

Perennials;  stigmas  subentire. 
Stems  tall,  30-90  cm.  high. 

Petals   6-10   mm.    long;    herbage   canescent-pu- 

berulent.  E.  franciscanum. 

Petals  3-5   mm.    long;   herbage   not   canescent- 

puberulent.  E.  adenocaulon. 

Stems  low;  species  mostly  alpine  or  subalpine. 
Seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Foliage  not  glaucous.  E.  hornemanni. 

Foliage  glaucous.  E.  fastigiatum. 

Seeds  papillate. 

Plants  producing  stolons.  E.  hornemanni. 

Plants  not  producing  stolons.  E.  ursinum. 

Epilobium  angustifolium  L.  Fireweed.  Perennial,  erect,  about  1  m.  high, 
glabrous  or  puberulent;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  denticu- 
late, nearly  sessile,  8-16  cm.  long;  lateral  veins  confluent  at  the  margin; 
raceme  erect,  many-flowered,  20-40  cm.  long;  flowers  rose-colored,  2-3  cm. 
broad;  pedicels  slender,  exceeding  the  narrow  bracts;  petals  obovate,  entire, 
clawed;  stigma  4-lobed;  capsules  spreading,  linear,  canescent,  5-10  cm.  long. 
Not  uncommon,  sometimes  a  troublesome  weed. 

Epilobium  minutum  Lindl.  Annual,  simple  or  branched,  puberulent, 
10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  undulate  or  denticulate,  mostly 
alternate,  1-2  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  base;  calyx-tube  funnelform;  petals 
pinkish,  obcordate,  3-4  mm.  long;  stigma  deeply  4-lobed;  capsules  short- 
stalked,  curved,  ascending  or  erect,  2-2.5  cm.  long.  In  dry  open  woods. 


ONAGRACEAE.  1 71 

Epilobium  paniculatum  Nutt.  Annual,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent, 
much-branched  above,  30-60  cm.  high;  bark  becoming  loose  and  papery  at 
base;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  often  curved  and  folded,  acute,  dentic- 
ulate, 2-5  cm.  long,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole;  flowers  pink  or  whitish, 
variable  in  size,  usually  4-10  mm.  broad,  in  loose  racemes  terminating  the 
almost  naked  branches;  petals  notched;  capsules  lanceolate-linear,  1-1.5  cm. 
long,  on  pedicels  about  as  long.  Common  and  variable. 

Epilobium  franciscanum  Barbey.  Very  similar  to  E.  adenocaulon,  but 
canescent-puberulent  throughout  or  somewhat  pilose  above;  leaves  mostly 
sessile.  In  moist  places  near  Spokane,  Piper. 

Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.  Perennial  by  short  stolons  which  produce 
fleshy  rosettes  in  the  fall;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  usually  simple,  leafy, 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  sometimes  glandular  above;  leaves  mostly  opposite, 
lanceolate,  acutish,  closely  denticulate,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  5-7  cm.  long, 
mostly  short  petioled;  inflorescence  terminal,  becoming  loose;  petals  notched, 
about  4  mm.  long,  pink;  capsules  linear,  nearly  sessile,  6-8  cm.  long,  usually 
puberulent;  seeds  minutely  papillate.  Low  ground,  common.  Very  variable. 

Epilobium  adenocaulon  occidentale  Trel.  Remotely  leafy;  leaves  more 
triangular-lanceolate,  erect,  prominently  denticulate,  very  short- petioled. 
Pullman  and  Spokane. 

Epilobium  hornemanni  Reichenb.  Perennial,  often  tufted,  10-30  cm.  high, 
erect,  usually  puberulent  or  glandular  in  the  inflorescence;  leaves  ovate,  entire 
or  denticulate,  2-4  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole;  petals  pink 
or  purple,  5-8  mm.  long;  capsule  pedicellate;  seeds  smooth  or  minutely  rough- 
ened. Along  rills  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Epilobium  fastigiatum  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Perennial,  glabrous  and  glaucous, 
usually  tufted,  the  stems  mostly  simple,  10-20  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  all 
opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  serrulate,  or  nearly  entire,  1-2  cm.  long; 
petals  usually  pink,  4-8  mm.  long;  stigma  clavate;  capsules  6-7  cm.  long; 
seeds  minutely  roughened.  Moist  places,  Blue  Mountains. 

Epilobium  ursinum  Parish.  Stems  slender,  erect,  15-30  cm.  high;  herbage 
sparsely  pubescent  or  somewhat  pilose,  the  inflorescence  minutely  glandular- 
pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  denticulate-serrate,  acutish,  2-3  cm. 
long,  a  little  longer  than  the  internodes;  flowers  few;  petals  white  or  lavender, 
about  5  mm.  long;  capsules  ascending,  glabrous,  3  cm.  long,  on  pedicels  half 
as  long;  seeds  rough.  Little  Potlatch  River,  Idaho,  Sandberg,  Heller  and 
MacDougal. 

243.    CLARKIA. 

Annual,  with  erect  brittle  stems;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 
on  short  slender  petioles,  the  uppermost  sessile;  flowers  in  ter- 
minal racemes;  calyx-tube  obconical  above  the  ovary,  4-cleft; 
petals  4,  with  claws,  lobed  or  entire,  purple  or  violet;  stamens  8, 
those  opposite  the  petals  often  sterile;  anthers  attached  at  their 
bases,  erect;  ovary  4-celled;  capsule  linear,  attenuate  above, 
coriaceous,  erect,  somewhat  4-angled,  4-celled  and  4-valved  to 
the  middle;  seeds  numerous. 

Peirals  3-lobed.  C.  pulchella. 

Petals  entire.  C.  rhomboidea. 

Clarkia  pulchella  Pursh.  Stems  erect,  much  branched  above,  15-60  cm. 
high,  puberulent;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  rather  obtuse, 


172  ONAGRACEAE. 

short-petioled,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers  red,  in  corymb- 
like  racemes;  petals  about  20  mm.  long,  the  broad  blades  3-lobed,  the  long 
claw  with  a  slender  tooth  on  each  side;  inner  four  anthers  rudimentary; 
stigma-lobes  much  dilated;  capsule  oblong,  truncate  at  apex,  2-3  cm.  long, 
puberulent,  stout-pedicelled.  Common  on  the  prairies. 

Clarkia  rhomboidea  Dougl.  Slender,  erect)  usually  simple,  15-60  cm. 
high,  puberulent;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire,  1-4 
cm.  long,  slender-petioled ;  flowers  few,  scattered;  petals  rhomboidal,  entire, 
about  1  cm.  long,  the  claw  often  toothed;  stamens  all  perfect;  filaments  with 
hairy  scales  at  base;  capsules  stout,  4-angled,  acuminate,  nearly  sessile,  2-3 
cm.  long.  In  dry  open  woods. 

244.  BOISDUVALIA. 

Erect  leafy  annual  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  simple; 
flowers  small,  in  leafy  simple  or  compound  spikes;  calyx-tube 
funnelform  above  the  ovary,  4-lobed;  petals  4,  2-lobed,  purple  or 
white;  stamens  8,  those  opposite  the  petals  shorter;  anthers 
attached  near  their  bases,  erect;  ovary  4-celled,  several-ovuled ; 
capsule  membranaceous,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  nearly  terete, 
acute,  sessile,  dehiscent  to  the  base;  seeds  3-8,  in  one  row  in 
each  cell. 

Upper   leaves    much    shorter    than    the    lower   ones;    capsule 

septifragal.  B.  densiflora. 

Upper  leaves  about  as  long  as  the  lower  ones;  capsule  loculicidal. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  pubescent.  B.  stricta. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  often  glabrous.  B.  glabella. 

Boisduvalia  densiflora  (Lindl.)  Wats.  Erect,  simple  or  with  a  few  branches 
below,  hoary-puberulent  throughout  or  nearly  glabrous,  30-90  cm.  high; 
lower  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  2-6  cm.  long;  upper  leaves 
gradually  shorter  and  sometimes  broader,  ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire, 
crowded;  spikes  dense;  corolla  6-8  mm.  broad,  purplish;  capsules  oblong,  5-8 
mm.  long,  the  partitions  not  adherent  to  the  valves  in  dehiscence;  seeds  3-6 
in  each  cell.  Common  in  low  ground,  variable. 

Boisduvalia  stricta  (Gray)  Greene.  Erect,  simple  or  rarely  branched 
below,  villous  throughout,  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  all  alike,  lanceolate,  acute, 
entire  or  denticulate,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves 
and  occasionally  of  the  lower  also;  corolla  2-3  mm.  long,  purplish;  capsules 
slender,  acuminate,  8-10  mm.  long;  partitions  adherent  to  the  valves;  seeds 
6-8  in  each  cell.  Growing  with  B.  glabella  and  in  similar  places. 

Boisduvalia  glabella  (Nutt.)  Walp.  Erect  and  simple  or  more  commonly 
branched 'at  base  and  decumbent,  10-30  cm.  high,  leafy,  densely  villous  to 
glabrous;  leaves  all  alike,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate  or 
dentate,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  sessile  in  the  upper  axils,  occasionally  also  in 
the  lower  ones,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  corolla  purplish,  2  mm.  long,  capsules 
fusiform,  tapering  from  a  broader  base,  6-7  mm.  long,  the  partitions  adherent 
to  the  valves;  seeds  4-6  in  each  cell,  somewhat  fusiform.  Common  in  the 
bottoms  of  dried  ponds.  Puzzling  intermediate  forms  occur  between  this 
and  B.  slricla. 

245.  GAYOPHYTUM. 

Very  slender  caulescent  branching  annuals;  leaves  alternate, 
linear,  entire;  flowers  axillary;  calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond 


OXAGRACEAE.  173 

the  ovary,  4-parted;  petals  4,  white  or  rose-colored,  very  small, 
obovate  or  oval,  with  a  very  short  claw;  stamens  8;  anthers 
broad  or  rounded,  attached  by  the  middle,  those  opposite  the 
petals  on  shorter  filaments  and  usually  sterile;  ovary  2-celled; 
fruit  a  dehiscent  capsule,  seeds  few-many,  naked,  in  one  row. 

Capsules  nearly  sessile;  stems  simple  or  branched  from  the 

base.  G.  pumilum. 

Capsules  on  slender  pedicels;  stems  branched  above. 

Seeds  glabrous.  G.  ramosissimum. 

Seeds  canescent.  G.  lasiospermum. 

Gayophytum  pumilum  Wats.  Erect,  simple  or  branched  at  base,  5-15 
cm.  high,  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate, 
acute,  attenuate  to  the  sessile  base,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  minute;  capsules 
stout,  sessile,  10-22  mm.  long,  usually  appressed  to  the  stem;  seeds  smooth. 
Moist  bare  places  in  the  mountains. 

Gayophytum  ramosissimum  T.  &  G.  Erect,  with  usually  many  slender 
branches,  glabrous  below,  puberulent  above,  15^10  cm.  high;  leaves  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  acute,  attenuate  at  the  sessile  base;  flowers 
pink,  small,  2—4  mm.  broad,  pedicelled;  capsules  oblong  or  somewhat  club- 
shaped,  often  torulose,  6-12  mm.  long,  spreading,  on  rlender  pedicels,  some- 
times deflexed;  seeds  not  hairy.  Dry  soil,  especially  in  open  woods. 

Gayophytum  lasiospermum  Greene.  Very  similar  to  G.  ramosissimum  and 
to  be  distinguished  certainly  only  by  the  seeds,  which  are  canescent  with  an 
appressed  silky- pubescence.  In  sandy  or  gravelly  soil. 

246.   PACHYLOPHUS. 

Perennial  acaulescent  or  nearly  acaulescent  herbs;  leaves  basal, 
pinnatifid  or  pinnately-toothed,  petioled;  flowers  basal,  more  or 
less  tufted ;  calyx-tube  linear-f unnelform ;  segments  narrow,  one- 
third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  tube;  petals  white  or  pink; 
stamens  8,  equal;  anthers  attached  near  the  middle,  versatile; 
capsule  4-celled,  pyramidal,  its  angles  retuse  or  obtuse,  trans- 
versely wrinkled ;  seeds  sessile,  in  one  or  two  rows. 

Pachylophus  marginatus  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  Stemless  or  nearly  so,  with  a 
thick  tap-root;  leaves  all  radical,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
sinuately  irregular-dentate  or  pinnatifid,  5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a 
petiole  about  as  long,  villous  or  nearly  glabrous  except  the  villous  margin; 
flowers  barely  exceeding  the  leaves,  rose-colored,  4-6  cm.  broad;  calyx-tube 
narrow,  5-10  cm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  ovary,  the  lobes  lanceolate, 
somewhat  reflexed;  capsule  oblong-ovate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  3-4  cm.  long. 
Bluffs  of  Snake  River. 

247.   OENOTHERA.     EVENING  PRIMROSE. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  prostrate  or  erect 
stems;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  buds  erect 
or  drooping;  flowers  white,  pink  or  yellow,  blooming  by  night  or 
by  day;  flowers  axillary  or  in  terminal  spikes;  calyx-tube 
elongated,  terete,  filiform  or  enlarged  upward;  segments  narrow, 


174  ONAGRACEAE. 

tips  free  or  united  in  bud,  finally  reflexed;  stamens  8,  equal, 
with  filiform  filaments  and  linear  anthers;  ovary  4-celled,  the 
united  styles  filiform;  stigma  4-cleft;  ovules  numerous,  in  one, 
two  or  more  rows,  horizontal  or  ascending;  capsule  4-celled,  4- 
angled,  loculicidal;  seeds  numerous,  angled  or  terete,  with  or 
without  a  tubercle. 

Oenothera  strigosa  Rydb.  Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  50-200  cm.  high, 
usually  simple,  appressed-canescent  throughout;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate 
or  oblanceolate,  acute,  denticulate,  3-12  cm.  long,  the  lower  narrowed  at 
base  and  petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  spikes  terminal,  elongate  in  fruit;  flowers 
yellow,  2-4  cm.  broad,  opening  in  the  evening;  calyx-tube  slender,  2-3  cm.  long, 
much  longer  than  the  ovary  or  the  spreading  lobes;  capsules  oblong,  narrowed 
above,  sessile,  2-2.5  cm.  long.  Common  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

248.   TARAXIA. 

Acaulescent  plants  with  pinnatifid  or  entire  leaves  and  yellow 
or  white  axillary  flowers;  calyx  4-parted,  the  tube  longer  than 
the  ovary,  the  segments  reflexed ;  stamens  8,  erect ;  anthers  versa- 
tile; stigma  capitate,  entire  or  nearly  so;  capsule  sessile;  seeds 
in  2  rows,  ascending. 

White-pubescent;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid.  T.  tanacelifolia. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid.  T.  heterantha. 

Taraxia  tanacetifolia  (T.  &  G.)  Piper.  Densely  white  pubescent;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  petioled,  deeply  pinnatifid,  acuminate,  5-15  cm. 
long;  calyx-tube  3-8  cm.  long,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate;  petals  1-2  cm.  long; 
capsules  terete,  attenuate  toward  the  apex.  In  moist  places,  local. 

Taraxia  heterantha  (Nutt.)  Small.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  somewhat  denticulate,  5-15  cm.  long; 
calyx-tube  4-6  cm.  long,  the  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate;  petals  broadly  obovate, 
retuse,  8-12  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end.  Moist  ground. 

Taraxia  heterantha  taraxicifplia  (Wats.)  Small.  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid. 
In  moist  ground.  The  subspecies  sometimes  occurs  with  the  species. 

249.    SPHAEROSTIGMA. 

Annual  or  biennial  caulescent  herbs;  flowers  axillary  or  in 
spikes;  calyx-tube  obconical  or  shortly  funnelform;  stamens  8, 
equal  in  length;  anthers  attached  near  the  middle,  versatile; 
stigma  entire;  capsule  4-celled,  terete  or  angled;  seeds  in  one  row 
in  each  cell. 

Capsule  linear,  more  or  less  curved.  S.  contorlum. 
Capsule  broadest  at  base,  attenuate  upward. 

Seeds  pale,  linear;  flowers  very  small.  S.  andinum. 

Seeds  dark,  clavate;  flowers  larger.  S.  hilgardi. 

Sphaerostigma  contortum  (Dougl.)  Walp.  Slender  annual,  usually  branched 
from  the  base,  10-15  cm.  high,  sparsely  puberulent  or  glabrous;  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,  entire  or  denticulate,  2-3  cm.  long,  sessile;  flowers  sessile,  in  the 
axils,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  leaves;  petals  reddish-yellow,  2  mm.  long, 


ARALIACEAE.  175 

as  long  as  the  reflexed  calyx- lobes;  capsules  sessile,  linear,  somewhat  4-sided, 
usually  twisted  or  bent  at  the  base,  2-3  cm.  long.  Sandy  soil,  along  Snake 
River. 

Sphaerostigma  andinum  (Nutt.)  Walp.  Canescently  puberulent;  stems 
simple  or  more  usually  branched  from  the  base,  3-10  cm.  high;  leaves  linear- 
spatulate,  entire,  10-20  mm.  long,  petioled;  flowers  sessile,  in  short  dense 
spikes,  the  bracts  leaf-like;  petals  yellow,  1-2  mm.  long;  capsules  6-8  mm.  long, 
canescent;  seeds  pale,  linear.  In  dried-up  ponds  especially  where  alkaline. 

Sphaerostigma  hilgardi  (Greene)  Small.  Similar  to  S.  andinum  and  often 
growing  with  it;  petals  larger,  3-4  mm.  long;  seeds  dark-colored,  thicker  at 
one  end.  Sprague,  Sandberg  and  Leiberg,  probably  within  our  limits. 

Family  64.    ARALIACEAE.     GINSENG  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs,  shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  simple  or  compound 
with  dilated  petioles;  flowers  umbellate,  paniculate  or  racemose; 
calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  entire  or  toothed;  petals  5, 
epigynous;  stamens  5,  epigynous,  alternate  with  the  petals; 
styles  2  or  more;  ovary  2  or  more  celled,  crowned  with  a  disk; 
fruit  a  few-celled  drupe. 

Herb;  leaves  compound.  250.  ARALIA,  175. 

Shrub;  leaves  simple.  251.  ECHINOPANAX,  175. 

250.   ARALIA. 

Aromatic  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  with  compound  leaves; 
flowers  polygamous,  in  umbels,  white  or  green;  ovary  5-celled; 
ovules  solitary. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  Wild  Sarsaparilla.  Stem  very  short,  mostly  sub- 
terranean; leaf  solitary,  long-stalked,  ternate,  each  division  pinnately  5- 
foliolate;  leaflets  oval  or  ovate,  serrate,  acuminate;  scape  shorter  than  the  leaf, 
naked,  bearing  2-7  umbels;  flowers  greenish-white.  In  deep  woods,  Mt. 
Carlton,  Spokane  County,  and  adjacent  Idaho. 

251.   ECHINOPANAX. 

Stout  shrubs,  ours  very  prickly;  leaves  simple,  long-petioled, 
suborbicular,  palmately-lobed ;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in 
numerous  umbels  which  are  in  racemes  or  panicles ;  calyx-margin 
narrow  or  obsolete,  obscurely  crenate-lobed ;  carpels  (in  ours)  2. 

Echinopanax  horridum  (Smith)  Dene.  &  Planch.  Devil's  Club.  Shrub; 
stems  1-4  m.  long,  mostly  decumbent  below,  armed  with  pale  prickles;  leaves 
all  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  10-30  cm.  broad,  palmately  5-13-lobed;  lobes 
acute  and  serrate;  petioles  and  principal  veins  prickly  beneath ;  flowers  greenish- 
yellow;  fruit  scarlet.  Swamps  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 


176  UMBELLIFERAE. 

Family  65.     UMBELLIFERAE.     PARSLEY  FAMILY. 

Herbs;  stems  usually  hollow;  leaves  compound  or  simple; 
petioles  often  dilated  at  the  base;  flowers  small,  in  umbels  or 
rarely  heads,  the  umbels  often  subtended  by  primary  bracts  (the 
involucre) ;  in  compound  umbels,  the  secondary  rays  often  sub- 
tended by  secondary  bracts  (the  involucels] ;  calyx  entirely  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary ;  petals  and  stamens  on  the  calyx-tube ;  base 
of  the  style  (stylopodium}  often  expanded;  ovary  2-celled,  2- 
ovuled;  fruit  of  2  seed-like  dry  carpels  with  contiguous  inner 
surfaces  (the  commissure),  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with 
5  primary  ribs  and  often  with  4  intermediate  secondary  ones,  in 
the  intervals  between  which  oil-tubes  are  commonly  found; 
carpels  often  separating  from  each  other,  supported  on  the  sum- 
mit of  a  slender  axis  (the  carpophore).  Mature  fruits  are  abso- 
lutely necessary  for  accurate  determinations  in  this  family. 

Flowers  in  dense  heads;  fruit  scaly.  252.  ERYXGIUM,  177. 

Flowers  not  in  heads,  evidently  in  umbels;  fruit  not 

scaly. 
Fruit  bristly. 

Bristles  covering  the  whole  fruit  surface.  253.  SANICULA,  177. 

Bristles  only  on  the  ribs  of  the  fruit. 

Fruit  elongated,  linear;  bristles  appressed.     254.  OSMORHIZA,  177. 
Fruit  short,  ovate;  bristles  spreading.  255.  CAUCALIS,  178. 

Fruit  not  bristly. 

Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally. 

Plants  caulescent  and  branching  and  flowers 

white;  stylopodium  conical. 
Wings  of  the  two  carpels  contiguous; 

leaves  ternately  compound.  256.  HERACLEUM,  178. 

Wings  of  the  two  carpels  distinct: 
leaves  ternate-pinnately  or  pinnately 
compound.  257.  ANGELICA,  179. 

Plants  acaulescent  or  if  caulescent  flowers 

yellow;  stylopodium  flat  or  none. 

Lateral  wings  thin;  plant  usually  low.     258.  COGSWELLIA,  179. 
Lateral    wings   thick;    plant   tall   and 

stout.  259.  LEPTOTAEMA,  181. 

Fruit  not  dorsally  flattened. 

Oil  tubes  obsolete  or  obscure.  254.  OSMORHIZA,  177. 

Oil  tubes  distinct. 

Oil  tube  one  in  each  interval. 

Flowers  yellow.  261.  ZIZIA,  182. 

Flowers  white. 

Leaflets  lanceolate  or  broader.      262.  CICUTA,  182. 
Leaflets  linear. 

Stylopodium    conical;   calyx 

teeth  prominent.  263.  CARUM,  182. 

Stylopodium  none;     calyx 

teeth  obsolete.  264.  LEIBERGIA,  183. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  177 

Oil  tubes  more  than  one  in  each  interval. 
Stylopodium  conical. 

Fruit  globose.  265.  BERULA,  183. 

Fruit  oblong.  266.  LIGUSTICUM,  183. 

Stylopodium  flat  or  none. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit  winged.  267.  PTERYXIA,  184. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit  not  winged.         268.  SIUM,  184. 

252.   ERYNGIUM. 

Glabrous  perennials;  leaves  often  rigid,  coriaceous,  entire, 
spinosely  toothed,  or  divided;  flowers  white  or  blue,  sessile,  in 
dense  bracteate  heads ;  sepals  very  prominent,  rigid  and  persistent ; 
stylopodium  wanting;  styles  short  or  long,  often  rigid;  fruit 
ovoid,  flattened  laterally,  covered  with  hyaline  scales  or  tubercles; 
carpel  with  ribs  obsolete;  oil-tubes  mostly  5,  3  dorsal  and  2 
commissural;  seed  face  plane. 

Eryngium  articulatum  Hook.  Erect,  30-70  cm.  tall;  branches  dichoto- 
mous,  usually  with  a  peduncled  head  in  the  forks;  lower  leaves  mostly  reduced 
to  long  nodose  petioles  sometimes  bearing  a  lanceolate  entire  or  spinulose- 
serrate  blade;  upper  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  usually  jagged  near  the  base; 
heads  globose,  blue;  bracts  lanceolate,  spiny-toothed,  exceeding  the  head; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  cuspidate,  4-5  mm.  long;  style  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
lobes.  Wet  places,  not  common. 

253.   SANICULA.      SANICLE. 

Perennial  tall  rather  glabrous  herbs,  with  ternate  or  palmate 
leaves ;  flowers  perfect  and  staminate  mixed  in  heads  in  few-rayed 
umbels,  yellow  or  green;  involucral  bracts  few;  calyx-teeth 
evident,  persistent;  fruit  globular,  the  carpels  not  separating, 
ribless,  the  whole  surface  covered  with  hooked  bristles. 

Sanlcula  septentrionalis  Greene.  Erect,  slender,  10-35  cm.  high;  basal 
leaves  few,  small,  ternate,  or  biternate,  the  obovate  segments  cleft  or  toothed; 
cauline  leaves  few,  more  sharply  toothed;  peduncles  arising  singly  along  the 
stem;  umbels  with  3-5  rays;  involucre  of  pinnatifid  leaf-like  bracts;  fruiting 
rays  1.5-3.5  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  4  mm.  long.  Blue  Mountains. 

254.   OSMORHIZA.     SWEET  CICELY. 

Glabrous  to  hirsute  perennials,  30-90  cm.  high;  roots  thick, 
aromatic;  leaves  ternately  decompound;  leaflets  broad,  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  variously  toothed;  involucre  and  involucels  few- 
leaved  or  wanting;  flowers  white  or  purple,  in  few-rayed  and 
few-fruited  umbels;  calyx-teeth  obsolete;  stylopodium  conical, 
sometimes  depressed;  styles  mostly  short;  fruit  linear  to  linear- 
oblong,  more  or  less  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  acuie  or  beaked  at 
apex,  glabrous  or  bristly  on  the  ribs;  carpels  slightly  flattened 
dorsally  or  not  at  all,  nearly  pentagonal  in  section,  with  equal 
ribs  and  thin  pericarps,  often  tapering  into  a  long  tail-like 
13 


178  UMBELLIFERAE. 

attenuation  at  the  base;  oil-tubes  obsolete  in  the  mature  fruit 
(often  numerous  in  young  fruit) ;  seed  face  from  slightly  concave 
to  deeply  sulcate. 

Fruit  glabrous.  0.  occidentalis. 
Fruit  with  bristly  ribs. 

Foliage  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  O.  divaricata. 

Foliage  strigose-pubescent.  O.  brevipes. 

Osmorhiza  occidentalis  Torr.  Stout,  more  or  less  puberulent,  40-80  cm. 
tall;  leaves  2-3-ternate;  leaflets  ovate-oblong,  acute,  serrate,  4-10  cm.  long; 
umbel  5-12-rayed;  involucels  few  or  none;  fruit  12-16  mm.  long,  obtuse  at 
base,  glabrous,  shining,  beaked,  the  ribs  prominent  and  sharp.  On  moist 
slopes  in  the  mountains. 

Osmorhiza  divaricata  (Britt.)  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  30-60  cm. 
tall;  leaves  biternate;  leaflets  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin, 
coarsely  serrate  and  more  or  less  incised;  umbels  2-9-rayed;  pedicels  mostly 
1-2  cm.  long;  involucels  none;  fruit  16-20  mm.  long,  bristly-hairy  on  the  ribs, 
the  carpels  distinctly  beaked,  much  narrowed  at  the  base.  In  woods. 

Osmorhiza  brevipes  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Suksdorf.  (Washinglonia  brevipes 
Coult.  &  Rose.)  Similar  to  O.  divaricata  but  pubescent  with  white  hairs; 
pedicels  shorter,  4-12  mm.  long,  decidedly  shorter  than  the  fruit,  which  is 
14-16  mm.  long.  In  open  woods,  Blue  Mountains. 

255.   CAUCALIS. 

Mostly  hispid  annuals;  leaves  pinnately  dissected,  with  very 
small  segments;  flowers  white;  calyx-teeth  prominent;  fruit 
short,  ovate  or  oblong,  flattened  laterally;  carpel  with  5  filiform 
primary  ribs  with  spreading  bristles  and  4  prominently  winged 
secondary  ones  with  barbed  or  hooked  prickles;  stylopodium 
thick,  conical;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 

Caucalis  microcarpa  H.  &  A.  Annual,  erect,  branched,  8-20  cm.  tall, 
more  or  less  hairy;  leaves  pinnately  much  dissected,  the  ultimate  segments 
linear-oblong,  2.5  mm.  long;  umbels  unequally  3-6-rayed;  involucral  bracts 
resembling  the  leaves;  involucels  usually  entire;  fruit  oblong,  armed  with  rows 
of  hooked  prickles.  Sandy  soil,  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

256.   HERACLEUM. 

Tall  stout  perennials;  leaves  large,  ternately  compound;  in- 
volucres deciduous;  involucels  of  numerous  bractlets;  flowers 
white,  in  large  many-rayed  umbels;  calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete; 
petals  obcordate,  the  outer  ones  often  dilated  and  2-cleft;  stylo- 
podium  thick,  conical ;  fruit  broadly  ovate,  very  much  flattened 
dorsally,  somewhat  pubescent;  carpel  with  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  filiform ;  the  broad  lateral  wings  contiguous  to  those 
of  the  other  carpel,  strongly  nerved  toward  the  outer  margin; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  conspicuous,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  carpel,  2-4  on  the  commissural  side;  seed  very  much 
flattened  dorsally. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  179 

Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Cow  Parsnip.  Very  stout,  1-2  m.  tall, 
pubescent  throughout;  leaves  ternate  or  biternate;  petioles  much  dilated; 
leaflets  round-cordate,  10-25  cm.  broad,  irregularly  lobed  and  dentate;  rays 
5-15  cm.  long;  fruit  obcordate,  8-12  mm.  broad,  the  oil-tubes  conspicuous. 
Abundant  along  streams. 

257.  ANGELICA. 

Stout  perennial  herbs;  leaves  ternate,  then  pinnate,  rarely 
simply  pinnately  compound;  involucre  scanty  or  none;  involucels 
of  small  bractlets  or  none;  flowers  in  large  terminal  umbels; 
calyx-teeth  mostly  obsolete ;  stylopodium  conical ;  fruit  flattened 
dorsally,  ovate  or  oblong,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  calyx-tube 
prominent,  crenulate;  carpel  with  strong  ribs,  the  lateral  ribs 
usually  broadly  winged,  distinct  from  those  of  the  other  carpel, 
forming  a  double-winged  margin  to  the  fruit;  oil-tubes  1-several, 
in  the  intervals,  or  indefinite,  2-10  on  the  commissural  side; 
seed  face  plane  or  somewhat  concave. 

Ovaries  glabrous;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  the  lateral  intervals.  A.  lyallii. 

Ovaries  puberulent;  oil  tubes  in  pairs  in  the  lateral  intervals.  A.  canbyi. 

Angelica  lyallii  Wats.  Stout,  60-150  cm.  tall,  glabrous  or  the  inflorescence 
sometimes  puberulent;  leaves  ternate,  then  once  or  twice  pinnate;  leaflets 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  dentate,  2-10  cm.  long;  umbel  many- 
rayed;  involucre  and  involucels  wanting;  fruit  oblong,  4—6  mm.  long,  the 
lateral  wings  about  as  broad  as  the  body;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  all  the  intervals. 
In  wet  places  in  the  mountains. 

Angelica  canbyi  Coult.  &  Rose.  Rather  slender,  60-90  cm.  high,  glabrous 
except  the  inflorescence;  leaves  bipinnate;  leaflets  linear  to  ovate,  acute, 
laciniately  toothed,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  umbel  10-20-rayed;  involucre  and  in- 
volucels wanting;  fruit  oblong,  6  mm.  long,  the  lateral  wings  half  as  broad  as 
the  body;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  the  dorsal  intervals,  in  pairs  in  the  lateral. 
High  ridges  of  the  Blue  Mountains  at  the  lower  timber  line. 

258.   COGSWELLIA. 

Acaulescent  or  short  caulescent  dry  ground  perennials;  roots 
fusiform  or  tuberous;  leaves  ternate  to  dissected,  sometimes  pin- 
nate; involucre  none;  involucels  mostly  present;  flowers  yellow, 
white  or  purple;  calyx- teeth  obsolete,  very  rarely  evident; 
stylopodium  wanting;  fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  oblong 
to  orbicular;  carpel  with  filiform  and  approximate  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs  and  winged  laterals  coherent  till  maturity 
with  those  of  the  other  carpel ;  pericarp  thin ;  oil-tubes  1-several 
in  the  intervals  (rarely  obsolete),  2-10  on  the  commissural  side; 
seed  dorsally  flattened,  with  plane  face  (rarely  slightly  concave). 

Low  plants  arising  from  thick  tubers. 

Flowers  yellow;  tubers  elongate.  C.  cous. 

Flowers  white;  tubers  globose. 

Fruit  puberulent.  C.  gormani. 

Fruit  glabrous. 


ISO  UMBELLIFERAE. 

Oil  tubes  none;  tubers  often  moniliform.  C.  geyeri. 

Oil  tubes  present;  tuber  solitary. 

Tuber  large ;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.      C.  canbyi. 
Tuber  small ;  oil  tubes  several  in  each  interval.      C.  farinosa. 
Taller  plants,  the  roots  elongate,  scarcely  tuberous  (some- 
times so  in  C.  ambigua). 
Involucels  conspicuous;  flowers  white. 

Herbage  sparsely  tomentose.  C.  macrocarpa. 

Herbage  densely  puberulent.  C.  artemisiarum. 

Involucels  small  or  wanting;  flowers  yellow. 

Fruit  linear;  leaves  1  or  2  times  pinnate  with  ultimate 

segments  1-5  cm.  long.  C.  ambigua. 

Fruit  oblong;  leaves  decompound  or  2  or  3  times  pin- 
nate with  ultimate  segments  5-15  cm.  long. 
Leaves  much  dissected  with  short  segments;  wings 

of  fruit  broad;  plant  ill-scented.  C.  grayi. 

Leaves  1-3  times  ternate,  the  segments  elongate; 

plants  not  ill  scented.  C.  triternata. 

Cogswellia  cous  (Wats.)  Jones.  Proper  stem  none;  peduncles  8-12  cm. 
tall;  tuber  subglobose  or  elongate;  leaves  glabrous,  bipinnately  compound,  the 
ultimate  segments  oblong,  acute,  mostly  entire;  umbel  3-12-rayed,  the  rays 
unequal,  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  oblong,  sparsely  puberulent,  short- 
pedicelled,  6-8  mm.  long,  with  narrow  wings;  oil-tubes  large,  solitary  between 
the  ribs,  4-6  on  the  inner  side.  Bluffs  of  the  Snake  and  Clearwater  Rivers 
and  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  in  stony  soil.  The  principal  species  used  as  food 
by  the  Indians  under  the  name  cause. 

Cogswellia  gormani  (Howell)  Jones.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  proper 
stems  short  or  none;  peduncles  5-7  cm.  tall,  ascending  or  spreading;  tubers 
globose,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter,  bearing  numerous  roots  on  the  under  side; 
leaves  bipinnate,  the  ultimate  segments  oblong  or  linear;  umbel  unequally 
1-10-rayed;  flowers  white;  anthers  purple ;  fruit  ovate,  sessile,  puberulent, 
6  mm.  long.  Abundant  in  rocky  places. 

Cogswellia  geyeri  (Wats.)  Jones.  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so;  tubers 
round,  deep  seated,  often  several  in  a  series;  herbage  glabrous;  leaves  once  or 
twice  ternate  and  then  more  or  less  pinnate,  the  ultimate  segments  linear  and 
callus-tipped;  umbel  unequally  8-18-rayed,  the  numerous  lanceolate  bractlets 
of  the  involucels  united;  flowers  white;  fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  8-10  mm.  long, 
5  mm.  broad,  the  thin  wings  half  as  broad  as  the  body;  oil  tubes  none.  Common 
in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  about  Spokane. 

Cogswellia  canbyi  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Jones.  Proper  stem  short,  mostly 
underground,  arising  from  a  large  globose  tuber  with  thick  black  rind;  leaves 
ternate,  then  pinnatifid,  the  ultimate  segments  small  with  3-5  linear  lobes; 
scape  8-20  cm.  high,  usually  reddish;  umbel  with  5-10  subequal  rays;  fruits 
pedicelled,  oblong-ovate,  glabrous,  8  mm.  long;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals, 
2-4  on  the  inner  side.  In  rocky  ground  on  the  lower  Clearwater  River,  Idaho. 

Cogswellia  farinosa  (Hook.)  Jones.  Proper  stems  usually  short;  peduncles 
10-30  cm.  high;  tubers  globose,  rarely  2  or  3  in  a  row;  leaves  once  or  twice 
palmate;  leaflets  linear,  1-8  cm.  long,  3-5  together;  umbel  unequally  5-15- 
rayed,  the  rays  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  white;  fruit  pedicelled,  linear-oblong, 
glabrous,  6-8  mm.  long.  Rock  ledges  on  the  bluffs  of  Snake  River. 

Cogswellia  macrocarpa  (Nutt.)  Jones.  Proper  stems  short,  the  peduncles 
10-40  cm.  high,  white-pubescent  throughout;  roots  elongate,  fusiform;  leaves 
decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  ovate  or  linear,  short;  umbels  3-20- rayed, 
the  involucels  conspicuous,  lanceolate;  flowers  white;  fruit  oblong,  glabrous, 
6-20  mm.  long.  On  basalt  outcroppings,  common. 


UMBELLIFERAE.  l8l 


Cogswellia  artemisiartun  (Piper)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Very  similar  to  C.  macro- 
carpa  in  all  respects  but  the  herbage  finely  and  densely  puberulent  and  the  plant 
usually  smaller.  Common  in  sandy  soil  amongst  sagebrush.  Hunt's  Junction, 

Leckenby. 

Cogswellia  ambigua  (Nutt.)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous,  10-60  cm.  tall,  the 
stems  usually  leafy;  roots  globose  or  more  commonly  elongate;  leaves  once 
or  twice  pinnately  compound,  the  ultimate  segments  linear,  1-5  cm.  long; 
umbels  unequally  8-18-rayed;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  linear,  narrow,  6-8  mm. 
long,  on  pedicels  about  as  long.  Stony  soil,  common. 

Cogswellia  grayi  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous,  the 
peduncles  8-40  cm.  high;  leaves  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  very 
numerous,  short,  filiform;  umbel  6-16-rayed;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  oblong, 
8-16  mm.  long,  glabrous.  Common  in  springy  gravelly  places.  The  whole 
plant  is  very  ill-smelling. 

Cogswellia  triternata  (Pursh)  Jones.  Peduncles  30-70  cm.  tall;  leaves 
bipinnate  or  triternate,  puberulent;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long; 
umbel  unequally  5-18-rayed,  the  rays  1-5  cm.  long;  fruit  oblong,  glabrous, 
6-12  mm.  long;  oil-tubes  large,  solitary  between  the  ribs;  two  on  the  inner  side. 
Low  meadows,  common. 

259.   LEPTOTAENIA. 

Usually  tall  or  stout,  glabrous,  nearly  acaulescent;  roots  thick, 
fusiform,  often  very  large;  leaves  usually  large,  pinnately  de- 
compound ;  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none;  involucels  of  numer- 
ous small  bractlets;  flowers  yellow  or  purple;  calyx-teeth  obso- 
lete or  sometimes  evident;  stylopodium  wanting;  fruit  flattened 
dorsally,  oblong-elliptical,  glabrous;  carpel  with  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  filiform  or  obscure;  lateral  wings  very  thick  and 
corky;  commissural  face  with  a  prominent  central  longitudinal 
ridge  left  after  separation  from  the  carpophore;  oil-tubes  3-6 
in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the  commissural  side,  mostly  small,  some- 
times obsolete;  seeds  very  flat,  with  plane  or  slightly  concave  face. 

Fruit  narrowly  oblong;  foliage  glabrous.  L.  salmoniflora* 

Fruit  elliptical  or  oval;  foliage  puberulent. 

Pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  fruit.  L.  multifida* 

Pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  fruit.  L.  foliosa. 

Leptotaenia  salmoniflora  Coult.  &  Rose.  Stems  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves 
decompound,  glabrous,  very  finely  dissected,  the  ultimate  segments  filiform; 
umbel  4-10-rayed,  the  rays  2.5-4  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  oblong,  10 
mm.  long,  the  dorsal  ribs  prominent;  oil-tubes  large.  Common  on  basalt 
cliffs  along  Snake  River. 

Leptotaenia  multifida  Nutt.  Stout,  30-90  cm.  tall;  leaves  ternately  de- 
compound, puberulent,  the  ultimate  segments  oblong-linear;  umbel  many- 
rayed;  rays  equal;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  elliptical,  smooth,  8-12  mm.  long; 
dorsal  ribs  very  obscure;  oil-tubes  nearly  obsolete.  Common  on  hillsides. 

Leptotaenia  foliosa  (Hook.)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Stout,  40-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  2-  or  3-times  ternate,  then  pinnate;  ultimate  segments  linear  and  entire  or 
cut  into  linear  lobes,  puberulent  on  the  midrib  and  margins;  umbel  8-22-rayed, 
flowers  yellow;  fruit  on  very  short  pedicels;  sterile  flowers  on  slender  pedicels. 
Lake  Waha,  Idaho.  A  poorly  known  species. 


182  UMBELLIFERAE. 

261.   ZIZIA. 

Smooth  perennials  with  simple  to  ternately  compound  leaves ; 
involucre  none;  involucels  of  small  bractlets;  flowers  yellow; 
calyx- teeth  prominent;  stylopodium  wanting;  styles  long;  fruit 
flattened  laterally,  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous;  central  fruit  of  each 
umbellet  sessile;  carpel  with  filiform  ribs;  oil-tubes  large  and 
solitary  in  the  broad  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side  and  a 
small  one  in  each  rib;  seed  terete,  longitudinally  grooved  beneath 
the  oil-tubes. 

Zizia  cordate  (Walt.)  Koch.  Glabrous,  30-80  cm.  tall;  lower  leaves 
simple,  cordate,  crenately  toothed,  2-8  cm.  long,  sometimes  lobed  or  even 
ternate,  mostly  long-petioled ;  upper  leaves  short-petioled,  palmately  com- 
pound, of  3-5  leaflets,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  incised  and  serrate;  fruit  ovate,  3 
mm.  long.  Common  in  copses. 

262.   CICUTA. 

Smooth  poisonous  marsh  perennials;  leaves  pinnately  com- 
pound; leaflets  serrate;  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none;  in- 
volucels of  several  slender  bractlets;  flowers  white;  calyx- teeth 
rather  prominent;  stylopodium  low,  sometimes  low-conical; 
fruit  flattened  laterally,  oblong  to  orbicular,  glabrous;  carpels 
with  strong  flattish  corky  ribs,  the  lateral  largest,  at  least  in 
section;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  two  on  the  commis- 
sural side ;  seed  nearly  terete  or  'somewhat  dorsally  flattened  with 
face  from  plane  to  slightly  concave. 

Fruit  oblong.  C.  occidenlalis. 

Fruit  orbicular.  C.  vagans. 

Cicuta  occidentals  Greene.  Poison  Parsnip.  Stout,  60-90  cm.  high, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  rootstock  short  and  thick;  leaves  twice-pinnate;  the 
leaflets  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acute,  short-petioled,  thickish,  conspic- 
uously veined;  fruit  oblong,  3-4  mm.  long.  Moist  places,  not  rare. 

Cicuta  vagans  Greene.  Very  similar  to  C,  occidenlalis  in  all  respects  but 
the  fruits  orbicular,  2-3  mm.  long.  In  wet  places  but  much  less  common 
than  C.  occidenlalis. 

263.  CARUM.    CARAWAY. 

Smooth  erect  slender  herbs;  roots  fascicled,  tuberous  or  fusi- 
form; leaves  pinnate,  with  few  linear  leaflets;  involucels  of  few 
to  many  bracts;  flowers  white;  calyx- teeth  prominent  for  the 
size  of  the  fruit;  stylopodium  conical;  fruit  compressed  laterally, 
orbicular  to  oblong,  glabrous;  carpels  with  filiform  or  incon- 
spicuous ribs;  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2-6 
on  the  commissural  side;  seeds  dorsally  flattened,  more  or  less 
longitudinally  grooved  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  the  face  plane  or 
slightly  concave. 

Carum  gairdneri  (H.  &  A.)  Gray.  Stems  erect,  slender,  30-100  cm. 
tall,  simple  or  branched  above;  roots  fusiform,  clustered;  leaves  few,  mostly 


UMBELLIFERAE.  183 

pinnate,  with  3-7  linear  leaflets,  5-15  cm.  long,  the  lowermost  rarely  bipinnate, 
the  upper  simple;  umbels  6-15-rayed,  the  rays  2-4  cm.  long;  involucels  linear, 
acuminate;  fruit  subglobose,  flattened,  1-2  mm.  long,  with  small  calyx-teeth. 
Common  in  low  meadows.  Roots  edible,  a  favorite  food  of  the  Indians. 

264.   LEIBERGIA. 

Slender  glabrous  acaulescent  plants  from  tubers;  leaves  ter- 
nately or  pinnately  divided  into  long  filiform  leaflets;  flowers 
white,  in  irregular  umbels;  calyx  teeth  obsolete;  fruit  flattened 
laterally,  linear,  beaked;  carpels  with  5  filiform  ribs;  stylo- 
podium  none;  oil  tubes  small,  one  in  each  interval,  two  on  the 
commissural  side. 

Leibergia  orogenioides  Coult.  &  Rose.  Scapes  slender,  10-50  cm.  high 
from  a  small  globose  tuber;  leaves  pinnate  with  3-7  leaflets;  leaflets  linear, 
1-7  cm.  long,  acute,  entire;  rays  of  the  umbel  3-10,  unequal,  slender,  2-12  cm. 
long;  involucre  none;  involucels  of  3-4  small  bractlets;  fruit  lanceolate,  8  mm. 
long,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed  above.  Spokane  County  and  adjacent 
Idaho.  An  early  vernal  plant  along  streams. 

265.   BERULA. 

Smooth  aquatic  perennials,  with  simply  pinnate  leaves;  in- 
volucre and  involucels  of  conspicuous  narrow  bracts;  flowers 
white;  calyx-teeth  minute;  fruit  flattened  laterally,  nearly  round, 
glabrous;  carpels  nearly  globose  with  slender  inconspicuous  ribs; 
stylopodium  conical;  oil  tubes  numerous  and  contiguous,  closely 
surrounding  the  seed  cavity. 

Berula  erecta  (Huds.)  Coville.  Stems  erect,  20-90  cm.  high;  leaflets  5-9 
pairs,  linear  to  oblong  or  ovate,  serrate  or  incised  or  somewhat  laciniately 
lobed,  2-8  cm.  long;  peduncles  2-5  cm.  long;  fruit  barely  2  mm.  long.  Springy 
places  near  Spokane. 

266.  LIGUSTICUM.    LOVAGE. 

Smooth  perennials  from  large  aromatic  roots;  leaves  usually 
large,  ternately  or  ternately  pinnately  compound;  flowers  white 
or  pinkish  in  large  many  rayed  umbels;  involucre  usually  none; 
involucels  narrow;  calyx  teeth  small  or  obsolete;  fruit  oblong  or 
ovate,  flattened  laterally,  if  at  all,  glabrous;  carpel  with  promi- 
nent and  equal  ribs;  stylopodium  conical;  oil  tubes  2-6  in  the 
intervals,  6-10  on  the  commissural  side. 

Leaflets  large  and  broad,  serrate.  L.  verlicillalum. 

Leaflets  small,  pinnatifid.  L.  leibergi. 

Ligusticum  verticillatum  (Geyer)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous;  stems  stout, 
60-70  cm.  high;  leaves  once  or  twice  ternate,  then  pinnate;  leaflets  ovate  or 
oblong,  serrate  to  dentate,  paler  beneath;  umbel  unequally  many-rayed,  the 
rays  in  fruit  2.5-7  cm.  long;  fruit  oblong,  6  mm.  long,  the  ribs  winged;  stylo- 
podium short-conical.  In  open  woods,  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho. 


1 84  CORNACEAE. 

Ligustlcum  leibergi  Coult.  &  Rose.  Glabrous;  stem  stout,  branched 
above,  60-90  cm.  tall;  leaves  large,  twice  ternate,  then  pinnate;  leaflets  ovate 
or  oblong,  deeply  cleft  into  narrow  sharp-pointed  and  sometimes  serrate 
lobes;  umbel  many-rayed;  rays  2.5-5  cm.  long;  involucels  wanting;  fruit 
oblong,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  ribs  winged.  In  wet  ground  especially  in  the 
mountains. 

267.  PTERYXIA. 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  clothed  at  the  base  by  the  persistent 
leaf -sheaths ;  leaves  bright  green  or  somewhat  pale,  clustered  at 
the  base,  with  main  divisions  ternate,  then  pinnately  finely- 
dissected  into  short  linear  segments;  involucre  mostly  none; 
involucels  of  narrow  bractlets;  flowers  yellow  or  white;  calyx- 
teeth  evident;  fruit  oblong  to  orbicular,  glabrous;  carpel  usually 
strongly  flattened  dorsally,  with  wings;  stylopodium  wanting; 
oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals;  seed-face  plane  or  with  a 
shallow  and  broad  cavity. 

Leaves  with  pale  rigid  segments.  P.  terebinlhina. 

Leaves  greener  with  segments  not  rigid.  P.  foeniculacea. 

Pteryxia  terebinthina  (Hook.)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Rootstock  simple  or  but 
little  branched;  stems  20-40  cm.  high;  leaves  tripinnate,  pale,  the  ultimate 
segments  rigid,  entire  or  toothed,  mucronate,  1-2  mm.  long;  fruit  oval  or 
suborbicular,  7-8  mm.  long,  the  thin  wings  2  mm.  broad,  wavy.  Rock  Creek, 
Cotton.  A  common  species  in  the  sagebrush  region. 

Pteryxia  foeniculacea  Nutt.  Rootstock  much  branched,  bearing  nu- 
merous stems  30-50  cm.  tall;  leaves  pinnately  decompound,  very  finely  dis- 
sected, green  and  glabrous,  the  ultimate  segments  linear,  2-4  mm.  long;  fruit 
oblong,  fr-8  mm.  long,  the  wings  not  as  broad  as  the  body,  not  wavy.  In 
rock  crevices  on  the  banks  of  Snake  River  and  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

268.   SIUM. 

Perennial,  growing  in  water  or  in  wet  places;  leaflets  serrate 
or  pinnatifid;  involucres  and  involucels  of  numerous  narrow 
bracts;  flowers  white;  calyx-teeth  minute;  stylopodium  depressed; 
styles  short;  fruit  flattened  laterally,  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous; 
carpel  with  prominent  corky  nearly  equal  ribs;  oil-tubes  1-3, 
in  the  intervals,  never  solitary  in  all  the  intervals,  2-7  on  the 
commissural  side;  seed  subangular,  with  plane  face. 

Slum  cicutaefolium  Schrank.  Stout,  60-80  cm.  tall;  leaves  pinnate,  with 
7-17  linear  or  lanceolate  serrate  acuminate  leaflets,  these  5-12  cm.  long; 
umbel  many-rayed,  the  rays  2.5-4  cm.  long;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  with  prominent 
ribs.  Margins  of  ponds,  infrequent. 

Family  66.     CORNACEAE.     DOGWOOD  FAMILY. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs;  leaves  simple,  alternate  or  op- 
posite; flowers   regular,    perfect,    polygamous   or   dioecious,    in 
cymes  or  heads;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals  and 
stamens  4,  on  the  margin  of  an  epigynous  disk  in  the  perfect 


PYROLACEAE.  185 

flowers;  style  1;  ovary  1-2-celled,  with  one  ovule  in  each  cell; 
fruit  a  1-2-seeded  drupe. 

269.   CORNUS.     DOGWOOD. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (in  ours) ;  leaves  opposite,  sometimes  appar- 
ently whorled,  entire;  flowers  perfect,  in  a  cyme  or  head-like 
cluster;  calyx  minutely  4-toothed;  petals  4,  oblong  or  ovate; 
stamens  4,  with  slender  filaments ;  style  1 ;  drupe  ovoid  or  oblong, 
with  a  2-celled  2-seeded  stone. 

Flowers  in  head-like  cymes  with  a  conspicuous  involucre;  fruit 

red.  C.  canadensis. 

Flowers  in  loose  cymes,  not  involucrate;  fruit  white  or  blue. 

Cyme  branches  and  leaves  appressed-pubescent  beneath.     C.  stolonifera. 

Cyme  branches  and  leaves  loosely  pubescent  beneath.  C.  occidentalis. 

Cornus  canadensis  L.  Perennial  herb,  10-20  cm.  high,  the  rootstocks 
woody ;  stems  scaly  below,  bearing  2  or  3  pairs  of  leaves  above,  forming  a  false 
whorl  and  sometimes  a  pair  near  the  middle;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or 
acuminate,  narrowed  at  base,  sessile,  entire,  sparsely  puberulent,  2-4  cm.  long; 
peduncle  solitary,  4-5  cm.  long;  involucral  bracts  4-6,  white,  ovate,  8-16  mm. 
long;  flowers  greenish,  small,  in  dense  heads;  fruit  bright  red,  globular,  4  mm. 
in  diameter.  In  rich  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  Shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  with  bright  red  twigs, 
these  usually  puberulent  when  young;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  ovate  or  oval, 
acuminate  or  acute,  cuneate  at  base,  appressed-puberulent  or  glabrous,  paler 
beneath,  4—8  cm.  long;  petiole  1-2  cm.  long;  cymes  short-peduncled,  2-6  cm. 
broad,  usually  appressed-puberulent;  flowers  white,  6-8  mm.  broad;  fruit 
globose,  blue;  stone  somewhat  flattened,  usually  broader  than  long.  Common 
along  streams. 

Cornus  occidentalis  (T.  &  G.)  Coville.  Very  similar  to  C.  stolonifera  but 
more  or  less  pubescent  with  loose  not  appressed  hairs,  especially  the  under 
side  of  the  leaves,  the  twigs  and  the  inflorescence;  fruit  whitish.  Along  streams 
about  Spokane. 

Family  67.     PYROLACEAE.     PYROLA  FAMILY. 

Perennial  green  herbs  or  chlorophyll-less  and  leafless  root- 
parasites  or  saprophytes;  flowers  solitary,  racemose  or  corym- 
bose, often  on  a  scape,  perfect,  nearly  regular;  calyx  2-6-lobed 
or  parted,  free  from  the  ovary;  corolla  gamopetalous  and  5- 
toothed  or  of  5  separate  petals;  stamens  10,  with  one-  or  two- 
horned  anthers;  ovary  superior,  4-  or  5-celled;  style  short  or 
slender,  often  declined;  capsule  globose,  4-  or  5-lobed,  loculicidally 
4-  or  5-valved. 

Petals  united  almost  to  the  tips.  270.  PTEROSPORA,  186. 
Petals  free  almost  or  quite  to  the  base. 

Flowers  solitary.  271.  MONESES,  186. 
Flowers  not  solitary. 

Infloresence  a  corymb;  style  short.  272.  CHIMAPHILA,  186. 

Inflorescence  a  raceme;  style  mostly  long.  273.  PYROLA,  187. 


1 86  PYROLACEAE. 

270.  PTEROSPORA. 

Stout  simple  purplish-brown  clammy-pubescent  root-parasitic 
herbs  without  chlorophyll ;  stem  wand-like,  with  scattered  lanceo- 
late scales  toward  the  base,  in  place  of  leaves;  flowers  many, 
nodding,  white,  in  a  long  bracted  raceme;  corolla  gamopetalous, 
ovate,  urn-shaped,  5-toothed;  stamens  10;  anthers  2-celled, 
awned  on  the  back;  stigma  5-lobed;  capsule  globose,  flattened, 
5-lobed,  5-celled;  seeds  very  numerous. 

Pterospora  andromedea  Nutt.  A  reddish  purple  glandular-hairy  herb, 
with  straight  simple  flowering  stems,  30-90  cm.  high;  roots  coral-like,  much 
branched;  scale-like  leaves  brownish,  scarious,  attenuate-lanceolate,  largest 
and  most  numerous  below,  1-3  cm.  long;  raceme  elongated,  the  flowers  nodding, 
on  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long,  bracts  small,  narrow;  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  4-5 
mm.  broad;  capsules  flattened,  globose,  1  cm.  wide.  Coniferous  woods  in 
the  mountains.  The  plants  die  after  blooming. 

271.   MONESES. 

Low  perennial  glabrous  herbs;  flowers  solitary  on  a  slender 
scape,  drooping,  white  or  pink;  petals  5,  distinct,  widely  spread- 
ing, orbicular;  stamens  10;  filaments  not  enlarged  in  the  middle, 
naked;  anthers  conspicuously  2 -horned;  style  exserted;  stigma 
large,  peltate,  with  5  short  radiating  lobes;  ovary  globose,  4-5- 
celled;  ovules  numerous;  capsule  subglobose,  4-5-celled,  4-5- 
valved;  seeds  numerous,  minute. 

Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray.  Rootstock  very  slender;  stems  erect,  bearing 
2-4  pairs  or  whorls  of  leaves;  leaves  obovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse,  finely  crenate 
or  dentate,  8-20  mm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  with  a  shorter  petiole; 
scapes  5-12  cm.  high,  1-flowered,  usually  bearing  a  solitary  bract;  flowers 
white,  nodding,  12-20  mm.  broad;  capsules  erect,  6-8  mm.  broad.  Coniferous 
woods,  in  the  mountains,  rare. 

272.   CHIMAPHILA.     PIPSISSEWA. 

Low  nearly  herbaceous  perennials ;  leaves  irregularly  opposite, 
whorled  or  scattered,  coriaceous,  short-petioled,  serrate;  flowers 
in  corymbs  on  a  leafy  stem;  petals  5,  widely  spreading,  orbicular; 
anthers  2-horned;  stigma  large,  peltate,  with  5  narrow  and  con- 
spicuous radiating  lobes;  valves  of  the  capsule  naked. 

Flowers  many;  leaves  cuneate-oblanceolate,  numerous.  C.  umbellata. 

Flowers  few;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  few.  C.  menziesii. 

Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Stems  15-30  cm.  high,  erect  from 
horizontal  rootstocks;  leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  cuneate-oblanceolate,  acute, 
serrate,  2-4  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent;  flowers 
4-8,  pink,  about  1  cm.  broad,  in  terminal  corymbs;  filaments  bearded  on  the 
margins;  capsule  6-8  mm.  broad.  Deep  coniferous  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Chimaphila  menziesii  (R.  Br.)  Spreng.  Stems  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves  few, 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrulate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  the 
principal  veins  bordered  with  white;  peduncle  1-3-flowered;  petals  white  or 
pinkish;  bracts  ovate  or  orbicular;  filaments  expanded  and  hairy  in  the  middle. 
In  deep  coniferous  woods. 


PYROLACEAE.  187 

273.   PYROLA. 

Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs;  leaves  roundish,  petioled, 
evergreen,  basal  or  nearly  so ;  flowers  nodding,  in  a  simple  raceme, 
on  a  more  or  less  scaly-bracted  scape;  corolla  of  5  concave  more 
or  less  converging  petals;  stamens  10;  ovary  4-  or  5-celled;  ovules 
very  numerous;  fruit  a  flattened  globose  5-lobed  5-celled  capsule. 

Style  straight. 

Leaves  orbicular;  style  very  short.  P.  minor. 

Leaves  ovate;  style  long.  P.  secunda. 

Style  curved  downward. 

Green  leaves  none  or  very  rudimentary.  P.  aphylla. 

Green  leaves  present. 

Calyx-lobes  obtuse,  very  short;  flowers  greenish.  P.  Morantha. 

Calyx-lobes  acute. 

Flowers  white  or  whitish.  P.  picta. 

Flowers  red  or  pink. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  shiny,  acute.  P.  bracteala. 

Leaves  thin,  dull,  obtuse.  P.  elafa. 

Pyrola  minor  L.  Leaves  all  basal,  orbicular,  obscurely  crenulate,  2-4  cm. 
long,  the  margined  petioles  nearly  as  long;  scapes  erect,  5-20  cm.  high;  pedicels 
recurved;  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  rather  crowded;  petals  orbicular,  naked  at 
the  base;  anthers  obtuse;  stigma  large,  obscurely  5-lobed.  Base  of  Mt. 
Carlton,  Kreager. 

Pyrola  secunda  L.  Rootstocks  slender,  usually  much  branched;  stems 
erect  or  ascending;  leaves  somewhat  clustered  at  the  base,  ovate,  obtuse  or 
acute,  crenate,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles  1  cm.  long;  scapes  10-25  cm. 
high,  with  few  scale-like  bracts,  which  also  occur  between  the  leaves;  raceme 
one-sided,  3-8  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  on  short  pedicels,  soon  nodding;  corolla 
regular;  petals  oblong,  4  mm.  long,  each  with  a  pair  of  tubercles  at  base; 
anthers  obtuse;  stigmas  large,  5-lobed.  Deep  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Pyrola  aphylla  Smith.  Very  similar  to  P.  bracteata,  but  the  green  leaves 
reduced  to  scales.  In  coniferous  woods. 

Pyrola  chlorantha  Sw.  Leaves  orbicular,  often  retuse,  thick,  not  shiny, 
small,  mostly  2-3  cm.  long,  shorter  than  the  petiole;  scapes  10-20  cm.  high, 
bractless  or  with  solitary  bracts;  raceme  3-10-flowered;  petals  greenish-white, 
rounded;  calyx-lobes  very  short  and  obtuse;  anthers  beaked.  In  deep  conif- 
erous woods. 

Pyrola  picta  Smith.  Rootstocks  creeping;  leaves  tufted  at  base,  oblong, 
ovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse  or  acute,  mucronate,  obscurely  denticulate  or  entire, 
green,  variegated  with  white  along  the  veins,  often  purple  beneath,  2-6  cm. 
long;  petioles  margined,  1-3  cm.  long;  scapes  erect,  15-30  cm.  high,  with  few 
bracts,  10-20-flowered;  calyx-lobes  short,  ovate,  about  one-fourth  as  long  as 
the  petals;  corolla  irregular;  petals  white,  6-7  mm.  long;  anthers  constricted 
at  the  apex;  style  deflexed,  with  a  projecting  collar  at  the  base  of  the  stigma. 
Coniferous  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Pyrola  bracteata  Hook.  Leaves  all  basal,  green,  coriaceous,  ovate,  acute, 
rounded  at  base,  crenulate,  3-6  cm.  long;  petioles  margined,  as  long  as  the 
blades;  scapes  20-40  cm.  high,  with  several  brownish  scarious  lanceolate 
bracts;  racemes  many-flowered;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  petals;  corolla  irregular,  dull-red,  about  1  cm.  broad;  anthers 
slightly  constricted  at  apex;  style  declined,  with  a  collar-like  ring  at  the  base  of 
the  stigma.  Deep  woods,  in  the  mountains. 


1 88  ERICACEAE. 

Pyrola  elata  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  P.  bracleata;  but  leaves  broadly  obovate 
or  orbicular,  obtuse,  thinner,  not  shiny;  flowers  paler.  In  wet  places  in 
woods. 

Family  68.    ERICACEAE.    HEATHER  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs ;  leaves  simple,  commonly  alternate, 
articulated  to  the  stem,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular,  or 
nearly  so;  corolla  generally  gamopetalous,  4-  or  5-lobed;  stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes,  hypogynous;  style 
single;  ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  rarely 
less;  seeds  small;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.  274.  VACCINIUM,  188. 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe.  275.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  189. 
Fruit  a  dry  capsule. 

Leaves  linear,  small.  276.  PHYLLODOCE,  189. 

Leaves  elliptical,  large.  277.  MENZIESIA,  189. 


274.  VACCINIUM.    HUCKLEBERRY. 

Branching  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  sometimes  coriaceous; 
flowers  small,  solitary  or  in  racemes  or  clusters ;  corolla  various  in 
shape,  epigynous,  4-  or  5-cleft ;  stamens  8  or  10 ;  anthers  sometimes 
2-awned  on  the  back;  fruit  a  4-  or  5-celled  or  sometimes  8-10-celled 
berry;  seeds  numerous. 

Tall  shrubs,  1-2  m.  high.  V.  macrophyllum. 
Low  shrubs,  less  than  50  cm.  high. 

Branches  sharply  angled;  berries  red  or  wine-color.  V.  scoparium. 

Branches  terete;  berries  blue,  with  a  bloom.  V.  caespitosum. 

Vaccinium  macrophyllum  (Hook.)  Piper.  Huckleberry,  Shrub,  1-2  m. 
high,  glabrous  throughout  or  nearly  so;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  rarely 
obtuse,  cuneate  at  base,  finely  serrate,  paler  beneath,  1-4  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  pedicels  slender;  calyx-limb  entire;  corolla  nearly  globose,  yellowish, 
4-5  mm.  long;  fruiting  pedicels  erect;  fruit  without  abloom,  dark- wine-color 
or  nearly  black.  Open  pine  woods,  common. 

Vaccinium  scoparium  Leiberg.  Low  bushy  glabrous  shrub,  15-40  cm. 
high,  with  numerous  erect  branches,  green  and  all  sharply  angled;  leaves  very 
small,  oval  to  ovate,  serrate,  bright  green;  corolla  ovoid,  2  mm.  long;  berries 
light  red,  2-4:  mm.  in  diameter.  In  lodgepole  pine  forests,  Blue  Mountains. 

Vaccinium  caespitosum  Michx.  Low  bushy  shrub,  10-30  cm.  high, 
glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent;  leaves  obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  crenulate- 
serrulate,  cuneate  at  base,  very  short- petioled,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary 
in  the  axils,  longer  than  the  drooping  pedicels;  calyx-lobes  very  short;  corolla 
pink,  ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long;  berry  blue,  with  a  bloom,  sweet,  3-5  mm.  in  di- 
ameter. North  hillsides,  common. 


PRIMULACEAE.  189 

275.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. 

Low  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  coriaceous,  persistent,  entire  or 
with  a  few  irregular  teeth;  flowers  small,  nodding,  pink  or  white, 
in  terminal  racemes  or  clusters;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary; 
corolla  ovate  and  urn-shaped,  with  5  short  teeth;  stamens  10; 
anthers  with  two  reflexed  awns  on  the  back;  drupe  berry-like 
with  5-10  seed-like  nutlets. 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Sprang.  Kinnikinnick.  Prostrate  or  trailing 
shrub  with  red  bark,  the  much  branched  stems  20-80  cm.  long,  forming  dense 
mats,  glabrous  throughout  or  minutely  puberulent;  leaves  evergreen,  leathery, 
spatulate-obovate,  obtuse  or  notched,  cuneate  at  base,  1-3  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  flowers  in  short  racemes;  corolla  pink,  ovate,  4-5  mm.  long;  filaments 
hairy;  fruit  bright-red,  glabrous,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter.  Dry  pine  woods, 
common. 

276.   PHYLLODOCE. 

Low  alpine  heath-like  evergreen  undershrubs;  leaves  numer- 
ous, linear,  obtuse,  serrulate;  flowers  solitary  or  in  umbels  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary;  corolla  5- 
toothed;  stamens  10;  anthers  pointless,  shorter  than  the  fila- 
ments; fruit  a  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded  dry  capsule. 

Phyllodoce  empetriformis  (Smith)  D.  Don.  Much  branched,  15-50  cm.  high; 
flowers  in  umbels;  corolla  rose-colored,  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  lobes 
shorter  than  the  tube.  In  wet  meadows,  Blue  Mountains,  2000  m.  altitude. 

277.   MENZIESIA. 

Shrubs  with  alternate  hairy  deciduous  leaves;  flowers  small, 
nodding,  greenish-purple,  in  terminal  corymbs  or  umbels,  de- 
veloped with  the  leaves;  calyx  small  or  minute,  flattish,  4-toothed 
or  lobed;  corolla  cylindrical  to  urn-shaped,  4-lobed;  stamens  8; 
capsule  ovoid,  woody,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded. 

Menziesia  ferruginea  Smith.  Erect  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  the  branches 
inclined  to  be  falsely  whorled,  the  young  branchlets  puberulent;  leaves  thin, 
oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  short-mucronate,  cuneate  at  base,  serrulate  and 
ciliate,  minutely  puberulent,  paler  beneath,  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  short; 
pedicels  slender,  2-4  cm.  long,  glandular-puberulent;  corolla  oblong  or  ovoid- 
campanulate,  reddish-yellow,  7-9  mm.  long;  filaments  glabrous  or  pubescent 
below;  capsules  oblong  or  obovoid,  mostly  glabrous;  seeds  tailed  at  each  end. 
Deep  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Family  69.    PRIMULACEAE.     PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs;  leaves  simple,  mostly  entire,  alternate,  opposite  or  in 
a  basal  cluster,  without  stipules ;  flowers  regular,  perfect ;  corolla 
gamopetalous,  4-8,  usually  5-lobed  or  cleft;  stamens  as  many  as 
and  opposite  the  corolla-lobes,  epipetalous;  ovary  superior,  1- 


190  PRIMULACEAE. 

celled /with  a  free  central  placenta  rising  from  the  base;  fruit  a 
capsule;  seeds  several  or  many;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Stems  short;  leaves  in  a  basal  rosette.  278.  DODECATHEON,  190. 

Stems  elongated,  leaf-bearing. 

Leaves  clustered  near  the  summit  of  the  stem.     279.  TRIENTALIS,  191. 
Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  not  clustered. 

Flowers  in  axillary  spikes;  leaves  punctate.      280.  NAUMBURGIA,  191. 
Flowers  solitary,  axillary;  leaves  not  punc- 
tate. 

Flowers  sessile,  small.  281.  CENTUNCULUS,  191. 

Flowers  pedicelled,  large.  282.  STEIRONEMA,  191. 

278.   DODECATHEON.     SHOOTING  STAR. 

Perennial  smooth  or  viscid-puberulent  stemless  herbs;  leaves 
all  in  a  basal  cluster,  oblong  or  spatulate;  flowers  showy,  nodding, 
solitary  or  in  an  umbel  on  a  scape,  with  an  involucre;  calyx 
deeply  5-cleft;  corolla  with  a  very  short  tube,  5-parted,  purple  or 
white ;  filaments  distinct  and  short  or  united  into  a  tube ;  capsule 
ovoid  or  oblong,  many-seeded. 

Filaments  united  into  a  tube  half  as  long  as  the  anthers. 

Plant  glabrous.  D.  vulgar e. 

Plant  viscid-puberulent.  D.  puberulum. 
Filaments  free  or  filament-tube  very  short. 

Plant  glabrous.  D,  conjugens. 

Plant  viscid-puberulent.  D.  viscidum. 

Dodecatheon  vulgare  (Hook.)  Piper.  Glabrous  throughout,  15-45  cm. 
high;  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire  or  rarely  denticulate, 
5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  winged  petiole  as  long;  umbels  5-20-flowered; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  6-20  mm.  long;  pedicels 
1-6  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  not  much 
longer  than  the  tube;  petals  purple,  1  cm.  long;  stamineal  tube  yellow,  half  as 
long  as  the  purple  anthers;  capsules  ovoid,  6-9  mm.  long,  splitting  into  5  teeth 
at  the  apex  when  mature.  Wet  meadows  rare. 

Dodecatheon  puberulum  (Nutt.)  Piper.  (D.  cusickii  Greene.)  Re- 
sembling D.  vulgare  very  closely,  but  viscid-puberulent  throughout;  leaves 
usually  smaller;  scapes  10-30  cm.  high.  Stony  hillsides,  common.  A  white- 
flowered  form  is  occasionally  found. 

Dodecatheon  conjugens  Greene.  Glabrous  throughout,  10-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  2  or  3,  rarely  more,  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  5-10  cm.  long,  narrowed 
at  base  into  a  short  petiole;  flowers  usually  solitary,  less  commonly  2,  3  or 
more;  calyx-lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals 
15-20  mm.  long,  dark-purple;  capsules  oblong,  10-12  mm.  long,  cirumscissile 
near  the  top,  then  deeply  splitting  into  truncate  teeth.  Low  copses,  rare. 

Dodecatheon  viscidum  Piper.  Similar  to  D.  conjugens  but  larger  and  gland- 
ular-puberulent  throughout;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong;  calyx-lobes  four 
times  as  long  as  the  tube.  In  moist  meadows  near  Spangle. 


PRIMULACEAE.  19! 

279.  TRIENTALIS.    STAR-FLOWER. 

Low  smooth  perennials,  with  simple  erect  stems;  leaves  few, 
alternate,  minute  and  scale-like,  except  a  whorl  of  thin  veiny 
leaves  at  the  summit  of  the  stem ;  corolla  spreading,  flat,  without 
a  tube;  filaments  slender,  united  at  the  base;  anthers  oblong, 
revolute  after  dehiscing;  capsule  few-seeded. 

Trientalis  latifolia  Hook.  Stems  10-30  cm.  high,  from  small  rather  deep- 
seated  tubers;  leaves  4—7,  whorled  near  the  top,  lanceolate  to  oblong-oval, 
acute,  3-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled ;  pedicels  very  slender,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  petals  pink,  lanceolate,  acuminate.  In  woods,  Blue  Mountains. 

280.   NAUMBURGIA. 

Erect  perennial  leafy  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks;  leaves 
opposite,  sessile,  punctate;  flowers  in  axillary  spikes;  calyx  5-7- 
divided,  the  segments  linear;  corolla  deeply  5-7-parted,  the  tube 
very  short  and  the  segments  narrow;  stamens  5-7,  exserted; 
filaments  slender,  slightly  united  at  the  base;  capsule  5-7-valved, 
few-seeded. 

Naumburgia  thyrsiflora  (L.)  Duby.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  simple' 
20-60  cm.  high,  erect,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile' 
3-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  ones  reduced  and  scale-like;  peduncles  axillary  from 
the  1-4  middle  pairs  of  leaves;  flowers  small,  in  a  dense  oblong  spike,  pale 
yellow;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  capsule  glandular-dotted.  In 
wet  places,  Rock  Lake;  banks  of  Spokane  River  at  Spokane;  Mud  Lake,  Koo- 
tenai  County,  Idaho. 

281.   CENTUNCULUS. 

Small  annuals  with  leafy  stems;  leaves  entire;  flowers  small, 
inconspicuous,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary  axillary;  corolla 
rotate,  with  a  short  tube,  usually  withering  on  the  summit  of 
the  pod ;  stamens  4  or  5 ;  filaments  beardless. 

Centunculus  minimus  L.  Glabrous;  stems  slender,  5-20  cm.  high;  leaves 
ovate  to  obovate,  narrowed  at  base,  4-6  mm.  long;  flowers  axillary,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  the  parts  mostly  in  fours,  sometimes  in  fives;  calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late-subulate. In  low  wet  places,  Spokane  County,  and  adjacent  Idaho. 

282.   STEIRONEMA. 

Leafy-stemmed  perennials;  leaves  all  opposite  but  seemingly'in 
whorls  on  the  flowering  branches;  flowers  yellow,  on  slender 
axillary  peduncles;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  rotate,  deeply  5- 
parted;  capsules  10-20-seeded. 

Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.  Stems  erect,  usually  simple,  30-90  cm. 
high,  puberulent  above  or  wholly  glabrous;  leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper 
whorled,  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  the  margin  ciliate, 
2-4  cm.  long;  petioles  broad,  coarsely  ciliate,  1-2  cm.  long;  pedicels  exceeding 
the  leaves;  flowers  yellow,  1.5-2  cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
shorter  than  the  petals.  Along  streams  and  ponds,  common. 


192  GENTIANACEAE. 

Family  70.     GENTIANACEAE.    GENTIAN  FAMILY. 

Mostly  herbs;  leaves  entire,  opposite,  sessile,  without  stipules; 
flowers  perfect,  regular,  solitary  or  clustered;  corolla  gamo- 
petalous,  4-12-parted;  stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and 
alternate  with  them,  epipetalous;  ovary  1-celled,  with  2  parietal 
placentae;  fruit  a  capsule,  usually  2-valved;  seeds  numerous; 
endosperm  copious. 

Style  filiform,  usually  deciduous;  anthers  oblong  to 

linear,  mostly  twisting  or  curving  with  age.  283.  CENTAURION,  192. 

Style  stout  and  persistent  or  none ;  anthers  remaining 

straight. 

Corolla  funnelform  or  bell-shaped,  without  glands.  284.  GENTIANA,  192. 
Corolla  rotate,  with  a  fringed  glandular  spot  on 
each  lobe.  285.  FRASERA,  193. 

283.    CENTATJRION. 

Low  branching  annual  herbs;  leaves  sessile  or  clasping;  flowers 
white  or  reddish;  calyx  4-  or  5-parted;  corolla  funnel  or  salver- 
form,  4-  or  5-parted,  the  tube  slender;  anthers  exserted,  erect, 
oblong  to  linear,  twisting  spirally  with  age;  style  filiform,  usually 
deciduous;  stigmas  capitate  or  2-lipped. 

Centaurion  muehlenbergii  (Griseb.)  W.  F.  Wight.  Annual,  erect,  simple 
or  with  many  erect  branches,  10-20  cm.  high,  glabrous,  flowering  almost  from 
the  base;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse;  flowers  white,  rarely  pink,  about  1 
cm.  long,  mostly  sessile,  in  leafy  cymes;  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx, 
its  spreading  lobes  short,  obtuse.  Springy  places,  rare. 

284.    GENTIANA.     GENTIAN. 

Herbs;  leaves  opposite;  flowepe  solitary  or  in  cymes,  showy,  in 
late  summer  or  autumn;  calyx  4-  or  5-cleft;  corolla  funnelform  or 
bell-shaped,  4-  or  5-lobed,  regular,  without  glands,  often  with  inter- 
mediate plaited  folds  which  bear  appendages  at  the  sinuses; 
anthers  remaining  straight  with  age;  style  stout,  persistent  or 
none;  stigmas  2. 

Annual;  corolla  without  appendages  in  the  sinuses.  G.  acuta. 
Perennial;  corolla  with  appendages  in  the  sinuses. 

Calyx-lobes  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate.  G.  oregana. 

Calyx-lobes  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate.  G.  affinis. 

Gentiana  acuta  Michx.  Annual,  erect,  simple,  or  with  few  erect  branches, 
glabrous,  5^-40  cm.  high;  leaves  rather  few,  the  basal  spatulate-oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  petioled;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  sessile,  5-30  mm. 
long;  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  most  of  the  leaves,  1-4  cm.  long;  calyx  cleft 
below  the  middle,  the  lobes  acute,  usually  very  unequal;  corolla  5-15  mm.  long, 
without  folds  in  the  sinuses,  the  acutish  lobes  with  a  fringe  of  bristles  on  their 
bases  within.  Open  woods,  in  the  mountains. 


MENYANTHACEAE.  193 

Gentiana  oregana  Engelm.  Perennial,  pale  green,  the  stems  erect,  15-50 
cm.  high;  leaves  in  numerous  pairs,  ovate,  sessile,  acuminate  or  obtuse,  2-4 
cm.  long;  the  margins  minutely  scabrous;  flowers  few  in  a  terminal  cluster 
or  often  many  in  racemose  clusters;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  short- petioled ; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  deep  blue,  25-35 
mm.  long,  the  plaits  extended  into  somewhat  cleft  appendages  shorter  than 
the  acute  or  acuminate  lobes.  Low  or  moist  places,  rather  common. 

Gentiana  affinis  Griseb.  Perennial,  tufted,  green;  stems  erect  or  ascending, 
20-30  cm.  high;  leaves  rather  narrow,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear,  2-4  cm. 
long;  bracts  lanceolate  to  linear;  flowers  5-20,  in  racemes;  calyx-lobes  unequal, 
linear  or  subulate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  blue,  3  cm.  long,  the 
appendages  cleft  and  shorter  than  the  lobes.  Spokane  County. 

285.   FRASERA. 

Tall,  erect  herbs,  with  mostly  simple  stems;  leaves  opposite 
or  whorled;  flowers  rather  large,  numerous,  in  open  cymes  ar- 
ranged in  an  elongated  panicle;  calyx  deeply  4-parted;  corolla 
4-parted,  rotate,  each  lobe  with  a  glandular  and  fringed  pit  on  its 
face;  anthers  oblong,  remaining  straight  with  age;  stigma  2- 
lobed. 

Leaves  narrow,  opposite.  F.  albicaulis. 

Leaves  broad,  whorled.  F.  fastigiata. 

Frasera  albicaulis  Dpugl.  Minutely  puberulent  throughout,  pale-green; 
stems  erect,  15-45  cm.  high;  leaves  opposite,  mostly  clustered  at  base,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  with  a  white  hard  margin,  5-10  cm.  long,  the 
basal  ones  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  panicle  narrow,  its  branches 
erect,  5-15  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  6-10  mm.  long;  corolla  blue, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx;  glands  oblong,  coarsely  fringed,  sac-like  at 
base;  scales  between  the  filaments  cleft  into  thread-like  lobes;  pods  flat, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  tipped  by  the  persistent  style;  seeds  dark,  flat, 
rough.  Hillsides,  not  common. 

Frasera  fastigiata  (Pursh)  Heller.  Glabrous  throughout;  stems  stout, 
100-150  cm.  high;  leaves  marginless,  the  basal  ones  spatulate-oblanceolate, 
abruptly  acuminate  or  obtuse,  15-40  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  margined 
petiole;  cauline  in  whorls  of  3,  sessile,  8-20  cm.  long;  panicle  terminal,  10-30 
cm.  long,  rather  dense;  bracts  lanceolate  or  subulate;  sepals  attenuate-lanceo- 
late, about  8-10  mm.  long;  corolla  blue-purple,  longer  than  the  calyx;  glands 
round,  a  single  one  near  the  base  of  each  lobe;  styles  very  short;  capsules 
ovate,  much  flattened;  seeds  flat,  thin-margined,  minutely  pitted.  Common 
in  open  pine  woods,  Whitman  and  Spokane  Counties  and  adjacent  Idaho. 

Family  71.     MENYANTHACEAE. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  basal  or  alternate  entire 
crenate  or  trifoliolate  leaves;  flowers  clustered,  regular,  perfect; 
calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent;  corolla  funnelform  to  rotate, 
5-lobed  or  5-cleft;  stamens  5,  epipetalous,  alternate  with  the 
corolla-lobes;  style  long,  short,  or  none;  ovary  1 -celled  with  two 
parietal  placentae;  fruit  dehiscent  or  indehiscent. 


194  APOCYNACEAE. 

286.  MENYANTHES.    BUCKBEAN. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  thick  creeping  rootstocks  sheathed  by 
the  membranous  bases  of  the  petioles;  leaves  trifoliolate ;  calyx 
5-parted;  corolla  funnelform,  5-cleft;  style  slender,  persistent; 
stigma  2-lobed;  capsule  bursting  irregularly,  many-seeded. 

Menyanthes  trifoliate  L.  Perennial  from  scaly  rootstocks;  leaves  tri- 
foliolate, the  petioles  sheathing  at  base;  leaflets  oblong  to  obovate,  entire, 
obtuse;  peduncles  stout;  racemes  10-20-flowered;  corolla  white  or  rose-tinged, 
its  lobes  bearded  above;  capsule  ovoid.  In  bogs  near  Troy  and  Spokane  and 
about  Rock  Lake  and  Lake  Pend  Oreille. 

Family  72.    APOCYNACEAE. 

Herbs  (in  ours)  with  acrid  milky  juice;  leaves  entire,  opposite, 
without  stipules;  flowers  regular;  calyx  free  from  the  ovaries; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  5-lobed;  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
corolla-lobes,  epipetalous;  pistils  of  two  carpels,  the  ovaries 
separate  (in  ours),  the  styles  or  stigmas  united;  fruit  a  pair  of 
follicles;  seeds  many,  often  downy-tufted  at  the  apices;  endo- 
sperm not  copious. 

287.  APOCYNUM.     DOGBANE. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  mucronate-pointed ;  flowers 
small,  in  cymes,  on  short  pedicels;  calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  acute; 
corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  bearing  5  triangular  appendages 
below  the  throat,  opposite  the  lobes;  stamens  5,  on  the  very  base 
of  the  corolla ;  fruit  of  two  long  and  slender  follicles ;  seed  with  a 
tuft  of  long  silky  down  at  the  apex. 

Corolla  lobes  revolute;  leaves  ovate.  A.  pumilum. 
Corolla  lobes  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong. 

Calyx  and  bracts  ciliolate.  A .  ciliolatum. 

Calyx  and  bracts  entire.  A .  cannabinum. 

Apocynum  pumilum  (Gray)  Greene.  Much  branched  from  the  base,  30-40 
cm.  high;  branches  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  throughout  or  rarely  puberulent, 
usually  very  floriferous;  leaves  ovate,  cuspidate,  1-4  cm.  long,  dark-green 
above,  pale  beneath,  short-petioled ;  flowers  rose-colored;  calyx-lobes  about 
equalling  the  tube;  corolla  5-6  mm.  long,  the  lobes  reflexed;  pod  6-8  cm.  long, 
spreading  or  reflexed.  Common  on  hills,  difficult  to  eradicate  and  sometimes 
a  troublesome  weed.  A  puberulent  prostrate  form  which  may  be  distinct 
occurs  in  open  pine  woods  in  the  Thatuna  Hills,  Idaho. 

Apocynum  ciliolatum  Piper.  Stems  erect,  very  leafy,  branched  above, 
60-70  cm.  high,  glabrous;  leaves  elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  puberulent  on 
both  sides,  4-7  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide,  nearly  sessile;  panicle  ample,  rather 
loose,  its  branches  erect,  glabrous;  bracts  lanceolate,  ciliate;  pedicels  pubescent; 
calyx  lobes  deltoid,  acute,  erect,  ciliolate,  shorter  than  the  corolla  tube;  corolla 
pink,  5  mm.  long,  the  erect  lanceolate  acutish  ciliolate  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube, 
which  is  nearly  glabrous  within.  Wawawai. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE.  195 

Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  Glabrous  throughout  or  sometimes  puberulent, 
pale  green;  stems  erect,  branched  above,  60-100  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong- 
elliptic  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  the  margin  slightly  revolute,  2-6  cm.  long;  petioles  5-8  mm.  long;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  white,  3-5 
mm.  long,  the  lobes  erect;  pods  reflexed,  linear,  tapering  at  each  end,  6-8  cm. 
long.  Two  forms  of  this  occur  in  our  limits,  the  commoner  one  with  flowers 
3  mm.  long,  in  a  small  terminal  cyme,  surrounded  by  leafy  branches  (A.  suks- 
dorfii  Greene)  along  streams  and  in  rich  fields  in  the  warmer  valleys;  the  other 
with  flowers  5  mm.  long  in  large  loose  cymes,  occurring  at  Albion,  Whitman 
County. 

Family  73.     ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice;  leaves  entire,  opposite,  whorled  or 
rarely  alternate,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular,  5-merous, 
usually  in  simple  umbels;  corolla  gamopetalous,  5-lobed;  stamens 
attached  to  the  stigma,  all  the  pollen  of  each  anther-cell  in  one 
waxy  mass;  pistils  of  2  carpels  with  two  distinct  ovaries,  buc  with 
a  common  stigma;  fruit  a  pair  of  follicles;  seed  with  a  coma  of 
silky  down;  endosperm  scant. 

288.  ASCLEPIAS.     MILKWEED. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  copious  milky  juice;  leaves  opposite; 
flowers  numerous,  in  umbels,  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  small 
bracts,  the  involucre;  calyx  and  corolla  deeply  5-parted ;  stamens 
on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla,  monadelphous,  short,  crowned 
behind  each  anther  with  a  hood-like  appendage  from  the  cavity 
of  which  rises  a  horn;  anthers  adherent  to  the  solid  stigma; 
ovaries  with  short  styles;  follicles  ovate  or  lanceolate;  seeds 
numerous,  each  with  a  long  tuft  of  down,  the  coma. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  white-tomentose;  follicles  warty.  A.  speciosa. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  glabrous;  follicles  smooth.  A.  mexicana. 

Asclepias  speciosa  Torr.  Stems  stout,  erect,  simple,  80-90  cm.  high, 
thinly  white-tomentose  throughout;  leaves  opposite,  oblong-ovate,  cuspidately 
acute,  rounded  at  base,  10-15  cm.  long,  short- petioled;  peduncles  stout,  longer 
than  the  very  woolly  pedicels;  corolla  dark-purple,  1  cm.  long,  the  lobes  oblong- 
obtuse;  hoods  yellowish,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  stamens  and  stigma, 
abruptly  narrowed  above  the  dilated  base,  12-15  mm.  long;  horn  projecting 
from  near  the  base;  capsules  narrowly  ovoid,  tapering  above,  white-woolly 
and  with  numerous  soft  spines,  8  mm.  long.  In  moist  soil. 

Asclepias  mexicana  Cav.  Glabrous  below  the  inflorescence;  stems  simple, 
erect,  40-60  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  3-6,  the  lowermost  opposite, 
linear  or  lanceolate,  rarely  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  3-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled ; 
inflorescence  puberulent;  peduncles  longer  than  the  pedicels;  flowers  small, 
5-6  mm.  broad,  whitish  or  purplish;  hoods  ovate,  entire,  snorter  than  the 
stamens,  each  exceeded  by  the  incurved  subulate  horn.  Valley  of  the  Snake 
River;  Spokane. 


196  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

Family  74.     CONVOLVULACEAE. 

Mostly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  often  with  milky  juice; 
leaves  alternate;  flowers  regular,  perfect,  mostly  showy;  calyx 
5-lobed;  corolla  gamopetalous,  5-plaited  or  lobed,  convolute  or 
twisted  in  the  bud;  ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  the  cells 
sometimes  becoming  4  in  the  fruit  by  false  partitions;  fruit  a 
globular,  2-6-seeded  capsule;  endosperm  mucilaginous. 

289.   CONVOLVULUS.     MORNING  GLORY. 

Herbs  or  somewhat  woody  plants,  twining,  erect  or  prostrate; 
flowers  1  or  2  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  corolla  funnelform  to 
campanulate;  stamens  included;  style  undivided,  or  2-cleft  only 
at  the  apex;  capsules  globose,  2-celled,  or  imperfectly  4-celled 
by  false  partitions  between  the  two  seeds  or  by  abortion  1 -celled. 

Calyx  enclosed  by  two  large  bracts.  C.  sepium. 

Calyx  not  bracted.  C.  arvensis. 

Convolvulus  sepium  L.  Usually  glabrous,  climbing  over  shrubs  to  a 
height  of  2-3  m.;  leaves  sagittate  or  somewhat  hastate,  acuminate,  2-5 
cm.  long;  basal  lobes  entire  or  angularly  2-lobed;  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as 
the  leaves;  calyx  enclosed  by  two  large  ovate  bracts;  corolla  white,  sometimes 
pink,  4-6  cm.  long;  stigmas  capitate,  oval  or  oblong.  Banks  of  Snake  River. 

Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  Stems  prostrate,  trailing  30-120  cm.  long; 
whole  plant  pubescent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  1-4  cm.  long, 
sagittate  or  hastate  or  auricled  at  base;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves,  mostly  1-  or  2-flowered ;  pedicels  each  with  two  small  bracts;  cor- 
olla pinkish,  1-2  cm.  long;  stigmas  thread-like.  A  troublesome  weed,  as  yet 
sparingly  introduced. 

Family  75.     CUSCUTACEAE.     DODDER  FAMILY. 

Whitish  or  yellowish  parasitic  twining  vines,  with  leaves  reduced 
to  minute  alternate  scales;  sepals  5,  separate  or  united  into  a 
5-lobed  or  parted  calyx;  corolla  gamopetalous,  urn-shaped  or 
bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  usually  with  fimbriate  or  crenulate  scales  on 
the  tube  alternating  with  the  lobes;  stamens  5,  alternate  with 
the  corolla-lobes;  ovary  globose  to  oblong,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in 
each  cell;  capsule  circumscissile  or  indehiscent,  1-4-seeded. 

290    CUSCUTA.     DODDER. 

Leafless  annual  herbs  with  yellow  or  red  stems,  twining  and 
parasitic  on  the  plants  to  which  they  cling;  flowers  small,  clus- 
tered ;  calyx  4-  or  5-cleft  or  of  5  sepals;  corolla  urn-  or  bell-shaped, 
4-  or  5-cleft;  stamens  with  a  scale-like  appendage  at  the  base; 
ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled;  capsule  usually  4-seeded. 


POLEMONIACEAE.  197 

Ovary  and  capsule  pointed.  C.  indecora. 
Ovary  and  capsule  globose. 

Flowers  in  dense  clusters;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary.  C.  arvensis. 
Flowers  in  loose  clusters;  styles  longer  than  the  ovary. 

Stems  coarse;  calyx-lobes  obtuse.  C,  cephalanlhi. 

Stems  fine;  calyx-lobes  acute.  C.  calif  arnica, 

Cuscuta  indecora  Chois.  Stems  coarse;  flowers  3-5  mm.  long,  pedicelled, 
in  loose  clusters;  calyx  rather  fleshy,  the  lobes  acute;  corolla  lobes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube,  spreading,  minutely  crenulate  and  papil- 
lose; scales  large,  broadly  oval,  deeply  fringed;  seeds  about  4.  Mostly  on 
leguminous  and  composite  plants.  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

Cuscuta  arvensis  Beyrich.  Stems  fine,  pale  yellow;  flowers  1.5-2  mm.  long, 
in  dense  clusters;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  broad;  corolla-lobes  ovate- lanceolate, 
acuminate,  slightly  longer  than  the  tube;  scales  large,  oval,  fringed;  seeds  4. 
On  alfalfa,  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

Cuscuta  cephalanthi  Engelm.  Stems  coarse,  dark  yellow;  flowers  2  mm. 
long,  on  thick  pedicels,  in  loose  clusters;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tube;  scales 
fringed.  Climbing  high  on  shrubs  along  streams. 

Cuscuta  californica  Chois.  Stems  fine,  pale  yellow;  flowers  2.5-3  mm.  long, 
on  slender  pedicels,  in  loose  clusters;  corolla  lobes  acute,  lanceolate,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  scales  wanting.  On  low  shrubs,  in  dry  places. 

Family  76.     POLEMONIACEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  simple  or  divided,  without 
stipules;  flowers  regular,  perfect,  5-merous,  except  the  pistils; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  convolute  in  the  bud;  lobes  not  plaited; 
stamens  epipetalous,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes,  distinct; 
style  3-lobed;  ovary  3-celled;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  the 
valves  usually  breaking  away  from  the  triangular  central  column ; 
seeds  few-many;  seed-coats  when  wetted  commonly  becoming 
mucilaginous  and  developing  spiricles. 

Calyx  distended  and  at  length  burst  by  the  capsule. 
Corolla    large,    salverform;    leaves    all    opposite, 

entire.  291.  PHLOX,  197, 

Corolla  usually  small,  tubular,  funnelform  or  sal- 
verform; leaves  mostly  alternate,  usually  not 
entire.  292.  GILIA,  198. 

Calyx  not  distended  nor  burst  by  the  capsule. 

Corolla  rotate  or  campanulate;  leaves  pinnate, 

the  leaflets  entire.  293.  POLEMONIUM,  200. 

Corolla  tubular. 

Calyx-lobes  spine-tipped;  leaves  pinnatifid.        294.  NAVARRETIA,  201. 
Calyx-lobes  not  spine-tipped;  leaves  entire.         295.  COLLOMIA,  201. 

291.   PHLOX. 

Perennial  herbs  or  half  shrubby  plants;  leaves  opposite,  sessile, 
entire;  flowers  in  cymes,  terminal  or  in  the  upper  axils,  mostly 


198  POLEMONIACEAE. 

bracted;  calyx  narrow,  5 -cleft;  corolla  salverform  with  a  long 
tube,  a  narrow  opening  and  broad  or  rounded  lobes;  stamens 
included,  very  unequally  inserted  on  the  upper  part  of  the  corolla- 
tube;  ovules  1  or  sometimes  2;  capsules  ovoid,  with  but  one 
seed  in  each  cell. 

Densely  tufted  with  crowded  leaves;  flowers  solitary  on  the 

shoots.  P.  rigida. 

Loosely  tufted  and  taller;  flowers  in  cymes. 

Style  short,  not  longer  than  the  ovary.  P.  speciosa. 

Style  long,  usually  equalling  the  corolla  tube. 

Inflorescence  not  glandular;  leaves  1  mm.  wide.  P.  longifolia. 

Inflorescence  glandular;  leaves  2-4  mm.  wide.  P.  viscida. 

Phlox  rigida  Benth.  (P.  piperi  E.  Nelson.)  Perennial  from  a  woody  much 
branched  base;  leafy  stems  erect  or  ascending,  10-20  cm.  high,  sparsely  gland- 
ular-pubescent throughout;  leaves  spreading,  acerose,  sharp-pointed,  10-15 
mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  on  short  peduncles;  calyx  hirsute,  the  teeth  rigid, 
subulate,  sharp- pointed ;  corolla  pale  bluish,  the  tube  hairy  at  base  within, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  lobes  cuneate-obovate,  6-9  mm.  long. 
Common  in  pine  woods  about  Spokane,  and  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Phlox  speciosa  Pursh.  Perennial,  woody  at  base,  the  erect  branches  10-40 
cm.  high,  glandular-pubescent  above  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so  toward 
the  base;  leaves  linear,  attenuate  from  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  margins 
white,  thickened;  cymes  loose,  the  pedicels  1-3  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  subulate, 
not  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  pink,  its  tube  exceeding  the  calyx;  lobes  ob- 
cordate,  8-14  mm.  long;  style  very  short,  not  longer  than  the  ovary  or  stigmas. 
Common  in  moist  ground. 

Phlox  speciosa  elatior  Hook.  Corolla-lobes  entire.  In  moist  ground, 
rather  rare.  Apparently  a  mere  form. 

Phlox  longifolia  Nutt.  Perennial,  woody  and  loosely  branched  at  base, 
the  branches  erect  or  nearly  so,  10-30  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  puberulent; 
leaves  narrowly-linear,  sharp-pointed,  2-3  cm.  long;  flowers  in  loose  cymes, 
erect;  pedicels  1-3  cm.  long;  calyx-tube  somewhat  angled,  exceeded  by  the 
subulate  teeth;  corolla  pink-purple,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx;  lobes 
obovate,  entire,  8-12  mm.  long;  style  slender,  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube. 
In  the  warmer  valleys,  variable. 

Phlox  viscida  E.  Nelson.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  10-15  cm.  high;  herbage 
green,  viscid-pubescent  throughout,  more  dense  on  the  pedicels  and  calyx; 
leaves  linear  or  lance-linear,  rather  rigid,  sharp-pointed,  2-4  cm.  long;  calyx 
13  mm.  long,  the  lobes  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  pinkish,  the  tube 
slightly  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  obovate,  finely  erose;  ovules  solitary 
in  each  cell.  Blue  Mountains. 

292.   GILIA. 

Herbs  or  half-shrubby  plants;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite; 
calyx  narrow,  the  lobes  acute,  the  tube  scarious  below  the  sinuses; 
corolla  tubular-funnelform,  the  limb  little  spreading  (in  ours); 
stamens  equally  or  unequally  inserted;  capsules  with  1-many 
seeds. 


POLEMONIACEAE.  199 

Shrubs;  leaves  acerose.  G.  pungens. 

Herbs;  leaves  not  acerose. 
Perennials  or  biennials. 

Flowers  large,  usually  scarlet,  in  an  elongated  panicle.  G.  aggregate,. 
Flowers  rather  small,  white  or  whitish,  in  a  corymb.     G.  nuiiallii. 
Annuals. 

Leaves  all  alternate.  G.  capitata. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  opposite. 

Leaves  all  opposite,  dissected  into  filiform  seg- 
ments. 

Corolla  almost  rotate,  8-10  mm.  broad.  G.  pharnaceoides. 

Corolla  tubular-funnelform.  G.  harknesii. 

Leaves  all  entire;  the  lower  opposite,  the  upper 

alternate. 

Stems  simple  below;  flowers  8-10  mm.  long.       G.  gracilis. 
Stems  branched  from  the  base;  flowers  5-7  mm. 

long.  G.  humilis. 

Gilia  pungens  hookeri  (Dougl.)  Gray.  Shrubs  with  tufted  branches;  very 
leafy  stems  10-30  cm.  high,  more  or  less  glandular  above;  leaves  strict,  alter- 
nate except  the  lowest,  3-7-palmately  parted  with  acerose  segments;  flowers 
sessile,  solitary  in  the  upper  leaf-axils;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx  which  is 
tubular,  glandular-ciliate,  with  subulate  teeth;  corolla  rose-colored,  white  or 
yellowish,  tubular;  stamens  unequally  attached  to  the  corolla,  scarcely  ex- 
serted ;  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Spokane.  Common  in  the 
sagebrush  region. 

Gilia  aggregata  (Pursh)  Spreng.  Biennial,  loosely  pubescent  throughout 
or  rarely  puberulent- viscid  above,  30-80  cm.  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched ; 
leaves  4-6  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  many  linear  mucronate  lobes,  1-2 
cm.  long;  panicle  narrow,  loose  or  interrupted;  calyx  glandular,  the  subulate 
lobes  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  showy,  scarlet,  tubular-funnelform, 
much  exceeding  the  calyx,  3  cm.  long,  the  lobes  spreading  or  recurved,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  1  cm.  long;  stamens  unequally  inserted; 
seeds  numerous  in  each  cell,  the  coats  developing  spiricles  when  wetted. 
Common  on  stony  hillsides. 

Gilia  nuttallii  Gray.  Perennial,  tufted  from  a  woody  base,  somewhat 
puberulent;  stems  erect,  10-30  cm.  high,  mostly  simple;  leaves  sessile,  opposite, 
palmately  parted  into  3-7  segments,  these  linear,  somewhat  rigid,  mucronate, 
scabrous,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  in  a  terminal  dense  cluster;  calyx-lobes  subulate- 
lanceolate,  rigid;  corolla  white,  with  yellow  throat,  the  tube  puberulent  at  the 
outside,  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  lobes  obovate,  6-7  mm.  long;  ovules  2 
in  each  cell.  In  sterile  soil,  Blue  Mountains. 

Gilia  capitata  Hook.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  slender,  erect, 
loosely  branched,  20-60  cm.  high;  leaves  alternate,  once  or  twice  pinnately 
divided  into  very  narrow  segments;  flowers  pale  blue,  in  dense  globose  clusters 
terminating  long  naked  peduncles;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  8-10  mm.  long,  the  oblong  or  linear  lobes  as  long  as 
the  tube,  which  is  but  little  dilated  in  the  throat;  seeds  developing  mucilage 
and  spiracles  when  wetted.  Sandy  soil,  banks  of  Snake  River  and  on  the 
north  fork  of  Latah  Creek. 

Gilia  pharnaceoides  Benth.  Annual;  stems  very  slender,  usually  loosely 
branched  above,  10-20  cm.  high,  somewhat  puberulent;  leaves  all  opposite, 
all  palmately  parted  into  2-5  filiform  segments,  5-12  mm.  long;  pedicels 
filiform;  calyx  campanulate,  4  mm.  long,  the  triangular  acute  lobes  shorter 
than  the  tube;  corolla  white  or  bluish,  rotate,  about  6  mm.  broad,  pubescent 
in  the  throat,  the  lobes  broadly  obovate;  ovules  6-8  in  each  cell;  seed  coats 
becoming  mucilaginous  when  wetted.  In  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  abundant  in 
Spokane  County. 


200  POLEMONIACEAE. 

Gilia  harknessii  Curran.  Annual;  very  slender,  simple  or  branched  above, 
5-15  cm.  high,  glabrous;  leaves  sessile,  all  palmately  parted  into  3-9  thread- 
like lobes,  5-10  mm.  long,  all  opposite;  flowers  on  slender  spreading  pedicels, 
1-4  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  whitish,  3 
mm.  long>  barely  exceeding  the  calyx;  stamens  unequally  inserted;  ovules  and 
seeds  solitary  in  each  cell;  seed-coats  becoming ., mucilaginous  when  wetted. 
Stony  soil,  in  the  mountains. 

Gilia  gracilis  (Dougl.)  Hook.  Annual;  erect,  usually  simple,  10-30  cm. 
high,  branched  above,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  and  glandular  above;  leaves 
sessile,  entire,  the  lower  opposite,  oblong  or  obovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  upper 
alternate,  lanceolate,  acute,  2-4  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  or  axils, 
short-pedicelled,  somewhat  cymose  through  the  reduction  of  the  leaves;  calyx- 
lobes  subulate,  mucronate,  twice  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube,  this  at 
length  splitting  to  the  base;  corolla  tubular-salverform,  8-10  mm.  long,  the 
tube  yellow,  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  the  limb  purple-pink;  stamens 
unequally  inserted;  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell;  seed-coats  without 
spiricles.  Very  common  everywhere. 

Gilia  humilis  (Greene)  Piper.  Annual,  usually  branched  from  the  base, 
the  branches  ascending,  minutely  pubescent  throughout,  5-15  cm.  high; 
lower  leaves  opposite,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse;  upper  alternate,  linear, 
1-2  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  subulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  at  length  splitting 
to  the  base  and  spreading;  pedicels  unequal;  corolla-tube  yellow,  4-10  mm. 
long,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  limb  purple,  3  mm.  broad;  ovules  and 
seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  not  developing  spiricles.  Common  on  hillsides. 

293.  .POLEMONIUM.     JACOB'S  LADDER. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  with 
entire  leaflets ;  flowers  in  corymbs,  nearly  bractless;  calyx  rotate 
or  campanulate,  the  tube  very  short;  stamens  equally  inserted 
at  the  summit  of  the  corolla-tube;  capsule  few-several-seeded. 

Annuals;  corolla  white,  nearly  rotate.  P.  micranthum. 
Perennials;  corolla  blue,  campanulate. 

Stems  low,  15-30  cm.  high.  P.  humile. 
Stems  erect,  60-90  cm.  tall. 

Leaflets  oblong-ovate.  P.  coeruleum. 

Leaflets  linear.  P.  peclinatum. 

Polemonium  micranthum  Benth.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base, 
spreading,  6-20  cm.  high,  somewhat  viscidly  pubescent  throughout;  leaves 
mostly  petioled,  1-4  cm.  long;  leaflets  5-13,  obovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  3-8  mm.  long;  peduncles  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes 
triangular,  as  long  as  the  broadly  campanulate  tube;  corolla  white,  rotate, 
not  equalling  the  calyx;  ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cell.  Sandy  soil,  infrequent. 

Polemonium  humile  R.  &  S.  Perennial,  loosely  tufted,  viscid-puberulent; 
stems  15-30  cm.  high,  bearing  1-3  leaves;  leaflets  15-21,  oblong-lanceolate 
to  oval,  10-15  mm.  long;  flowers  blue,  in  open  cymes;  calyx-lobes  triangular, 
about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  the  broad  rounded 
lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  filaments  hairy  at  base;  capsule  2-4-seeded.  At 
the  edge  of  the  timber,  highest  peaks  of  the  Blue  Mountains.  The  plants  have 
a  bad  odor. 

Polemonium  coeruleum  L.  Perennial  from  horizontal  rootstocks,  gland- 
ular-pubescent throughout;  stems  60-90  cm.  high,  erect,  5-10-leaved;  leaflets 


POLEMONIACEAE.  2OI 

15-23,  oblong-ovate,  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  blue,  the  close  clusters  panicled; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  tube;  corolla  about  2  cm.  broad, 
the  obovate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  filaments  hairy  at  base;  capsules  6-10- 
seeded.  In  wet  places  at  Marshall,  Spokane  County,  and  along  the  St.  Maries 
river  in  Idaho. 

Polemonium  pectinatum  Greene.  Perennial,  the  base  somewhat  woody, 
smooth  and  glabrous  except  the  viscid-glandular  inflorescence;  stems  erect, 
50-100  cm.  high;  leaflets  narrowly  linear,  11-15,  obtuse  or  acutish,  2-3  cm. 
long;  inflorescence  a  rather  compact  compound  cyme;  corolla  bluish  or  bluish- 
purple.  A  rare  species  known  definitely  only  from  the  vicinity  of  Rock  Lake, 
Sandberg  and  Leiberg. 

294.    NAVARRETIA. 

Glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent  annual  herbs;  leaves  all  alternate, 
pinnatifid,  setaceous  or  spiny;  flowers  crowded  in  bracteate 
clusters  on  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx-tube  scarious,  the  ribs 
prolonged  into  unequal  bristle-tipped  lobes;  corolla  tubular; 
capsule  1-3-celled,  1-many-seeded. 

Herbage  glandular-viscid  with  a  bad  odor.  N.  squarrosa. 

Herbage  neither  glandular  nor  with  a  bad  odor.  N.  intertexta. 

Navarretia  squarrosa  (Esch.)  H.  &  A.  Skunk  Weed.  Annual,  glandular, 
erect  or  spreading,  simple  or  much  branched,  10-30  cm.  high,  very  leafy; 
leaves  mostly  alternate,  pinnately  parted  and  the  segments  cleft  or  parted, 
the  lobes  sharp  pointed,  the  upper  ones  and  the  bracts  becoming  spine-like; 
calyx-lobes  subulate,  spiny-tipped,  usually  entire,  longer  than  the  tube; 
corolla  pale  blue,  8-10  mm.  long,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx,  the  limb 
small;  stamens  included;  ovules  8-12  in  each  cell.  Along  roadsides,  rare  in 
our  limits,  very  ill-smelling. 

Navarretia  intertexta  (Benth.)  Hook.  Annual;  stems  erect  and  simple 
below  or  more  commonly  much  branched  and  spreading,  5-15  cm.  high, 
pubescent;  leaves  all  alternate,  once  or  twice  pinnately  cleft  into  linear  spines- 
cent  lobes,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  flowers  crowded  in  head-like  clusters,  the 
bracts  and  calyx-tube  villous  with  white  hairs;  calyx-lobes  more  or  less  cleft 
into  spinose  divisions;  corolla  tubular,  funnelform,  pale  blue,  equalling  the 
calyx-lobes,  5-6  mm.  long;  stamens  exserted;  ovules  and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each 
cell;  seed-coats  developing  spiricles.  Common  in  low  ground.  Sc,srt? 

295.    COLLOMIA. 

Herbs  with  alternate  entire  leaves ;  calyx  not  distended  by  the 
capsule,  obconical,  the  lobes  not  spine-tipped;  corolla  tubular 
funnelform,  with  open  throat  and  a  spreading  limb  of  short  obtuse 
lobes;  stamens  unequally  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube;  capsule 
narrowed  at  the  base;  seeds  usually  1  in  each  cell,  mucilaginous 
and  forming  spiricles  when  wetted. 

Corolla  salmon-color,  2-3  cm.  long.  C.  grandiflora. 

Corolla  pink,  1  cm.  long.  C.  linearis. 

Collpmia  grandiflora  Dougl.  Annual,  erect,  usually  simple,  30-40  cm. 
high,  viscid-glandular  below;  leaves  sessile,  all  alternate,  lanceolate  or  linear, 


202  HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 

the  upper  broader,  all  entire,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal  head- 
like  cluster;  calyx  obconical,  the  lobes  broad,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tube, 
corolla  salmon-color,  narrowly  funnelfprm,  15-25  mm.  long;  stamens  unequally 
inserted;  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  the  cells,  the  seed-coats  developing 
spiricles  when  wetted.  In  stony  soil;  rare  in  our  limits. 

Collomia  grandiflora  diffusa  (Mulford)  Pipen  Usually  taller,  40-60  cm. 
high,  the  flowers  in  several  to  many  racemosely  arranged  smaller  heads.  Very 
common  in  stony  soil. 

Collomia  linearis  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  simple  or  branched  above,  10-30 
cm.  high,  pubescent  throughout  or  glabrous  below,  glandular  above;  leaves 
sessile,  alternate,  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  2-6  cm.  long;  flowers 
crowded  in  head-like  clusters;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  acute,  as  long  as  the 
obconic  tube;  corolla  pink,  8-10  mm.  long,  slender-tubular,  the  lobes  small; 
stamens  unequally  inserted;  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell;  seed-coats 
with  spiricles.  Low  ground,  quite  common. 


Family  77.    HYDROPHYLLACEAE.    WATERLEAF  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  commonly  hairy;  leaves  mostly  alternate;  flowers  per- 
fect, regular,  on  naked  1  -flowered  scapes  or  in  dense  one-sided 
cymes  or  false  racemes;  calyx  5-parted  or  of  5  sepals;  corolla 
gamopetalous,  deeply  5-lobed  ;  stamens  on  the  corolla-tube,  alter- 
nate with  its  lobes;  style  2-cleft,  or  styles  2  and  separate;  ovary 
entire,  1  -celled,  with  2  pariental  placentae  or  2-qelled  by  the 
union  of  the  placentae;  fruit  a  2-valved,  4-many-seeded  capsule; 
endosperm  copious. 

Leaves  all  basal.  296.  CAPNOREA,  202. 
Leaves  not  all  basal. 

Placentae  narrow.  297.  PHACELIA,  203. 
Placentae  broad  and  fleshy. 

Perennials;  stamens  exserted.  298.  HYDROPHYLLUM,  204. 

Annuals;  stamens  included.  299.  NEMOPHILA,  204. 

296.   CAPNOREA. 

Stemless  perennials;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblong,  entire,  with 
margined  petioles;  flowers  purplish  or  white,  on  naked  1-flowered 
scapes  ;  calyx  5-parted,  rarely  6-  or  7  -parted,  the  lanceolate  or  linear 
lobes  sometimes  unequal;  corolla  campanulate  or  rotate,  5-cleft, 
rarely  6-  or  7-clef  t  ;  stamens  on  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube,  un- 
equal, included;  ovary  partly  1-celled,  tapering  into  a  short  style, 
barely  2-cleft  at  the  tip;  ovules  numerous  on  dilated  placentae. 


Corolla  campanulate.  C. 
Corolla  saucer-shaped. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath.  C. 

Leaves  glabrous  except  on  the  margins.  C.  pumila. 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE.  203 

Capnorea  lasiantha  Greene.  Rootstocks  stout;  scapes  6-8  cm.  long; 
leaves  spatulate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  sparsely  strigose-pubescent,  2-4  cm.  long, 
the  petioles  mostly  as  long;  corolla  campanulate,  the  lobes  shorter  than  the 
tube.  In  moist  soil,  not  rare.  /rvss£  -~ /&~^-/ 

Capnorea  villosula  Greene.  Rootstocks  slender;  scapes  5-6  cm.  high, 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  leaves  few,  spatulate,  obtuse,  pubescent  beneath, 
1-3  cm.  long,  the  petiole  as  long  or  shorter;  corolla  rotate,  about  1  cm.  broad, 
the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube.  Moist  hillsides,  near  Pullman.  x*-»*  -s^*"-''/ 

Capnorea  pumila  (Dougl.)  Greene.  Very  similar  to  C.  wY/osw/a  but  the 
leaves  glabrous  except  on  the  margins.  Moist  places,  infrequent.  x&^vj^v 

297.   PHACELIA. 

Perennial  or  mostly  annual  herbs;  leaves  simple,  lobed  or 
divided,  alternate,  or  the  lowest  opposite;  flowers  in  one-sided 
raceme-like  cymes;  calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  usually 
narrow  and  similar ;  corolla  from  almost  rotate  to  narrow- funnel- 
form,  commonly  with  appendages  inside  of  the  tube,  consisting 
of  10  vertical  plaits  in  pairs  between  the  bases  of  the  filaments; 
stamens  equally  inserted  low  down  or  at  the  base  of  the  corolla; 
ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentae;  ovules  and  seeds  4- 
numerous. 

Leaves  pinnately  cleft  into  narrow  subequal  lobes;  flowers  blue. 

P. 
Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  much  smaller  lateral  divisions. 

Corolla  bright  blue,  rather  large;  ovules  12-16.  P. 

Corolla  white  or  bluish,  small;  ovules  4.  P.  heterophylla. 

Phacelia  idahoensis  Henderson.  Perennial,  erect,  50-70  cm.  high,  nearly 
glabrous  below,  villous-hirsute  in  the  inflorescence,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves 
pinnately-parted,  the  divisions  again  cleft ;  inflorescence  a  dense  narrow  thyrsus, 
with  many  short  densely-flowered  lateral  branches;  flowers  pale  blue;  corolla 
open  campanulate,  the  lobes  equalling  the  tube,  which  bears  ten  vertical 
appendages  within.  In  wet  meadows,  Craig  Mountains  and  near  Collins, 
Idaho. 

Phacelia  linearis  (Pursh)  Holzinger.  Annual,  10-50  cm.  high,  simple 
below  the  inflorescence;  whole  plant  rough-hairy,  usually  with  some  shorter 
white  pubescence;  leaves  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  cleft  into  2-5 
narrow  lobes;  inflorescence  usually  branched,  consisting  of  spike-like  racemes; 
pedicels  short;  calyx-lobes  linear,  hispid-ciliate;  corolla  violet-blue,  nearly 
rotate,  12-15  mm.  broad,  appendages  10,  narrow,  free  from  the  filaments; 
stamens  equalling  the  corolla;  filaments  sparsely  hairy;  style  2-cleft;  capsule 
shorter  than  the  calyx;  ovules  12-16;  seeds  pitted-reticulate.  Stony  soil, 
common  in  the  warmer  valleys.  SZ'-KJ. 

Phacelia  heterophylla  Pursh.  Biennial,  erect,  50-150  cm.  high,  rough- 
hairy  and  canescent  throughout;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  simple  or  with  1  or  2 
pairs  of  small  lateral  leaflets,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  nearly  sessile; 
inflorescence  compound,  of  racemosely  arranged  spikes,  much  coiled  when  in 
bud;  calyx-lobes  linear  or  lanceolate,  very  hispid;  corolla  white  or  whitish, 
5-lobed,  exceeding  the  calyx;  appendages  10,  broad,  united  at  base  to  the 
filaments;  stamens  much  exserted,  the  filaments  sparsely  hairy;  capsule  ovate, 
acute ;  ovules  4 ;  seed-coats  pitted  and  honey-comb-like.  Common  and  variable. 


204  BORAGINACEAE. 

298.  HYDROPHYLLUM.    WATERLEAF. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  long-petioled,  mostly  pinnately-parted ; 
flowers  white  or  violet,  in  cymose  dense  clusters;  calyx  5-parted 
into  narrow  divisions ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  a  nectariferous  grooved 
appendage  opposite  each  lobe;  stamens  and  style  exserted  beyond 
the  corolla-lobes;  ovary  lined  with  dilated  and  fleshy  placentae; 
ovules  4;  capsule  2-valved,  1-4-seeded. 

Flowers  blue,  in  dense  clusters.  H.  capitatum. 

Flowers  whitish,  in  looser  clusters.  H.  albifrons. 

Hydrophyllum  capitatum  Dougl.  Rootstocks  short,  with  long  fascicled 
fleshy  roots;  stems  exceeded  by  the  leaves,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate, 
5-10  cm.  long,  soft-hairy,  pinnately  parted  or  divided  into  5-7  lobes  or  divi- 
sions, these  cuneate,  obovate,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed  or  cleft;  petioles  6-12 
cm.  long,  generally  longer  than  the  blades;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles; 
inflorescence  a  dense  round  cyme,  2-4  cm.  broad;  calyx  hispid,  the  divisions 
lanceolate,  without  appendages  in  the  sinuses;  corolla  blue.  Moist  stony 
places,  common.  ^tv-/'/'—  ^T^K^- 

Hydrophyllum  albifrons  Heller.  Roots  densely  fascicled;  stems  30-40  cm. 
high,  exceeded  by  the  leaves,  sparingly  hairy;  leaves  10-20  cm.  long,  pinnately 
5-7-divided;  divisions  ovate,  incisely  and  coarsely  cleft  and  toothed,  3-6  cm. 
long;  lower  petioles  elongated;  inflorescence  a  rather  dense  cyme,  exceeding  the 
leaves;  calyx  soft-hispid,  deeply  5-parted  into  lanceolate  divisions  without 
appendages  in  the  sinuses;  corolla  whitish.  In  low  copses  common.  //*^ 

299.    NEMOPHILA. 

Diffuse  and  tender  annual  herbs;  leaves  opposite  or  partly 
alternate,  pinnatifid  or  lobed;  peduncles  terminal  or  lateral, 
1-flowered,  slender;  calyx  enlarging  more  or  less  in  fruit,  5-parted, 
with  a  reflexed  appendage  at  each  sinus ;  corolla  rotate  or  nearly 
campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  throat  appendaged  more  or 
less  with  10  internal  scales  or  plates;  stamens  and  style  shorter 
than  the  corolla;  ovules  4  or  many;  capsule  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, ripening  1-16  seeds. 

Nemophila  breviflora  Gray.  Whole  plant  sparsely  hirsute,  erect  when 
young,  later  prostrate;  stems  5-40  cm.  long;  leaves  alternate,  1-2  cm.  long, 
pinnately  3-5-parted,  the  divisions  oblong- lanceolate,  acute,  entire;  peduncles 
about  equalling  the  petioles;  calyx  appendages  much  smaller  than  the  proper 
lobes,  both  ciliate;  corolla  campanulate,  white,  shorter  than  the  calyx  lobes; 
internal  appendages  cuneate,  fringed  at  the  summit;  ovules  four;  seed  solitary, 
nearly  filling  the  capsule.  On  the  highest  mountains. 

Family  78.    BORAGINACEAE.     BORAGE  FAMILY. 

Mostly  rough-hairy  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  without 
stipules;  flowers  regular,  perfect ;  calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  5-lobed, 
sometimes  with  projecting  appendages  (fornices)  in  the  throat; 
stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube;  style  1;  ovary  usually 


BORAGINACEAE.  205 

deeply  4-lobed,  forming  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  or  separating 
into  two  2-seeded  nutlets;  nutlets  attached  by  the  base  or  inner 
angle  or  face  to  the  receptacle,  which  is  sometimes  elongated  (the 
gynobase) ;  endosperm  none.  Mature  fruits  are  necessary  for 
accurate  determinations  in  this  family. 

Ovary  undivided,  sometimes  2-4-grooved,  style 

terminal.  300.  HELIOTROPIUM,  205. 

Ovary  4- parted ;  the  style  arising  from  between  the 

parts. 

Nutlets  armed  with  barbed  prickles.  301.  LAPPULA,  206. 

Nutlets  not  armed  with  barbed  prickles. 

Corolla  tubular  or  tubular-funnelform.  302.  MERTENSIA,  206. 

Corolla  funnelform  or  rotate. 

Nutlets  erect,  attached  by  the  very  base. 
Racemes   bractless;    corolla   rotate; 

roots  slender.  303.  MYOSOTIS,  208. 

Racemes  bracteate;  corolla  funnel- 
form;  roots  thick.  304.  LITHOSPERMUM,  208. 
Nutlets  erect  or  oblique,  attached  above 
the  base,  on  a  more  or  less  promi- 
nent    fruiting     receptacle      (the 
gynobase). 
Corolla  yellow  or  orange,  with  naked 

open  throat.  305.  AMSINCKIA,  208. 

Corolla  white  or  blue  with  prominent 

swellings  in  the  throat. 

Perennials.  306.  OREOCARYA,  209. 

Annuals. 

Gynobase  elongated,  the  nut- 
lets attached  for  at  least 

one  third  their  length.  307.  CRYPTANTHE,  209. 

Gynobase  short,  the  nutlets 

with  a  small  scar. 
Nutlets    erect,     attached 
just    inside    the    base; 

lower  leaves  opposite.     308.  ALLOCARYA,  210. 
Nutlets    oblique     or    in- 
curved, attached  about 
the   middle   by  a  long 
process.  309.  PLAGIOBOTHRYS,  210. 

300.  HELIOTROPIUM.     HELIOTROPE. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  entire;  calyx  deeply 
5-parted,  persistent;  corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  the  sinuses 
more  or  less  plaited  in  the  bud;  anthers  nearly  sessile;  ovary 
2-4-lobed  but  not  divided;  style  terminal;  fruit  separating  into 
two  2-celled  carpels  or  four  1 -seeded  nutlets. 

Heliotropium  curassavicum  L.  Perennial,  glabrous  and  slightly  glaucous; 
stems  ascending,  15-30  cm.  long;  leaves  succulent,  lanceolate  to  spatulate, 
almost  veinless,  2-5  cm.  long;  spikes  in  pairs,  these  rarely  again  forked,  densely 
flowered,  bractless;  corolla  white  or  bluish;  style  very  short;  fruit  4-lobed, 
separating  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets.  Mostly  in  saline  soil.  Waitsburg, 
Horner. 


206  BORAGINACEAE. 

301.  LAPPULA. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  rough-hairy  herbs;  flowers  small, 
in  racemes  or  spikes;  calyx  5-parted,  reflexed  or  open  in  fruit; 
corolla  short-salverform  or  somewhat  funnelform,  white  or  blue, 
the  throat  closed  with  prominent  appendages  (fornices} ;  nutlets 
attached  by  some  part  of  the  inner  angle  or  face  to  the  gynobase, 
armed  either  along  a  distinct  margin  or  more  or  less  over  the  whole 
back  with  backwardly-barbed  prickles. 

Annuals;  scar  of  the  nutlets  linear. 

Lateral  prickles  of  the  fruit  united.  L.  cupulata. 

Lateral  prickles  of  the  fruit  free.  L.  occidentalis. 

Perennials;  scar  of  the  nutlets  triangular  or  ovate. 

Lateral  prickles  of  the  fruit  free  to  the  base  or  nearly  so.      L.  diffusa. 
Lateral  prickles  of  the  fruit  united  for  half  their  length. 

Corolla  blue,  the  lobes  narrowest  at  base.  L.  ciliata. 

Corolla  greenish,  the  lobes  broadest  at  base.  L.  hispida. 

Lappula  cupulata  (Gray)  Rydb.  Annual,  erect,  loosely  branched,  15-50 
cm.  high,  hispid-pubescent  throughout;  leaves  all  sessile,  linear,  obtuse,  1-3 
cm.  long;  racemes  becoming  very  loose  and  elongated,  leafy-bracteate;  pedicels 
stout,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  very  small,  white  or  blue,  its  tube  barely 
as  long  as  the  calyx;  nutlets  convex  on  the  back,  granular- roughened,  the 
margins  with  a  border  of  united  prickles,  thus  forming  a  shallow  cup;  ventral 
face  convex,  covered  with  whitish  tubercles;  scar  long  and  narrow,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  nutlet.  Along  Snake  River. 

Lappula  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Very  similar  to  L.  cupulata;  the 
flowers  white  or  pale  blue;  marginal  prickles  of  the  nutlets  separate  or  barely 
united  at  base.  Frequent  in  gravelly  or  sandy  soil. 

Lappula  diffusa  (Lehm.)  Greene.  Perennial,  40-90  cm.  high,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  branched,  the  pubescence  rather  sparse  and  not  harsh;  leaves  8-15 
cm.  long,  spatulate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lowest  petioled,  the  upper  sessile 
and  broader;  racemes  panicled,  spreading,  becoming  loose;  pedicels  6-10  mm. 
long,  becoming  reflexed;  corolla  blue,  rotate,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  limb; 
nutlets  triangular-ovate,  4-6  mm.  long,  obscurely  keeled,  scabrous  on  the 
back,  the  marginal  flat  prickles  separate.  In  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Lappula  ciliata  (Dougl.)  Greene.  Perennial,  the  whole  plant  appressed- 
canescent  and  bristly  hirsute;  stems  20-30  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  basal, 
linear- lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  panicle  of  loosely  flowered 
racemes;  corolla  bright  blue,  rotate,  5-10  mm.  broad;  nutlets  5  mm.  long, 
rough  on  the  back,  the  marginal  prickles  united  for  about  half  their  length. 
Common  about  Spokane  in  gravelly  soil.  /y&y 

Lappula  hispida  (Gray)  Greene.  Stems  erect,  30-50  cm.  high,  the  herbage 
green  but  rough  hispid  with  stout  spreading  often  papillose-based  hairs; 
flowers  greenish  white  in  loose  racemes;  nutlets  5  mm.  broad,  the  marginal 
prickles  narrow,  3—4  mm.  long,  the  back  bearing  glochidiate  bristles;  inner 
face  smooth.  In  the  Blue  Mountains,  rare. 

302.   MERTENSIA.     BLUEBELLS. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  perennial  herbs;  flowers  blue  or  rarely 
white,  mostly  bractless,  in  panicled  racemes  or  in  corymbs;  calyx 


BORAGINACEAE.  207 

deeply  5-cleft  or  parted;  corolla  tubular-funnelform  or  trumpet- 
shaped  to  almost  campanulate,  the  open  throat  bearing  obvious 
or  obsolete  transverse  folds  or  crests;  filaments  flattened  or 
nearly  filiform  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  entire  ;  nutlets  from  some- 
what fleshy  to  membranaceous,  not  armed  with  barbed  prickles. 

Plants  tall  and  leafy,  50-100  cm.  high,  the  leaves  thin  and 

broad. 

Upper  leaf  surface  smooth  or  merely  papillose.  M.  subcordata. 

Upper  leaf  surface  strigose. 

Calyx  lobes  canescent.  M.  membranacea. 

Calyx  lobes  not  canescent.  M.  paniculaia. 

Plants  low,  15-40  cm.  high,  the  leaves  narrow  or  thickish. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  merely  papillose  above.  M.  pulchella. 

Leaves  strigose  above. 

Corolla  tube  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  limb.  M.  oblongifolia. 

Corolla  tube  once  or  twice  as  long  as  the  limb.  M.  horneri. 

Mertensia  subcordata  Greene.  Very  similar  to  M.  membranacea  and 
M.  paniculata.  Leaves  glabrous  or  merely  papillose  above;  calyx-lobes  pu- 
bescent on  the  back.  In  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Mertensia  membranacea  Rydb.  Tall,  erect,  60-120  cm.  high,  branched 
above;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  appressed  strigose  above,  sparsely  pilose  beneath,  3-10  cm.  long,  the 
lower  with  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades;  racemes  few-flowered,  loosely  panicled; 
calyx  canescent,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  blue,  8-14  mm.  long,  its 
tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  and  little  longer  than  the  limb.  In  mountain 
woods,  Mount  Carlton;  and  the  Thatuna  Hills,  Idaho. 

Mertensia  paniculata  (Ait.)  G.  Don.  Very  similar  to  M.  membranacea  but 
the  calyx  green,  the  lobes  glabrous  except  on  the  margins.  Mount  Carlton, 
Kreager:  and  Cedar  Mountain,  Idaho. 

Mertensia  pulchella  Piper.  Stems  erect,  solitary,  or  rarely  two,  glabrous, 
15-20  cm.  high;  tubers  shallow-seated,  simple  or  fasciculate-branched,  black; 
leaves  .green,  elliptic  or  ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  thickish,  glabrous  beneath, 
more  or  less  papillose  above,  scabrous-ciliate,  the  lower  narrowed  at  base  and 
short-  petioled,  the  middle  and  upper  ones  ovate,  sessile,  often  half-clasping, 
2-10  cm.  long;  lowest  leaves  much  reduced,  scarious;  flowers  in  a  close  cluster, 
usually  10-15;  calyx  parted  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lobes  oblong-lanceolate, 
very  acute  denticulate;  corolla  blue,  its  tube  three  to  four  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx  and  nearly  as  broad  as  the  ampliate  limb;  filaments  dilated,  as  long  as 
the  anthers;  nutlets  small,  dark  gray,  finely  muriculate,  attached  by  a  pale 
and  prominent  scar,  inclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  much  enlarged  fruiting  calyx. 
Along  the  Clearwater  River  and  in  the  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Mertensia  oblongifolia  (Nutt.)  G.  Don.  Very  similar  to  M.  pulchella  but 
the  leaves  appressed  strigose  above;  corolla  tube  three  or  four  times  as  long 
as  the  limb.  On  moist  hillsides,  not  rare.  /&•  '-«**'-  •- 


Mertensia  horneri  Piper.  Stems  8-15  cm.  high,  glabrous,  solitary  or 
rarely  2  or  3,  erect  from  a  shallow-seated  oblong  black  tuber;  basal  leaves 
none;  cauline  2-5,  oblong,  obtuse,  pale  and  somewhat  glaucous,  appressed- 
puberulent  above,  glabrous  beneath,  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  short-petioled, 
2-3  cm.  long;  lowest  leaves  reduced  and  scarious;  inflorescence  close;  calyx 
glaucous,  parted  nearly  to  the  base,  its  lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  very  acute, 
denticulate-ciliate  on  the  margin;  corolla  blue,  10-12  mm.  long,  its  tube  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  filaments  dilated,  as  long  as  the  anthers.  Waits- 
burg,  Homer. 


208  BORAGINACEAE. 

303.  MYOSOTIS.    FORGET-ME-NOT. 

Low  spreading  herbs,  usually  soft-hairy;  cauline  leaves  sessile; 
flowers  blue  or  white,  in  at  length  elongated  racemes,  without 
bracts;  corolla  short-salverform  or  almost  rotate,  its  throat  con- 
tracted by  transverse  crests,  the  rounded  lobes  convolute  in  the 
bud;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong;  nutlets  small,  ovoid,  smooth  and 
shining,  thin-crustaceous ;  scar  small. 

Perennial;  calyx  hairs  straight;  corolla  blue.  M.  laxa. 

Annual ;  calyx  hairs  hooked ;  corolla  white.  M.  macrosperma. 

Myosotis  laxa  Lehm.  Perennial  from  slender  rootstocks,  appressed- 
pubescent  throughout;  stems  weak  and  slender,  10-30  cm.  long;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  spatulate,  2-3  cm.  long;  racemes  very  loose;  pedicels  much  longer 
than  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  pale  blue; 
nutlets  oval,  biconvex,  with  a  narrow  margin,  very  smooth  and  shiny,  black, 
1-1.5  mm.  long;  scar  minute.  In  wet  places,  Walla  Walla,  Savage. 

Myosotis  macrosperma  Engelm.  Annual,  erect,  rough-hairy  throughout, 
10-40  cm.  tall,  branched  above  or  simple;  leaves  oblong-linear  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  sessile,  1-2  cm.  long;  racemes  elongated  and  loose  in  fruit,  leafy  at 
the  base;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  fruiting  calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  deeply 
5-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  unequal,  hispid  with  hooked  hairs;  corolla  small, 
white;  nutlets  oval,  biconvex  with  a  narrow  margin,  very  smooth  and  shiny, 
silvery-grey,  1-1.5  mm.  long;  scars  minute.  Moist  ground,  not  rare. 

304.   LITHOSPERMUM. 

Mostly  herbs  with  reddish  roots;  leaves  sessile;  flowers  leafy  - 
bracted,  axillary  or  subaxillary;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  salver- 
form,  funnelform  or  sometimes  approaching  campanulate;  fila- 
ments mostly  very  short;  anthers  short,  included;  style  slender; 
stigma  mostly  truncate,  capitate  or  2-lobed;  nutlets  ovoid,  bony, 
either  polished  and  white  or  dull  and  rough. 

Lithospermum  ruderale  Dougl.  Perennial,  tufted,  the  stems  simple, 
15-30  cm.  high,  pubescent  with  long  and  short  hairs;  leaves  numerous,  lanceo- 
late, rarely  linear,  attenuate-acute,  sessile,  5-10  cm.  long,  minutely  soft-hispid; 
flowers  in  a  dense  leafy  cluster;  corolla  greenish-yellow,  campanulate-funnel- 
form,  pubescent  inside,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat,  10-12  mm.  long;  style 
slender;  nutlets  light-colored,  ovate,  acute,  hard  and  smooth,  3-4  mm.  long. 
Common  on  hillsides.  /%>& 

305.   AMSltfCKIA. 

Rough-hispid  annuals;  leaves  oblong  or  linear;  corolla  salver- 
form  or  tubular-funnelform  with  a  slender  tube  and  open  throat, 
the  limb  sometimes  plaited  at  the  sinuses,  yellow;  style  filiform; 
stigma  capitate  or  2-parted;  nutlets  crustaceous  or  coriaceous, 
unappendaged,  ovate-triangular,  attached  below  the  middle  to 
an  oblong-pyramidal  gynobase. 

Erect;  calyx-lobes  linear.  A.  intermedia. 

Spreading;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate,  2  or  3  of  them  often 

united.  A.  lycopsoides. 


BORAGINACEAE.  20Q 

Amsinckia  intermedia  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Tar  weed.  Erect,  usually  simple, 
30-60  cm.  high,  the  bristly  hairs  mostly  white;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
5-12  cm.  long,  the  upper  somewhat  broader  at  base;  raceme  becoming  much 
elongated  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  linear,  acute,  very  bristly  in  fruit,  6-8  mm.  long; 
corolla  yellow,  5-6  mm.  long;  nutlets  dark-colored,  the  back  convex  and  some- 
what keeled,  obliquely  ridged  and  roughened  with  tubercles.  A  troublesome 
weed,  in  wheat  fields.  x^wX^  sf&jr 

Amsinckia  lycopsoides  Lehm.  At  first  erect  but  soon  producing  weak 
ascending  or  decumbent  branches  from  near  the  base,  30-60  cm.  long;  whole 
plant  sparsely  covered  with  white  bristles,  those  on  the  leaves  becoming  pus- 
tulate at  base;  leaves  green,  lanceolate,  acutish,  sessile,  entire  or  undulate, 
the  largest  3-5  cm.  long;  inflorescence  15-30  cm.  long,  most  of  the  flowers 
subtended  by  a  bract;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  often  unequal,  sparsely  hispid, 
in  fruit  becoming  4-5  mm.  long;  corolla  orange-yellow,  5-6  mm.  long.  This 
species  is  most  abundant  near  the  seashore  but  readily  becomes  a  weed. 
Specimens  collected  at  Spokane  were  probably  introduced  from  the  coast 
region. 

306.   OREOCARYA. 

Stout  coarse  canescent  or  pilose  hispid  biennials  and  perennials; 
leaves  radical  and  cauline;  flowers  white  (in  ours),  in  crowded 
paniculate  or  thyrsoid  clusters;  pedicels  filiform,  persistent; 
calyx  5-parted,  spreading  in  fruit;  corolla  salverform,  5-lobed, 
with  swellings  in  the  throat;  nutlets  attached  laterally  to  the 
pyramidal  receptacle. 

Oreocarya  sericea  (Gray)  Greene.  Perennial,  canescent  throughout  with 
a  dense  fine  pubescence  interspersed  with  bristly  hairs;  stems  stout,  10-20 
cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  basal 
narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole;  inflorescence  a  narrow  thyrsus;  calyx  bristly 
hirsute;  corolla  white,  the  tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx  and  as  long  as  its 
lobes;  nutlets  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  roughened  on  the  back.  Common 
about  Spokane  in  gravelly  soil. 

307.   CRYPTANTHE. 

Very  similar  to  Allocarya,  but  the  nutlets  attached  for  one- 
third  or  more  of  their  length  by  the  ventral  face  or  angle  to  a 
slender  mostly  subulate  gynobase. 

Surface  of  the  nutlet  rough. 

Calyx  teeth  twice  as  long  as  the  acuminate  nutlets.  C.  ambigua. 

Calyx  teeth  little  longer  than  the  acute  nutlets.  C.  muriculata. 

Surface  of  the  nutlets  smooth  and  shining. 

Nutlets  solitary,  rarely  2,  narrow,  attenuate-acuminate.         C.  flaccida. 
Nutlets  4,  ovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate. 

Ventral  groove  simple  to  the  base.  C.  a$»ts. 

Ventral  groove  forked  at  the  base.  C.  calycosa. 

Cryptanthe  ambigua  (Gray)  Greene.  Slender,  15-30 cm.  high,  short-hispid; 
leaves  oblong-linear,  1-2  cm.  long;  spike  nearly  bractless,  rather  few-flowered; 
fruiting  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  with  rather  small  bristles,  the  lobes  linear,  twice 
as  long  as  the  fruit;  nutlets  all  four  maturing,  ovate,  acute,  rough,  with  papillae 
of  two  sizes;  ventral  groove  forked  at  the  very  base.  Pine  woods,  Thatuna 
Hills,  Idaho. 

15 


210  BORAGINACEAE. 

Cryptanthe  muriculata  (A. DC.)  Greene.  Erect,  branched  from  the  base, 
1O-20  cm.  high,  hispid  throughout;  leaves  oblong  or  linear,  1-3  cm.  long; 
spikes  often  in  pairs  of  3-5  in  a  cluster,  bractless;  fruiting  calyx  5  mm.  long, 
short-bristly,  with  linear  lobes  which  are  a  little  longer  than  the  fruit;  corolla 
5-6  mm.  broad,  with  prominent  appendages  in  the  throat;  nutlets  2  mm.  long, 
usually  all  four  present,  ovate-triangular,  obtuse,  roughened  with  minute 
papillae  and  some  larger  ones  on  the  back  and  usually  on  the  ventral  face; 
ventral  groove  extending  from  the  apex  to  near  the  base  where  it  widens  out 
into  a  triangular  depression.  Infrequent,  in  loose  soil. 

Cryptanthe  flaccida  (Lehm.)  Greene.  Erect,  20-40  cm.  high,  branched, 
minutely  strigose  and  canescent  throughout;  leaves  linear,  narrow,  1-3  cm. 
long;  flowers  in  slender  bractless  spikes,  loose  and  elongated  in  fruit;  fruiting 
calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  appressed  to  the  stem,  the  sepals  linear,  very  bristly, 
especially  at  the  base;  corolla  white,  2-3  mm.  long;  nutlets  solitary,  smooth 
and  shining,  pear-shaped,  attenuate-acuminate,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  with 
a  groove  on  the  ventral  side,  extending  the  whole  length  and  somewhat  widened 
at  the  base. 

Cryptanthe  affinis  (Gray)  Greene.  Slender,  branched  from  the  base,  erect 
or  ascending,  10-30  cm.  high,  rather  soft-hairy;  leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse, 
1-2  cm.  long;  spikes  loose,  nearly  bractless,  2-6  cm.  long;  fruiting  calyx  3  mm. 
long,  hispid;  nutlets  all  four  maturing,  dark,  smooth,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  1.5 
mm.  long,  ventral  groove  simple,  continuing  the  whole  length  of  the  nutlet. 
Open  pine-woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Cryptanthe  calycosa  (Gray)  Rydb.  Erect  or  ascending,  commonly 
branched  from  the  base,  15-30  cm.  high,  long-hairy  and  hispid  throughout; 
leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long;  spikes  bractless,  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  1-8  cm.  long;  fruiting  calyx  5  mm.  long,  very  bristly,  the  lobes  linear; 
corolla  white;  nutlets  4,  narrowly  pear-shaped,  acute,  smooth  and  shiny, 
2  mm.  long;  ventral  groove  forked  near  the  base,  but  no  depression  between 
the  forks.  Common  and  abundant. 


308.   ALLOCARYA. 

Annuals  or  perennials;  flowers  small,  white;  calyx  5-parted, 
erect  or  little  spreading  in  fruit;  corolla  white,  usually  with 
appendages  at  the  throat;  nutlets  not  armed  with  barbed  prickles, 
attached  only  at  the  inside  of  the  base  to  a  slightly  elevated 
gynobase. 

AUocarya  hispidula  Greene.  Annual,  much  branched  from  the  base, 
spreading  or  ascending,  10-30  cm.  high,  sparingly  hairy;  leaves  few,  linear, 
obtuse,  1-3  cm.  long;  spikes  slender,  elongate,  leafy-bracteate  near  the  base; 
corolla  white,  small ;  fruiting  calyx  2mm.  long,  hispid ;  nutlets  ovate-oblong,  with 
obliquely  rough-ridges  on  the  three  faces,  keeled  the  whole  length  on  the  ventral 
face;  scar  nearly  basal.  In  dried  up  ponds  and  similar  places,  common. 

309.  PLAGIOBOTHRYS. 

Very  similar  to  AUocarya  and  Cryptanthe  but  the  radical 
leaves  in  a  rosette  and  the  nutlets  attached  by  the  middle  of  the 
somewhat  concave  inner  face  to  a  hemispherical  or  globular 
gynobase. 


LABIATAE.  211 

Plagiobothrys  tenellus  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Annual,  with  usually  many  stems 
from  the  base,  5-20  cm.  high,  rather  soft-hairy  throughout;  radical  leaves  in 
a  rosette,  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  5-20  mm.  long;  cauline  few,  lanceolate, 
5-10  mm.  long;  spike  loose,  leafy  at  base;  fruiting  calyx  3  mm.  long,  hispid 
with  yellow  hairs,  the  lobes  lanceolate;  nutlets  silvery  grey,  shining,  prominently 
keeled  and  papillate,  somewhat  cross-shaped  because  of  the  constrictions  at 
the  base  and  apex,  incurved,  hollowed  on  the  ventral  face,  with  a  projecting 
process  which  attaches  it  to  the  gynobase.  Sandy  soil  in  the  warmer  valleys. 


Family  79.    VERBENACEAE.    VERBENA  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  not  aromatic;  leaves  opposite;  flowers  per- 
fect; corolla  either  2-lipped  or  irregular;  stamens  4,  didynamous; 
style  single,  terminal  ;  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed  ;  ovary  not  lobed  ; 
fruit  2^-celled,  dry  or  drupaceous,  usually  splitting  when  ripe 
into  as  many  1  -seeded  indehiscent  nutlets;  endosperm  scant  or 
none. 

310.   VERBENA. 

Herbs;  flowers  sessile,  in  single  or  panicled  bracteolate  spikes; 
calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  one  tooth  often  shorter;  corolla  salver- 
form,  more  or  less  unequally  5-cleft;  stamens  included,  the  upper 
pair  occasionally  without  anthers;  style  slender;  stigma  mostly 
2-lobed  ;  fruit  splitting  into  4  seed-like  nutlets. 

Spikes  narrow,  dense;  bracts  short. 
Spikes  loose;  bracts  exceeding  the  flowers. 

Verbena  hastata  L.  Perennial,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  simple  below  the 
inflorescence,  rough-puberulent  throughout;  stems  4-sided;  leaves  oblong  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  6-12  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  spikes  numerous,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  slender,  5-15 
cm.  long;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  blue,  3  mm.  broad.  In  moist 
places. 

Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.  Branches  prostrate  or  spreading,  15-30  cm. 
long,  rough-hairy  throughout,  the  root  often  becoming  woody;  leaves  oblong 
or  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  pinnately  3-cleft,  coarsely  dentate,  1-3  cm.  long; 
petiole  short,  margined;  spikes  terminal,  1-10  cm.  long;  upper  bracts  entire, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  becoming  rigid;  the  lower  somewhat  cleft,  all  exceeding 
the  flowers;  corolla  blue,  4  mm.  long;  anthers  without  appendages.  Common 
in  dry  ground  and  inclined  to  become  a  weed. 

Family  80.    LABIATAE.     MINT  FAMILY. 

Mostly  aromatic  herbs  with  4-sided  stems;  leaves  simple, 
opposite;  corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed  or 
sometimes  entire,  the  lower  3-lobed  ;  stamens  on  the  corolla-tube, 
didynamous  or  diandrous;  style  usually  2-lobed  at  the  apex; 
ovary  deeply  4-lobed  or  parted;  fruit  of  4  seed-like  nutlets  or 
akenes,  each  with  one  erect  seed  ;  endosperm  mostly  none. 


212  LABIATAE. 

Corolla  nearly  regular. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2.  311.  LYCOPUS,  212. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Corolla-lobes  5.  312.  TRICHOSTEMA,213. 

Corolla-lobes  4.  313.  MENTHA,  213. 

Corolla  irregular,  distinctly  2-lipped. 

Anther- bearing  stamens  2.  '   314.  RAMONA,  214. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Calyx  with  a  protuberance  on  the  upper 

side.  315.  SCUTELLARIA,  214. 

Calyx  without  a  protuberance. 

Calyx-teeth  10,  spiny.  316.  MARRUBIUM,  215. 

Calyx- teeth  5,  not  spiny. 

Calyx-teeth  unequal,  the  upper  one 

very  large.  317.  DRACOCEPHALUM,  215. 

Calyx-teeth  almost  equal. 

Calyx  distinctly  2-lipped.  318.  PRUNELLA,  215. 

Calyx  not  2-lipped. 

Upper  corolla-lip  flat. 

Plant    creeping;    flowers 

axillary.  319.  MICROMERIA,  215. 

Plant   erect;   flowers   in 

whorled  heads.  320.  MADRONELLA,  216. 

Upper  corolla-lip  concave. 
Upper   pair  of  stamens 
longer     than     the 
lower. 

Anther-cells  parallel.    321.  AGASTACHE,  216. 
Anther-cells  diver- 

gent.  322.  NEPETA,  216. 

Upper  pair  of  stamens 
shorter  than  the 
lower. 

Throat  of  corolla  di- 
lated. 323.  LAMIUM,  217. 
Throat  of  corolla  not 
dilated.  324.  STACHYS,  217. 

311.  LYCOPUS. 

Low  perennial  herbs,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  not  aromatic; 
leaves  sharply-toothed  or  pinnatifid;  flowers  small,  mostly  white, 
in  dense  axillary  whorls;  calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  equally  4-  or  5- 
lobed;  anther-bearing  stamens  2,  distant;  the  upper  pair  either 
sterile  or  wanting. 

Plants  stoloniferous  at  base;  calyx  teeth  subulate.  L.  americanus. 

Plants  not  stoloniferous;  calyx  teeth  triangular-cuspidate.         L.  lucidus. 

Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.  Glabrous  or  puberulent;  stems  erect,  simple 
or  little  branched,  30-60  cm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate  or 
sinuately  incised,  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  short;  flowers  sessile,  in  dense  axillary 
whorl-like  clusters;  bracts  subulate;  calyx-teeth  triangular-cuspidate,  stiff, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  small  white  corolla,  exceeding  the  nutlets;  sterile  stamens 
slender,  with  thickened  tips.  Low  ground. 


LABIATAE.  213 

Lycopus  lucidus  Turcz.  Stems  stout,  erect,  60-100  cm.  high,  sharply 
angled,  simple  or  branched  above;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate,  rounded  at  base,  5-10  cm.  long, 
sessile  or  very  short  petioled;  bracts  lanceolate  or  ovate,  the  outer  ones  con- 
spicuou  ,  acuminate;  calyx-teeth  subulate-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
tube;  corolla  white,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx;  sterile  stamens  slender, 
clavate  at  the  tips.  Rock  Lake  and  Spokane  County. 

312.   TRICHOSTEMA. 

Low  annual  branched  herbs,  or  somewhat  woody  plants; 
leaves  entire;  calyx  bell-shaped,  oblique,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  3 
upper  teeth  elongated  and  partly  united,  the  2  lower  very  short; 
corolla  small,  almost  equally  5-parted,  the  3  lower  lobes  more  or 
less  united;  stamens  4,  much  exserted;  anther-cells  divergent 
and  at  length  confluent. 

Trichostema  pblongum  Benth.  Annual,  erect,  branched,  10-30  cm.  high, 
the  stem  soft-hairy;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  acute,  entire,  1-3  cm.  long,  canes- 
cently  pubescent,  narrowed  at  base,  with  a  short  petiole;  flowers  in  nearly 
sessile  axillary  dense  cymes;  pedicels  short;  calyx  campanulate,  hairy,  equally 
5-cleft,  the  narrow  lobes  much  longer  than  the  teeth,  equalling  the  corolla- 
tube;  corolla  violet.  Springy  places,  rare  and  local.  Rather  unpleasantly 
scented. 

313.   MENTHA.     MINT. 

Aromatic  fragrant  perennial  herbs;  flowers  very  small,  in 
dense  clusters,  forming  false  whorls  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal 
spikes;  calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  5-toothed,  equal  or  nearly 
so;  corolla  with  a  short  included  tube,  almost  equally  4-cleft,  the 
upper  lobe  broadest,  entire  or  notched;  anther-bearing  stamens. 
4,  equal,  erect,  distant. 

Whorls  of  flowers  all  axillary.  M.  canadenstr, 

Whorls  of  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  some  in  the  upper  axils.  M.  spicala. 

Mentha  canadensis  borealis  (Michx.)  Piper.  Erect,  simple  or  branched, 
20-40  cm.  high;  stems  usually  simple,  glabrous  except  in  the  angles;  leaves 
ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrate,  short-petioled,  glabrous;  flowers  in  dense  sessile  axillary 
clusters;  calyx  2-3  mm.  long,  the  triangular  acute  teeth  short;  corolla  pale- 
violet,  rarely  white,  5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  rounded,  its  tube  exceeding  the 
calyx.  Low  ground,  common. 

Mentha  canadensis  lanata  Piper.  Similar  to  M.  canadensis  borealis  but 
the  stems  and  leaves  downy  or  woolly  with  white  hairs.  Spokane  County 
and  adjacent  Idaho. 

Mentha  spicata  L.  Green  and  glabrous  throughout,  the  stems  30-60  cm. 
high,  simple  below  the  inflorescence;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  serrate,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  short-petioled  base,  2-5  cm.  long; 
spikes  terminal,  narrow,  the  flowers  in  interrupted  whorls;  bracts  lanceolate, 
usually  ciliate;  calyx  hairy,  the  tube  campanulate,  little  longer  than  the  sub- 
ulate teeth;  corolla  purple,  its  tube  exceeding  the  calyx.  Sparingly  introduced. 


214  LABIATAE. 


314.   RAMONA. 

Half  shrubs  or  woody  herbs;  flowers  numerous,  in  terminal  or 
axillary  heads  or  spikes;  calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed 
or  entire,  the  lower  deeply  2-cleft;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
spreading,  2-lobed  or  emarginate,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed; 
stamens  2,  exserted;  nutlets  smooth. 

Ramona  incana  (Benth.)  Dougl.  Stems  woody,  usually  tufted,  20-60  cm. 
high,  whitish  and  somewhat  woolly  pubescent  throughout;  leaves  numerous, 
entire,  spatulate  to  obovate,  obtuse  or  notched,  2  cm.  long;  flowers  capitate- 
glomerate  in  the  upper  axils;  bracts  scarious,  obovate  to  oval,  pubescent  and 
ciliate,  usually  purplish;  calyx  scarious,  bilabiate,  the  broad  retuse  upper  lip 
longer  than  the  teeth  of  the  lower  lip;  corolla  15  mm.  long,  purple.  Gravelly 
soil  near  Spokane  and  common  in  the  sagebrush  region. 

315.   SCUTELLARIA.    SKULLCAP. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody,  not  aromatic; 
flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes  or  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  or  bracts;  calyx  bell-shaped  in  flower,  2-lipped,  with  a 
gibbous  protuberance  on  the  upper  side,  splitting  to  the  base  at 
maturity,  the  upper  lip  at  length  usually  falling  away;  corolla 
with  an  elongated  curved  ascending  tube,  dilated  at  the  throat, 
2-lipped,  the  upper  erect,  arched  or  galeate;  stamens  4,  ascending 
under  the  upper  corolla-lip,  the  lower  pair  longer. 

Flowers  small,  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes.  S.  lateriflora. 

Flowers  larger,  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils. 

Lower  lip  of  corolla  not  villous;  leaves  serrate.  S.  galericulata. 

Lower  lip  of  corolla  villous  within;  leaves  entire  or  nearly 

so.  5.  anguslifolia. 

Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.  Perennial,  glabrous;  stems  erect,  branched, 
20-60  cm.  high;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate-ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate,  rounded  at  base,  3-8  cm.  long,  petioled;  flowers  blue,  in 
axillary  or  sometimes  terminal,  one-sided  racemes;  corolla  5-8  mm.  long,  the 
lips  short,  subequal;  nutlets  smooth.  In  moist  copses,  rare  in  our  limits. 

Scutellaria  galericulata  L.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent; 
stems  erect,  20-80  cm.  high,  simple  or  loosely  branched;  leaves  oblong  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  subcordate  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla 
blue,  puberulent,  the  lower  lip  longer  than  the  upper;  nutlets  muriculate.  In 
wet  meadows. 

Scutellaria  angustifolia  Pursh.  Perennial,  with  rather  stout  somewhat 
moniliform  rootstocks,  15-20  cm.  high,  puberulent  or  glabrous;  stems  simple 
or  little  branched;  cauline  leaves  broadly  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
narrowed  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  1-2  cm.  long;  radical  ovate,  on  longer 
petioles,  sometimes  toothed;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  pedicels  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  corolla  violet-blue,  25  mm.  long,  puberulent  outside;  lower  lip  villous 
within;  nutlets  minutely  granulate.  Moist  soil,  especially  in  stony  places, 
common. 


LABIATAE.  215 

316.   MARRUBIUM. 

Bitter-aromatic  whitish-woolly  perennials,  branched  at  the 
base;  leaves  wrinkled;  flowers  small,  much  crowded  in  axillary 
whorls;  calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved,  nearly  equally  10-toothed, 
the  teeth  spiny-pointed;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect, 
notched;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  broadest; 
stamens  4,  short,  included  in  the  corolla-tube,  the  upper  pair 
longer. 

Marrubium  vulgare  L.  Horehound.  Stems  tufted,  erect,  simple,  about 
30  cm.  high,  densely  white  woolly,  especially  below;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse,  coarsely  crenate,  thickish,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  rough,  woolly 
beneath,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  petioles  nearly  as  long;  flower  clusters  dense,  axillary; 
calyx-teeth  10,  subulate,  hooked  at  the  apex,  hardened  in  fruit;  corolla  white. 
Abundantly  introduced. 

317.   DRACOCEPHALUM. 

Coarse  herbs  with  blue  flowers  in  dense  bracteate  terminal 
clusters;  calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  5-toothed;  corolla  2-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate,  the  lower  3-lobed;  stamens  4, 
anther-cells  divergent;  nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

Dracocephalum  parviflorum  Nutt.  Stems  stout,  erect,  20-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  incisely  dentate,  3-8  cm.  long,  slender- petioled; 
inflorescence  spike-like,  the  flowers  densely  crowded  in  whorls  in  the  upper 
axils;  bracts  oblong  to  ovate,  cut-toothed,  the  teeth  bristle-tipped;  calyx 
cylindric,  puberulent,  the  upper  tooth  broadest,  all  acuminate;  corolla  pale 
blue,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.  Medical  Lake,  Henderson. 

318.  PRUNELLA.    HEAL  ALL. 

Low  perennials ;  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  heads  or  spikes ; 
calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  10-nerved,  2-lipped,  not  gibbous 
on  the  upper  side,  closed  in  fruit;  upper  lip  broad  and  flat, 
truncate,  with  3  short  teeth,  the  lower  2-cleft;  corolla  2-lipped, 
slightly  contracted  at  the  throat  and  dilated  at  the  lower  side 
just  beneath  it;  upper  lip  arched,  erect,  entire;  the  lower  reflexed- 
spreading,  3-cleft;  stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the 
lower  pair  longer. 

Prunella  vulgaris  lanceolata  (Barton)  Fernald.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  erect 
or  ascending,  15^40  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  crenate,  2-6  cm.  long;  petioles 
slender,  about  half  as  long  as  the  blades;  spikes  terminal,  very  dense,  2-5  cm. 
long;  bracts  very  broad,  ovate  or  orbicular,  cuspidate-acuminate,  ciliate;  calyx- 
teeth  somewhat  ciliate;  corolla  violet,  8-12  mm.  long,  hardly  twice  as  long 
as  the  purplish  calyx.  Moist  ground,  not  common. 

319.  MICROMERIA. 

Low  sweet-odorous  plants;  flowers  small,  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  about  10-nerved,  terete,  not 


21 6  LABIATAE. 

gibbous,  about  equally  5-toothed;  corolla  short,  distinctly  1- 
lipped;  upper  lip  flattish,  neither  concave  nor  hooded,  entire  or 
notched;  the  lower  spreading,  3-parted;  stamens  4,  the  lower 
pair  longer. 

Micromeria  chamisspnis  (Benth.)  Greene.  ,  Perennial,  somewhat  pu- 
bescent, with  slender  trailing  stems,  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate, 
obtuse,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  coarsely  dentate  or  subentire,  6-25 
mm.  long;  petioles  short;  flowers  solitary,  axillary;  pedicels  slender,  2-bracted 
near  the  base;  calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  the  teeth  triangular;  corolla  white  or 
purplish,  8  mm.  long,  its  tube  exceeding  the  calyx.  Open  woods,  Thatuna 
Hills,  Idaho.  Odor  balsamic. 

320.   MADRONELLA. 

Erect  woody  perennials,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  purple 
or  white  flowers  in  terminal  heads  which  are  subtended  by  broad 
thin  bracts;  calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  not  2-lipped;  corolla  2- 
lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft;  stamens  4,  the 
lower  pair  the  longer;  anther-cells  at  length  divergent. 

Madronella  odoratissima  (Benth.)  Greene.  Stems  woody,  tufted,  20-40 
cm.  high,  puberulent  throughout;  leaves  firm,  green,  entire,  narrowly  oblong, 
2-3  cm.  long,  very  short-petioled ;  inflorescence  a  dense  head;  bracts  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  thin,  usually  purple-tinged;  calyx  puberulent,  the  lanceolate 
teeth  hirsute;  corolla  pale  violet,  6-8  mm.  long.  In  sterile  soil,  Spokane 
County,  and  in  the  Blue  Mountains.  Very  fragrant. 

321.   AGASTACHE. 

Tall  perennial  herbs;  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  petioled;  flowers 
small,  in  terminal  spikes;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  15-nerved, 
oblique,  5-toothed,  the  upper  teeth  rather  longer;  corolla  2- 
lipped,  the  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  nearly 
erect,  concave,  2-lobed,  the  lower  somewhat  spreading,  3-cleft ; 
stamens  4,  exserted  from  the  corolla;  anther-cells  parallel. 

Agastache  urticifolia  (Benth.)  Rydb.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  erect 
usually  simple  stems  50-150  cm.  tall,  tufted;  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  obtuse 
or  acute,  coarsely  dentate,  green  on  both  sides,  3-6  cm.  long,  short-petioled; 
spikes  terminal,  stout,  densely  puberulent,  6-10  cm.  long  or  sometimes  with 
smaller  ones  from  the  upper  axils;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  the  teeth  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  purple-tinged;  corolla  violet-purple.  Whole  plant  pleas- 
antly scented.  Low  ground,  not  rare. 

322.    NEPETA. 

Perennial  herbs;  calyx  tubular,  often  incurved,  obliquely  5- 
toothed;  corolla  2-lipped,  dilated  in  the  throat;  the  upper  lip 
erect,  rather  concave,  notched  or  2-cleft;  the  lower  spreading, 
3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  notched  or  entire;  stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  corolla-lip,  the  upper  pair  longer; 
anther-cells  divergent. 


SOLANACEAE.  217 

Nepeta  cataria  L.  Catnip.  Perennial,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  finely 
canescent  throughout;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  dentate,  somewhat 
cordate  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long,  petioled,  densely  canescent;  spike  stout,  dense, 
2-10  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  the  longest  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  white  or  purplish,  with  dark  dots,  10-12  mm.  long,  its  tube  exceeding 
the  calyx.  Sparingly  introduced. 

323.  LAMIUM. 

Decumbent  herbs;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-nerved, 
with  5  nearly  equal  awl-pointed  teeth;  corolla  2-lipped,  dilated 
at  the  throat,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx;  the  upper  lip 
arched,  narrowed  at  the  base;  the  middle  lobe  of  the  spreading 
lower  lip  broad,  notched  at  the  apex,  contracted  at  the  base;  the 
lateral  lobes  small,  at  the  margin  of  the  throat;  stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  the  lower  pair  longer. 

Lamium  amplexicaule  L.  Biennial,  branched  from  the  base,  sparingly 
pubescent;  stems  simple,  erect,  15-20  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  orbicular,  coarsely 
crenate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  1-2  cm.  long,  on  petioles  as  long  or  longer; 
upper  sessile,  half-clasping,  rather  distant;  flowers  sessile,  in  axillary  and  ter- 
minal clusters;  calyx  pubescent,  the  sharp  teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  purple,  the  lower  lip  spotted,  12-15  mm.  long.  Sparingly  introduced 
in  cultivated  ground. 

324.  STACHYS. 

Herbs,  rarely  woody,  not  aromatic;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped, 
5-10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed  or  the  upper  teeth  united  to  form 
an  upper  lip;  corolla  not  dilated  at  the  throat,  2-lipped,  the  tube 
about  equalling  the  calyx;  the  upper  lip  concave,  often  arched, 
erect  or  rather  spreading,  entire  or  nearly  so;  the  lower  usually 
longer  and  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  nearly 
entire;  stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair 
longer. 

Stachys  palustris  L.  Perennial,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  soft-pubescent 
throughout  or  the  stem  short-hairy;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  nearly  sessile  base,  5-10 
cm.  long;  spikes  short-peduncled,  the  clusters  rather  close  together,  the  lower 
with  leafy  bracts;  upper  bracts  lanceolate;  calyx  hairy,  the  tube  campanulate, 
little  longer  than  the  subulate  teeth;  corolla  pink-purple,  1  cm.  long;  the  upper 
lip  pubescent;  the  tube  equalling  the  calyx.  Wet  places. 

Family  81.     SOLANACEAE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  commonly  rank>scented,  with  colorless  juice; 
leaves  alternate,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular,  5-merous, 
solitary  or  in  cymes,  on  bractless  pedicels;  calyx  mostly  5-lobed; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  mostly  5-lobed,  usually  plaited  in  the  bud; 
stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with  them; 


218  SOLANACEAE. 

style  1  ;  ovary  entire,  superior,  2-celled,  becoming  a  many-seeded 
capsule  or  berry;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Corolla  rotate;  fruit  a  berry.  325.  SOLANUM,  218. 
Corolla  funnelform  to  salverform;  fruit  a  capsule. 

Flowers  solitary.  326.  DATURA,  218. 

Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles.  327.  NICOTIANA,  219. 

325.   SOLANUM.    NIGHTSHADE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs;  calyx  and  rotate  corolla  5-parted  or  cleft,  the 
latter  plaited  in  the  bud;  stamens  epipetalous,  exserted;  fila- 
ments very  short;  anthers  converging;  styles  elongated;  ovary 
2-celled,  rarely  more;  fruit  a  berry. 

Climbing  shrub;  flowers  violet.  5.  dulcamara. 
Annual  herb. 

Flowers  yellow;  plant  prickly.  S.  rostratum. 

Flowers  white;  plant  not  prickly.  5.  nigrum. 

Solanum  dulcamara  L.  Bittersweet.  Perennial,  half-shrubby,  with 
climbing  or  spreading  branches,  sometimes  1  m.  or  more  long,  pubescent  or 
glabrate;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  cordate,  simple,  2-6  cm.  long,  or  many  of 
them  with  3  lobes  or  3-divided  at  base,  the  lateral  segments  smaller;  petiole 
slender,  shorter  than  the  blades;  cymes  loose;  flowers  usually  purple,  10-12  mm. 
broad;  corolla-lobes  spreading,  triangular,  acuminate;  berries  subglobose, 
red.  Sparingly  introduced. 


Solanum  rostratum  Dunal.  Buffalo  Bur.  Very  prickly  yellowish  herb 
with  an  abundant  stellate  pubescence;  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnatifid;  calyx 
densely  prickly;  corolla  yellow;  stamens  and  style  much  declined.  Becoming 
introduced  in  recent  years. 

Solanum  nigrum  L.  Annual,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent,  usually 
branched,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  triangular,  acute  or  obtuse,  cuneate 
at  base,  sinuately  toothed  or  rarely  entire,  1-4  cm.  long;  petioles  shorter  than 
the  blades;  flowers  in  lateral  peduncled  small  cymes;  calyx-lobes  obtuse; 
corolla  white,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  spreading;  berries  globose,  black.  In 
cultivated  soil,  along  Snake  River. 

326.   DATURA. 

Rank  narcotic-poisonous  annual  or  perennial  weeds,  erect, 
tall,  branching;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  ovate;  flowers  large, 
showy,  solitary,  on  short  peduncles,  in  the  forks  of  the  stems; 
calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed,  deciduous;  corolla  funnelform,  with 
a  5-10-toothed  plaited  border;  fruit  a  globular  prickly  4-valved 
2-celled  capsule;  seeds  rather  large,  flat. 

Flowers  white;  prickles  of  the  fruit  unequal,  the  lower  shorter.  D.  stramonium. 
Flowers  pale-violet;  prickles  of  the  fruit  equal.  D.  tatula. 

Datura  stramonium  L.  Jamestown  or  Jimson  Weed.  Annual,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  green,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely 
toothed  or  lobed,  usually  narrowed  at  base,  petioled,  6-20  cm.  long;  calyx-tube 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  2IQ 

S-angled,  not  half  as  long  as  the  white  corolla,  this  6-10  cm.  long;  capsule 
ovoid,  densely  prickly,  the  lower  prickles  usually  shorter.  Sparingly  intro- 
duced. 

Datura  tatula  L.  Much  like  D.  stramonium,  but  the  stem  purplish,  the 
corolla  pale-violet  and  the  prickles  of  the  fruit  nearly  equal  in  length.  In- 
troduced in  a  few  places. 

327,   NICOTIANA.     TOBACCO. 

Rank  acrid-narcotic  herbs;  leaves  mostly  entire;  flowers  in 
racemes  or  panicles,  sometimes  showy;  calyx  bell-shaped  or 
oblong,  5-toothed  or  lobed,  persistent;  corolla  commonly  funnel- 
form  or  salverform,  the  plaited  border  5-lobed;  stigma  capitate, 
somewhat  2-lobed;  fruit  a  smooth  2-4-valved  2-celled  capsule; 
seeds  numerous,  small. 

Nicotiana  attenuata  Torr.  Annual,  erect  and  slender,  30-60  cm.  high, 
glandular-pubescent,  especially  above;  leaves  entire,  petioled,  the  upper 
lanceolate  or  linear,  attenuate-acuminate,  the  lower  oblong  or  ovate,  3-10  cm. 
long;  panicle  loose,  bracteate  only  below;  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  the  teeth  lan- 
ceolate or  subulate,  subequal,  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  white, 
tubular-salverform,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  the  limb  ascending,  5-lobed,  8-12  mm. 
broad;  capsule  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube.  Sandy  soil  in  the  lower  valleys. 

Family  82.     SCROPHULARIACEAE.     FIGWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  sometimes  shrubs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  without 
stipules;  flowers  perfect,  mostly  complete  and  irregular;  corolla 
irregular,  more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower 
3-lobed;  stamens  on  the  corolla-tube,  the  fertile  4  and  didyna- 
mous  or  only  2,  rarely  5  present  and  all  fertile;  style  single ;  stigma 
entire  or  2-lobed,  fruit  a  2-celled  usually  many-seeded  capsule, 
with  axile  placenta;  seeds  mostly  small;  endosperm  copious. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  5;  leaves  alternate.  328.  VERBASCUM,  220. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2  or  4;  leaves  alternate, 

opposite  or  whorled. 
Fifth  sterile  stamen  present. 

Corolla  spurred  at  the  base.  329.  LINARIA,  220. 

Corolla  not  spurred. 

Sterile  stamen  elongated,  about  equal- 
ling the  others.  330.  PENTSTEMON,  221. 
Sterile  stamen  a  gland  or  scale  adherent 

to  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla. 

Peduncles  several-flowered.  331.  SCROPHULARIA,  223. 

Peduncles  1-flowered. 

Corolla  conspicuously  2-lipped.      332.  COLUNSIA,  223. 
Corolla  obscurely  if  at  all  2-lipped.  333.  TONELLA,  224. 
Fifth  sterile  stamen  not  present. 
Stamens  2;  anther-bearing. 

Calyx  5-parted.  334.  GRATIOLA,  224. 

Calyx  4-parted. 

Leaves  alternate,  mostly  basal.  335.  SYNTHYRIS,  224. 

Leaves  at  least  the  lower  opposite.      336.  VERONICA,  225. 
Stamens  4,  either  perfect  or  sterile. 


220  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2;    sterile    sta- 
mens 2. 

Sterile  filaments  2-forked,  exserted.    337.  ILYSANTHES,  226. 
Sterile  filaments  simple,  included.       334.  GRATIOLA,  224. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Corolla  nearly  regular.  x  339.  LIMOSELLA,  226. 

Corolla  2-lipped. 

Stamens    not    enclosed    in    the 

upper  lip.  340.  MIMULUS,  226. 

Stamens  enclosed  in  the  upper 

lip. 
Anther-cells  equal. 

Calyx    inflated    in    fruit; 

leaves  opposite.  341.  RHINANTHUS,  228. 

Calyx  not  inflated;  leaves 

alternate  or  whorled.        342.  PEDICULARIS,  229. 
Anther-cells  unequal. 

Corolla-lips   unequal,   the 

upper  larger.  343.  CASTILLEJA,  229. 

Corolla-lips  almost  equal.    344.  ORTHOCARPUS,  230. 

328.  VERBASCUM.    MULLEIN. 

Tall  and  usually  woolly  biennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate, 
the  cauline  sessile  or  decurrent;  flowers  in  large  terminal  spikes  or 
racemes;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  5-lobed,  rotate,  the  lobes  slightly 
unequal;  stamens  5,  all  anther-bearing;  style  flattened  at  the 
apex;  capsule  globular,  many-seeded. 

Plant  densely  woolly.  V.  thapsus. 

Plant  glabrous  or  sparsely  glandular.  V.  blattaria. 

Verbascum  thapsus  L.  Densely  woolly  throughout,  the  stout  erect  stems 
1-2  m.  high,  somewhat  wing-angled  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  leaves; 
leaves  thick,  oblong,  acute,  entire  or  obscurely  dentate,  narrowed  toward  the 
base,  10-30  cm.  long,  gradually  reduced  upwards;  flowers  yellow,  16-20  mm. 
broad,  in  a  dense  long  spike;  stamens  unequal,  the  two  lower  and  longer  gla- 
brous, the  others  with  hairy  filaments.  Introduced  as  a  weed. 

Verbascum  blattaria  L.  Stems  slender,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  not  angled, 
glabrous  below,  glandular-pubescent  above;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  acute,  crenate-dentate  or  cut-lobed,  all  but  the  lower  sessile  and  partly 
clasping,  6-8  cm.  long;  raceme  loose;  pedicels  spreading;  calyx  glandular; 
corolla  yellow  or  white,  2-2.5  cm.  broad;  stamens  all  with  hairy  filaments; 
capsules  subglobose,  6-7  mm.  long.  Sparingly  introduced. 

329.   LINARIA. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  or  the  lower  opposite;  flowers  in 
terminal  spikes  or  racemes;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  bilabiate, 
spurred  on  the  lower  side,  the  throat  nearly  closed;  stamens 
didynamous;  capsule  thin,  opening  by  pores  beneath  the  summit. 

Linaria  linaria  (L.)  Karst.  Butter  and  Eggs.  Glabrous;  stems  erect, 
30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  pale  or  glaucous,  very  numerous,  1-3 
cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  dense  raceme;  calyx  lobes  oblong,  acute;  corolla  2-3 
cm.  long,  yellow  with  an  orange  throat;  seeds  rough,  winged.  Introduced 
along  roadsides  and  in  fields. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  221 

330.  PENTSTEMON.    BEARD-TONGUE. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  sessile  or  partly 
clasping,  the  floral  reduced  to  bracts;  flowers  showy,  in  a  race- 
mose panicle;  calyx  5-parted;  corolla  tubular,  more  or  less 
inflated  or  bell-shaped,  either  decidedly  or  slightly  2-lipped;  the 
upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-cleft;  anther-bearing  stamens  4; 
the  sterile  fifth  filament  about  equalling  the  others;  style  long; 
stigma  entire;  capsule  many-seeded. 

Anthers  woolly. 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  5-10  mm.  long.  P.  fruticosus. 

Calyx-lobes  subulate-lanceolate,  10-15  mm.  long.  P.  scouleri. 

Anthers  not  woolly. 

Anther-cells  splitting  their  whole  length  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  glabrous  and  more  or  less  glaucous.  P.  glaber. 

Plants  pubescent  or  glabrous  but  not  glaucous. 
Leaves  or  at  least  some  of  them  dentate. 

Leaves  broad,  mostly  ovate.  P.  pinetorum. 

Leaves  narrow,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  oblanceo- 

late. 

Corolla  blue-purple,  15-25  mm.  long.  P.  erianlhera. 

Corolla  white,  10-15  mm.  long.  P.  deustus. 

Leaves  entire. 

Flowers  10-20  mm.  long.  P.  attenualus. 

Flowers  6-10  mm.  long. 

Corolla  blue.  P.  procerus. 

Corolla  pale  yellow.  P.  confertus. 

Anther-cells  splitting  only  at  the  apex,  the  bases  sac-like. 

Leaves  glandular-pubescent.  P.  glandulosus. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  puberulent  beneath,  not  glandular. 

Inflorescence  glandular;  corolla  3  cm.  long.  P.  venuslus. 

Inflorescence  not  glandular;  corolla  smaller. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate;  corolla  purple,  10-15 

mm.  long.  P.  triphyllus. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate;  corolla  red,  20-25 

mm.  long.  P.  richardsonii. 

Pentstemon  fruticosus  (Pursh)  Greene.  Stems  simple,  ascending  from  a 
branched  woody  base,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves  coriaceous,  glabrous,  lanceolate, 
oblanceolate  or  ovate,  mostly  acute,  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth,  narrow  at  base, 
the  lower  short-petioled,  1-4  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  raceme,  rarely  a  panicle, 
2-11 -flowered,  viscid-pubescent;  bracts  much  reduced;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
attenuate-acuminate,  8-12  mm.  long;  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  dull- 
purple,  somewhat  2-lipped,  3-4  cm.  long;  anthers  very  woolly,  dehiscing  their 
whole  length;  sterile  filament  bearded.  In  rock  crevices  in  the  mountains.  / 

Pentstemon  scouleri  Lindl.  Differs  from  P.  fruticosus  only  in  its  narrower 
leaves  and  longer  calyx-lobes.  Kettle  Falls,  Douglas;  Mount  Carlton, 
Kreager;  near  Spokane,  Miss  Reed. 

Pentstemon  glaber  Pursh.  Glabrous  throughout  and  glaucous;  stems 
wholly  herbaceous,  stout,  erect,  30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  entire,  the  lowest 
spatulate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  the  cauline  ovate-lanceolate  and  sessile,  5-10 
cm.  long;  panicle  narrow,  densely  flowered;  peduncles  and  pedicels  very  short; 
sepals  broad,  acute  or  acuminate,  somewhat  erose;  corolla  bright  blue,  3-4 
cm.  long,  rather  abruptly  dilated  above  the  short  tube;  anthers  glabrous  or 
with  a  few  hairs;  sterile  filament  naked  or  slightly  bearded.  Gravelly  soil, 
Spokane  County  and  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 


222  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Pentstemon  pinetorum  Piper.  Tall,  60-100  cm.  high,  with  several  stems 
from  horizontal  rootstocks;  stems  usually  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  radical  leaves 
ovate  or  elliptic,  mostly  entire,  acute,  glabrous,  thickish  and  evergreen;  the 
blades  1-7  cm.  long,  attenuate  into  a  petiole  as  long  or  longer;  cauline  leaves 
3-5  pairs,  the  lower  pairs  oblong  or  broadly  spatulate,  the  upper  decidedly 
ovate,  all  sessile,  obtuse  or  acute,  more  or  less  dentate;  inflorescence  a  more 
or  less  glandular- viscid  panicle  of  4-8  whorled  'clusters;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
acuminate,  usually  decidedly  glandular;  corolla  bright  blue,  varying  to  pink 
and  pale  yellow.  Kamiack  Butte,  Cedar  Mountain  and  Craig  Mountains, 
Idaho. 

Pentstemon  erianthera  Pursh  (P.  cristatus  Nutt.)  Pubescent  or  puberulent 
below,  the  inflorescence  glandular;  stems  several  from  a  woody  base,  20-30  cm. 
high;  radical  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  acute,  mostly  dentate,  5-10  cm. 
long;  cauline  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  at  base;  panicle  narrow,  interrupted; 
peduncles  and  pedicels  short;  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  bright 
blue,  somewhat  funnelform,  15-20  mm.  long,  glandular-pubescent  outside, 
the  throat  sparsely  bearded;  sterile  filament  bearded  with  long  yellow  hairs. 
Gravelly  soil  about  Spokane. 

Pentstemon  deustus  Dougl.  Wholly  glabrous  below  the  inflorescence  but 
not  glaucous;  stems  leafy,  erect,  tufted,  20-40  cm.  high,  from  a  woody  base; 
lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,  petioled,  the  cauline  lanceolate,  acute,  irregularly 
dentate,  sessile  by  broad  bases,  2-5  cm.  long;  panicle  narrow,  leafy  below,  8-20 
cm.  long;  peduncles  mostly  short,  several-many-flowered ;  sepals  lanceolate- 


ovate,  acuminate,   slightly  margined,   sparsely  glandular;  corolla  white  or 

ely  viscid-g" 
2-lipped;  anthers  dehiscing  their  whole  length;  sterile  filament  naked.     Rocky 


yellowish,  minutely  viscid-glandular,  10-15  mm.  long,  narrowly  funnelform, 


places  in  the  lower  valleys. 

Pentstemon  attenuatus  Dougl.  Differs  from  P.  conferlus  only  in  its 
larger  corolla,  10-20  mm.  long,  usually  yellow,  sometimes  blue.  Kamiack 
Butte;  Blue  Mountains;  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Pentstemon  procerus  Dougl.  Very  similar  to  P.  confertus  but  the  flowers 
blue  and  usually  a  little  smaller.  Common,  usually  in  moist  ground. 

Pentstemon  confertus  Dougl.  Glabrous  throughout  but  not  glaucous; 
stems  erect,  commonly  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  all  entire;  the  radical  oblong, 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  3-6  cm.  long,  attenuate  at  the 
base  into  a  petiole;  the  cauline  similar,  sessile,  the  upper  often  ovate,  acuminate; 
panicle  strict,  narrow,  leafy  below,  14-40  cm.  long,  of  2-8  whorl-like  clusters; 
flowers  6-10  mm.  long;  sepals  glabrous,  the  scarious  margin  irregularly  dentate 
or  erose,  about  as  long  as  the  capsule;  corolla  yellow  or  nearly  white,  2-lipped; 
lower  lip  bearded  ;  anthers  dehiscing  their  whole  length  ;  sterile  filament  bearded. 
Common. 

Pentstemon  glandulosus  Lindl.  Pubescent  and  glandular  throughout; 
stems  50-100  cm.  high;  radical  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  dentate,  nar- 
rowed at  base  into  a  petiole,  10-15  cm.  long;  cauline  similar  but  sessile,  the 
upper  cordate-clasping;  panicle  interrupted,  leafy  below;  lower  peduncles 
2—4  cm.  long,  the  upper  ones  short;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  6-8  mm.  long; 
corolla  dull-purple,  funnelform,  dilated  in  the  throat,  shortly  2-lipped,  25-30 
mm.  long,  pubescent  outside;  anthers  dehiscent  at  apex,  the  base  sac-like; 
sterile  filament  glabrous.  Snake  River  Bluffs  near  Lewiston  and  Craig 
Mountains,  Idaho. 

Pentstemon  venustus  Dougl.  Glabrous;  stems  tufted,  erect,  40-60  cm. 
high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  closely  serrate,  4-5  cm. 
long;  panicle  narrow;  peduncles  1-3-flowered;  calyx  very  small,  the  sepals 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  corolla  funnelform,  bluish-purple,  2.5-3  cm.  long, 
the  lobes  ciliate;  stamens  sparsely  pilose  above.  Common  in  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains; also  in  the  Craig  Mountains  and  along  the  Potlatch  River,  Idaho. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  223 

Pentstemon  triphyllus  Dougl.  Puberulent;  stems  slender/from  a  branched 
woody  base,  30-50  cm.  high;  leaves  in  whorls  of  3,  or  the  uppermost  alternate, 
linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  few-toothed,  sessile,  1-2  cm.  long;  panicle  loose, 
narrow;  peduncles  2-5-flowered;  pedicels  short;  calyx  glandular,  3-4  mm.  long; 
corolla  2-lipped,  purple,  15  mm.  long,  minutely  viscid-glandular;  anthers 
dehiscing  only  at  the  apex,  the  base  sac-like;  sterile  filament  densely  bearded. 
Rock  crevices  near  Albion  and  along  Snake  River;  also  reported  from  the  Blue 
Mountains  by  Douglas. 

Pentstemon  richardsonii  Dougl.  Glabrous;  stems  from  a  branched  woody 
base,  erect  or  ascending,  60-90  cm.  high,  often  branched;  leaves  lanceolate 
to  ovate,  mostly  deeply  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  3-8  cm.  long,  those  on  the 
branches  alternate;  panicle  loose,  somewhat  glandular;  sepals  ovate,  acute; 
corolla  red,  somewhat  funnelform,  20-25  mm.  long;  sterile  filament  with  a 
few  hairs  near  the  tip.  On  basalt  ledges,  Spokane  County. 

331.   SCROPHULARIA.    FIGWORT. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite;  flowers  small,  in  loose  cymes 
in  a  narrow  terminal  panicle;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  corolla  5- 
lobed,  the  4  upper  lobes  erect,  the  lower  spreading;  stamens  4; 
the  fifth  sterile  one  a  scale-like  rudiment  at  the  summit  of  the 
corolla-tube;  capsule  many-seeded. 

Scrophularia  calif  ornica  Cham.  Puberulent;  stems  stout,  simple,  about 
1  m.  high,  somewhat  4-sided;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and 
unevenly  toothed  or  cleft,  5-12  cm.  long,  on  petioles  about  half  as  long; 
panicle  narrow,  20-40  cm.  long,  somewhat  glandular;  bracts  lanceolate-at- 
tenuate; flowers  dull-purple  or  green;  calyx-lobes  rounded,  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  6-8  mm.  long;  rudimentary  stamen  broad,  spatulate;  capsules  conical, 
glandular.  Low  ground,  not  common.  Our  form  is  not  typical. 

332.   COLLINSIA. 

Annuals  or  biennials;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  sessile  or  the 
lowest  petioled  and  the  upper  whorled;  flowers  solitary  or 
clustered  in  the  upper  axils;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  corolla  with 
the  tube  saccate  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  2-lipped; 
the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  keeled  and 
sac-like;  anther-bearing  stamens  4;  sterile  stamen  a  gland-like 
structure;  capsule  4-many-seeded. 

Corolla  5-7  mm.  long;  tube  longer  than  the  limb.  C.  tenella. 

Corolla  12-16  mm.  long;  tube  shorter  than  the  limb.  C.  grandiflora. 

Collinsia  tenella  (Pursh)  Piper.  (C.  parviflora  Dougl.)  Glabrous  or 
minutely  puberulent,  branched  from  the  base,  erect  or  spreading,  10-20  cm. 
high;  lower  leaves  oblong  or  orbicular,  petioled,  often  toothed;  the  upper 
nearly  sessile,  oblong  or  linear,  acutish,  1-2  cm.  long,  often  in  whorls  of  3-5; 
flowers  slender-  pedicelled,  solitary  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils,  even  of  the  lower 
leaves;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  tube,  not  equalling  the 
corolla;  corolla  violet  or  blue,  6-7  mm.  long,  2-lipped  for  half  its  length. 
Common  everywhere. 


Collinsia  grandiflora  Dougl.  Very  similar  to  C.  tenella  but  larger,  15-30 
cm.  high;  leaves  larger,  the  cauline  in  whorls  of  3-7;  calyx-lobes  triangular- 
subulate,  very  acute,  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  blue-  violet,  8-16  mm.  long. 
In  open  woods  near  Troy,  Idaho,  and  along  the  Clearwater  River. 


224  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

333.   TONELLA. 

Very  similar  to  Collinsia  but  the  cauline  leaves  mainly  ter- 
nately  divided  or  3-parted;  corolla  obscurely  2-lipped,  the  5  more 
or  less  unequal  lobes  somewhat  rotately  spreading,  the  tube  some- 
what gibbous  above;  ovules  and  seeds  1-4  in  each  cell. 

Tonella  floribunda  Gray.  Stems  slender,  usually  branched,  10-50  cm. 
high;  basal  leaves  simple,  ovate,  entire  or  few-toothed,  5-10  mm.  long,  slender- 
petioled;  cauline  all  3-parted  or  divided,  short-petioled  or  sessile;  divisions 
oblong,  linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  short-stalked,  1-3  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few 
short  stiff  hairs  on  the  back  and  margin ;  inflorescence  sparsely  pubescent  with 
stalked  glands;  flowers  slender- pedicelled,  in  whorls,  from  the  axils  of  the 
reduced  upper  leaves;  calyx-lobes  linear;  corolla  blue,  with  darker  lines  within, 
nearly  rotate,  1  cm.  broad,  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  smaller  than  those  of  the 
2-cleft  upper  lip.  A  charming  little  plant,  common  along  streams  in  Snake 
River  canyon. 

334.   GRATIOLA.    HEDGE  HYSSOP. 

Low  mostly  perennial  branching  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  sessile; 
peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered;  calyx  5-parted,  the  narrow  divi- 
sions usually  equal ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  entire  or  2-cleft,  the  lower 
3-cleft;  anther-bearing  stamens  2 ;  sterile  filaments  2,  simple  and 
included,  or  none;  style  dilated  or  2-lipped  at  the  apex;  capsule 
4-valved,  many-seeded. 

Viscid  puberulent;  calyx  subtended  by  a  pair  of  bractlets  at 

base.  G.  virginiana. 

Glabrous;  calyx  without  bractlets.  G.  ebracteata. 

Gratiola  virginiana  L.  Annual;  stems  erect,  branched  below,  viscid- 
puberulent  or  pubescent  above,  nearly  glabrous  at  base,  10-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  toothed,  usually  narrowed  at 
base,  1-2  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pedicels  slender,  equalling  the  leaves; 
calyx  enclosed  at  base  by  2  foliaceous  bracts  which  equal  the  lobes;  corolla 
8-10  mm.  long,  its  yellow  tube  nearly  twice  as  long  as'  the  calyx;  lobes  whitish, 
the  two  upper  notched;  capsule  ovoid.  Wet  places,  common. 

Gratiola  ebracteata  Benth.  Very  similar  to  G.  virginiana  but  glabrous  and 
the  calyx  bracts  wanting;  stems  usually  simple;  leaves  somewhat  longer, 
lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  tapering  from  near  the  base  into  a  long  slender  apex; 
capsule  subglobose,  obscurely  4-angled.  In  wet  places  or  even  in  shallow 
water,  base  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Idaho;  rare  in  our  limits. 

335.   SYNTHYRIS. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  crenate,  the  radical  roundish 
or  cordate;  flowers  small,  blue,  purplish  or  green,  in  a  spike  or 
raceme;  calyx  4-parted;  corolla  campanulate,  with  4  more  or 
less  unequal  lobes,  or  none;  stamens  2,  from  just  below  the  upper 
sinuses,  or  in  one  apetalous  species  on  the  hypogynous  disk, 
exserted;  stigmas  simple;  capsule  many-seeded. 

Petals  blue;  flowers  in  a  raceme;  leaves  orbicular.  5.  reniformis. 

Petals  none;  flowers  in  a  reddish  spike;  leaves  ovate.  5.  rubra. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  225 

Synthyris  reniformis  (Dougl.)  Benth.  Glabrous  below  the  inflorescence; 
stems  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  all  basal,  orbicular,  2-5  cm.  broad,  reniform  at 
base,  with  many  short  lobes,  these  coarsely  crenate;  petioles  much  longer  than 
the  blades;  scapes  erect,  the  raceme  spike-like;  a  few  bracts  below  the  in- 
florescence; calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  corolla  blue;  capsule  flattened,  notched 
at  apex,  5-7  mm.  long.  In  the  mountains  at  high  altitudes,  Blue  Mountains; 
Kamiack  Butte;  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Synthyris  rubra  (Dougl.)  Benth.  Erect,  30-50  cm.  high,  whitish-pubescent 
throughout;  basal  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  somewhat  cordate  and  cuneate  at  base, 
crenate,  2-6  cm.  long,  long-petioled ;  cauline  smaller,  sessile;  spike  densely 
flowered;  calyx  greenish  or  reddish,  the  sepals  oblong,  viscid-pubescent, 
4  mm.  long;  corolla  none;  stamens  much  exserted,  inserted  on  the  hypogynous 
disk;  capsule  globose,  somewhat  flattened,  rounded  at  apex,  longer  than  the 
sepals.  Common  on  grassy  hillsides.  /fas*/(  -  /^/-f'/ 

336.  VERONICA.     SPEEDWELL. 

Chiefly  herbs;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  or  the  upper  alter- 
nate; flowers  small,  in  racemes  or  spikes  or  sometimes  solitary 
in  the  axils;  calyx  4-parted;  corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  the  lower 
lobes  and  sometimes  the  lateral  ones  narrower;  stamens  2, 
exserted;  style  entire;  stigma  single;  capsule  flattened,  few- 
many-seeded. 

Annuals;  flowers  solitary. 

Glabrous  or  merely  puberulent;  petals  white;  leaves  mostly 

entire.  V.  peregrina. 

Pubescent;  petals  blue;  leaves  crenate. 

Pedicels  short;  upper  leaves  reduced.  V.  arvensis. 

Pedicels  long;  upper  leaves  not  reduced.  V.  lournefortii. 

Perennials;  flowers  in  racemes. 

Peduncles  terminal.  V.  humifusa. 

Peduncles  axillary. 

Leaves   linear    or    linear-lanceolate;    capsule    deeply 

notched.  F.  scutellata. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate;    capsule   with    a 

shallow  notch.  V.  americana. 

Veronica  peregrina  L.  Annual,  erect,  branched  from  the  base,  glabrous 
or  puberulent  and  glandular,  8-40  cm.  high;  lower  leaves  opposite,  petioled, 
oblong,  obtuse,  dentate;  upper  alternate,  linear,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  solitary  in  the  axils;  pedicels  very  short, 
not  as  long  as  the  flowers;  corolla  1-2  mm.  broad;  capsules  orbicular,  notched, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Common  in  moist  places,  variable. 

Veronica  arvensis  L.  Annual,  pubescent;  stems  simple  or  branched  at 
base,  5-20  cm.  high,  erect  or  nearly  so;  leaves  ovate,  crenate,  the  lower  short- 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  bracts  lanceolate,  entire;  flowers  smatt,  short- 
pedicelled;  corolla  pale  blue,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  capsule  obcordate.  In- 
troduced in  fields. 

Veronica  tourneiortii  C.  C.  Gmel.  Leaves  about  1  cm.  long,  orbicular  or 
broadly  ovate,  often  subcordate,  crenately  toothed,  the  blades  shorter  than 
the  pedicel;  corolla  1  cm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  spreading; 
capsule  triangular,  deeply  notched.  Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

16 


226  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Veronica  humifusa  Dickson.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  stems 
erect  or  decumbent,  10-15  cm.  high;  leaves  opposite,  oval,  ovate  or  orbicular, 
crenate-dentate  or  subentire,  short-petioled,  about  1  cm.  long;  racemes  ter- 
minal; bracts  oblong,  alternate;  pedicels  erect,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
calyx;  corolla  blue,  dark-striped,  4  mm.  broad;  capsule  orbicular,  notched  at 
apex,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Moist  places,  rather  common. 

Veronica  scutellata  L.  Perennial,  glabrous-  or  nearly  so,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints;  stems  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  all  sessile,  lanceolate  or  nearly 
linear,  mostly  denticulate  or  entire,  attenuate-acute,  3-5  cm.  long;  racemes 
axillary  from  alternate  axils,  slender,  few-flowered,  as  long  as  or  exceeding  the 
leaves;  pedicels  slender,  spreading;  corolla  blue,  4-5  mm.  broad;  capsule 
notched  both  at  apex  and  base.  Wet  places,  not  common. 

Veronica  americana  Schwein.  Perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  rooting  at 
the  lower  nodes;  stems  decumbent,  usually  branched,  30-60  cm.  long;  leaves 
all  opposite,  oblong,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base, 
short-petioled;  racemes  opposite,  in  the  upper  axils,  exceeding  the  leaves; 
pedicels  spreading,  longer  than  the  bracts  and  flowers;  flowers  blue  with  darker 
stripes,  4  mm.  broad;  capsule  with  a  shallow  notch  at  the  apex,  4-5  mm.  broad. 
Wet  places,  infrequent. 

337.  ILYSANTHES.    FALSE  PIMPERNEL. 

Small  and  smooth  annual  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  sessile; 
peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  the  upper  becoming  racemose; 
calyx  becoming  5-parted,  the  divisions  becoming  narrow  and 
nearly  equal;  upper  lip  of  corolla  short,  erect,  2-lobed,  the  lower 
larger,  spreading,  3-cleft;  anther-bearing  stamens  2;  sterile  fila- 
ments unequally  2-forked,  exserted;  stigma  2-lobed;  capsule 
many-seeded. 

Dysanthes  dubia  (L.)  Barnhart.  Glabrous,  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  5-12  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  acute  or  with  a  few  teeth,  1-2  cm. 
long,  the  upper  ones  reduced;  pedicels  slender,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
spreading  in  fruit;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  linear,  as  long  as  the 
purple  corolla;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  4-6  mm.  long.  Sandy  banks  of  streams, 
rare. 

339    LIMOSELLA.     MUDWORT. 

Very  small  glabrous  annual  herbs,  stoloniferous,  rooting  and 
creeping  in  the  mud;  leaves  narrow,  entire,  fleshy,  in  dense 
clusters  around  the  simple  1-flowered  naked  peduncles;  flowers 
small;  calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed;  corolla  rotate-campanu- 
late,  5-cleft,  nearly  regular;  stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing;  style 
short;  stigma  thickish;  capsule  many-seeded. 

Limosella  aquatica  L.  Tufted;  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  2-5  cm.  long, 
the  blade  usually  much  shorter  than  the  petiole;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  2  mm.  broad,  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx; 
capsules  globose,  obtuse,  2-2.5  mm.  long.  Muddy  places,  near  Moscow, 
Idaho,  Henderson. 

340.  MIMULUS.    MONKEY  FLOWER. 

Herbs  with  mostly  simple  opposite  leaves;  flowers  axillary,  on 
simple  peduncles;  calyx  prismatic,  or  rarely  campanulate,  usually 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  22J 

5-angled,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  usually  the  largest;  corolla 
irregular,  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect  or  reflexed,  2-lobed,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-lobed ;  stamens 4,  all  anther-bearing;  stigma  2-lobed; 
seeds  numerous. 

Flowers  reddish  or  purple. 

Corolla  small,  5-10  mm.  long.  M.  breweri. 

Corolla  larger,  15  mm.  or  more  long. 

Flowers  30-40  mm.  long.  M.  lewisii, 

Flowers  15-20  mm.  long. 

Pedicels  2-3  mm.  long.  M.  nanus. 

Pedicels  5-15  mm.  long.  M.  clivicola. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Calyx  not  angled,  deeply  5-cleft.  M.  pilosus. 

Calyx  5-angled,  5-toothed. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined;  plant  musk-scented.  M.  moschatus. 

Leaves  palmately  veined;  plant  inodorous. 

Flowers  large;  plants  nearly  or  quite  glabrous. 

Perennial;  lip  of  corolla  spotted.  M.  langsdorfii, 

Annual;  lip  of  corolla  with  a  large  blotch.  M.  nasutus, 

Flowers  small;  plants  pubescent. 

Fruiting  calyx  distended.  M.  breviflorus. 

Fruiting  calyx  cylindric. 

Plant  erect,  not  villous.  M.  peduncularis. 

Plant  spreading  or  prostrate,  villous  and 

shiny- viscid.  M.  floribundus. 

Mimulus  breweri  (Greene)  Rydb.  Annual,  viscid-pubescent,  3-12  cm. 
high,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  entire, 
1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx  cylindric,  the  short  teeth 
triangular-obtuse;  corolla  pale  rose-color,  5-10  mm.  long.  Moist  banks  in. 
the  Blue  Mountains. 

Mimulus  lewisii  Pursh.  Perennial,  viscid-pubescent;  stems  simple,  erectr 
30-50  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  denticulate,  acute,  3—4  cm.  long,  the 
nerves  conspicuous;  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx  angular-campanu- 
late,  the  teeth  triangular,  sharp-pointed;  corolla  rose-red,  4  cm.  long,  2-lipped,. 
the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  rounded  and  spreading.  Along; 
streams  in  the  highest  parts  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Mimulus  nanus  H.  &  A.  Annual,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  2-15 
cm.  high,  finely  glandular-pubescent  throughout;  leaves  oblong  to  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  entire  or  denticulate,  5-20  mm.  long; 
pedicels  2-3  mm.  long;  calyx  tubular,  the  teeth  subequal,  triangular,  acutish, 
one-fourth  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  dark  purple,  with  a  darker  throat, 
funnelform  and  flaring,  18-20  mm.  long,  bilabiate,  the  limb  10  mm.  broad; 
seeds  oblong,  less  than  1  mm.  long,  brown,  twice  as  long  as  broad.  On  moist 
banks,  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho. 

Mimulus  clivicola  Greenman.  Closely  similar  to  M.  nanus;  corolla  reddish, 
spotted  in  the  throat,  more  funnelform  and  less  flaring;  pedicels  5-15  mm.  long; 
calyx  distinctly  narrowed  at  the  base;  seeds  smaller,  thicker,  not  twice  as 
long  as  broad.  On  hillsides  in  open  pine  woods,  Thatuna  Hills  and  Craig 
Mountains,  Idaho. 

Mimulus  pilosus  (Benth.)  Wats.  Annual,  erect,  usually  much  branched, 
villous  throughout  with  soft  somewhat  viscid  hairs,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  sessile,  1-3  cm.  long;  pedicels  about  equalling 


228  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

the  leaves;  calyx  campanulate,  not  at  all  angled,  deeply  5-cleft,  oblique  at  the 
orifice;  corolla  yellow,  shortly  2-lipped,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  lobes  nearly  equal. 
Moist  sandy  places  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

Mimulus  moschatus  Dougl.  Perennial,  villous  and  shiny  viscid,  musk- 
scented;  stems  weak,  spreading,  ascending  or  erect,  10-40  cm.  high;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  denticulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  all  petioled;  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  calyx  tubular-prismatic,  8-12  mm.  long,  the  unequal  teeth  acute; 
corolla  pale  yellow,  spotted  in  the  throat,  about  2  cm.  long.  Springy  places 
in  the  Blue  Mountains;  also  Thatuna  Hills,  Idaho. 

Mimulus  langsdorfii  Donn.  Perennial  by  short  stolons,  erect  or  decum- 
bent, glabrous  or  puberulent,  15-60  cm.  high,  or  depauperate  plants  much 
smaller  and  dying  after  blooming;  leaves  several-nerved  from  the  base,  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  the  lower  long-petioled  and 
often  with  ragged  lobes  at  base,  the  upper  short-petioled  or  sessile;  floral 
leaves  often  cuneate;  flowers  in  a  raceme,  the  pedicels  as  long  as  or  shorter  than 
the  flowers;  calyx  in  fruit  5-angled  and  inflated,  the  upper  lobe  longest,  the 
others  turned  toward  it,  all  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  yellow, 
hairy  and  often  spotted  in  the  throat,  usually  2-3  cm.  long,  the  tube  exceeding 
the  calyx.  Springy  places. 

Mimulus  nasutus  Greene.  Much  like  M.  langsdorfii  but  strictly  annual, 
the  leaves  usually  orbicular;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long,  pale-yellow,  the  tube 
barely  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  lower  lip  usually  with  a  large  purple  blotch. 
Moist  cliffs,  especially  along  Snake  River. 

Mimulus  breviflorus  Piper.  Annual,  the  slender  stem  simple,  or  more 
commonly  branched  from  the  base,  erect,  4-20  cm.  high,  minutely  puberulent 
throughout  or  "nearly  glabrous  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  rarely  oblanceolate 
or  ovate,  acute  or  inconspicuously  few-toothed,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short 
petiole  or  subsessile,  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  gradually  reduced 
above,  mostly  about  1  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  slender  pedicels 
which  about  equal  the  leaves;  calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  somewhat  con- 
stricted above,  2-3  mm.  long  in  flower,  6-8  mm.  in  fruit,  the  short  acute 
triangular  teeth  nearly  equal;  corolla  pale-yellow,  tubular,  4-5  mm.  long, 
the  lobes  short  and  rounded;  stigma  scarcely  protruding  beyond  the  calyx. 
Moist  ground,  local  and  not  common. 

Mimulus  peduncularis  Dougl.  Much  like  M.  floribundus  but  more  slender, 
erect,  puberulent,  not  villous;  leaves  5-25  mm.  long,  slender- petioled;  pedicels 
slender,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  calyx-teeth  very  short.  Banks  of 
Snake  River,  Rock  Lake  and  Lake  Waha,  Idaho;  rare. 

Mimulus  floribundus  Dougl.  Annual,  erect  when  young,  soon  spreading 
or  prostrate,  villous-pubescent  throughout  with  slimy- viscid  hairs;  stems  often 
30-50  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate,  somewhat  cordate,  acute,  dentate,  4-40  mm. 
long;  petioles  shorter  than  the  blades;  flowers  opposite,  in  the  axils;  pedicels 
barely  exceeding  the  leaves;  fruiting-calyx  7  mm.  long,  campanulate,  the  5 
triangular  teeth  equal,  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  pale  yellow, 
1  cm.  long,  the  limb  little  spreading.  Moist  banks,  in  the  warmer  valleys. 

341.   RHINANTHUS. 

Annual  erect  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves;  flowers  yellowish,  in 
a  one-sided  spike;  calyx  membranaceous,  4-toothed,  inflated  in 
fruit;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  arched,  ovate,  obtuse,  with 
two  lateral  teeth;  the  lower  lip  3-lobed;  stamens  4,  all  anther- 
bearing,  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip;  anther-cells  equal;  capsule 
orbicular,  flattened. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE.  229 

Rhinanthus  kyrollae  Chabert.  Stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  simple  or 
more  commonly  with  ascending  branches;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  2-5  cm. 
long,  serrate,  minutely  scabrous;  bracts  pale  green,  ovate-lanceolate,  with 
slender  acuminate  teeth;  calyx  1.5  cm.  long;  corolla  pale  yellow.  In  gravelly 
soil,  Spokane  County,  Suksdorf;  Palouse  City,  Henderson;  Troy,  Idaho,  Piper. 

342.   PEDICULARIS.     LOUSEWORT. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  floral  bract - 
like;  flowers  rather  large,  in  a  spike;  calyx  2-5-toothed,  irregular; 
corolla  strongly  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  (galea}  arched,  laterally 
compressed,  sometimes  beaked;  the  lower  3-lobed;  stamens  4, 
enclosed  by  the  upper  lip;  anthers  equally  2-celled;  capsule 
several-seeded. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  doubly  crenulate.  P.  racemosa. 
Leaves  pinnately  lobed  or  parted. 

Corolla  yellow,  with  a  slender  inrolled  beak.  P.  conlorla. 

Corolla  whitish,  with  a  broad  hood-like  beak.  P.  bracleosa. 

Pedicularis  racemosa  Dougl.  Ascending  or  spreading,  glabrous  throughout 
or  puberulent  above,  the  stems  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  30-40  cm. 
long;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  doubly  crenulate.  5-10 
cm.  long;  petioles  short;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  in  racemes,  with  gradually 
reduced  leaves  or  bracts;  calyx  2-cleft  in  front,  2-toothed  behind ;  corolla  white 
or  reddish,  the  galea  much  incurved,  nearly  reaching  the  apex  of  the  broad 
lip.  In  open  woods  in  the  mountains. 

Pedicularis  contorta  Dougl.  Glabrous;  stems  simple,  erect,  20-30  cm. 
high;  basal  leaves  petioled,  5-8  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted  into  linear  toothed 
segments;  cauline  leaves  similar,  sessile;  spikes  densely  many-flowered,  5-10 
cm.  long;  calyx  cleft  before  and  behind,  the  lobes  2-toothed;  corolla  pale 
yellow,  the  galea  slender,  elongate  and  somewhat  circinate,  about  as  long  as 
the  lower  lip.  In  alpine  meadows,  Blue  Mountains. 

Pedicularis  bracteosa  Benth.  Glabrous  below,  sparsely  pubescent  above; 
stem  stout,  erect,  30-100  cm.  high,  with  tuber-like  roots;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong  in  outline,  5-12  cm.  long,  the  basal  petioled,  the  cauline  nearly  sessile, 
pinnately  parted  or  divided  into  narrow  lanceolate  or  linear,  serrate  or  incised 
divisions,  1-5  cm.  long;  inflorescence  an  erect  dense  spike,  10-50  cm.  long; 
bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  exceeded  by  the  flowers;  calyx 
5-cleft,  with  narrow  triangular  lobes;  corolla  whitish,  2  cm.  long,  galea  longer 
than  the  lip,  curved,  hooded  at  the  apex,  the  orifice  entire.  In  moist  woods  in 
the  mountains. 

343.   CASTILLEJA.     PAINTED  CUP,  INDIAN  PINK,  OR  INDIAN  PAINT  BRUSH. 

Perennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base;  leaves  alter- 
nate, entire  or  cleft  into  linear  lobes;  the  floral  ones  usually 
dilated,  colored  and  more  showy  than  the  yellow,  red  or  whitish 
spiked  flowers;  calyx  tubular,  flattened,  2-  or  4-lobed;  corolla- 
tube  included;  upper  lip  (galea)  much  longer  than  the  lower, 
narrow,  arched  and  keeled,  enclosing  the  4  unequal  stamens; 
lower  lip  short,  3-lobed;  anthers  unequally  2-celled;  capsule 
many-seeded. 


230  SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Bracts  whitish  or  yellowish;  galea  shorter  than  the  corolla- 
tube. 

Galea  short  and  broad.  C.  pallescens. 

Galea  slender. 

Pubescence  harsh.  C.  lutescens. 

Pubescence  soft,  pilose.  •,  C.  camporum. 

Bracts  scarlet  or  crimson,  occasionally  yellow;  galea  as  long  as 

or  longer  than  the  corolla-tube. 

Leaves  and  bracts  cleft  into  linear  lobes.  C.  angustifolia. 

Leaves  and  bracts  entire.  C.  miniata. 

Castilleja  pallescens  (Gray)  Greenman.  Whole  plant  ashy  puberulent; 
stems  several,  erect  from  a  woody  base,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  rather  rigid, 
mostly  3-5-parted  with  linear  lobes,  2-3  cm.  long;  bracts  similar,  broader, 
the  upper  with  their  tips  whitish  or  yellowish;  calyx  deeply  2-cleft,  the  lobes 
notched  at  the  summit;  corolla  yellowish,  the  galea  short  and  broad,  the  lip 
somewhat  saccate.  Dry  soil,  especially  in  the  sagebrush  region. 

Castilleja  lutescens  (Greenman)  Piper.  Erect  from  a  woody  base,  30-50 
cm.  high,  harshly  short-pubescent  throughout;  stems  simple  or  branched  above; 
leaves  lanceolate-linear,  attenuate,  all  but  the  upper  entire,  3-5  cm.  long; 
upper  leaves  and  bracts  broader,  3-5-lobed,  the  bracts  yellowish;  calyx  equally 
cleft  before  and  behind,  the  divisions  2-cleft;  corolla  yellowish,  exceeding  the 
calyx;  upper  lip  twice  as  long  as  the  prominently  3-lobed  lower  lip.  Dry 
hillsides,  common. 

Castilleja  camporum  (Greenman)  Howell.  Stems  erect,  15-50  cm.  high 
with  soft-pilose  somewhat  viscid  pubescence;  leaves  lanceolate,  a  few  of  the 
lower  entire,  the  upper  cleft  into  3-7  narrow  lobes;  inflorescence  pale,  greenish- 
yellow,  elongated  in  fruit;  calyx  2-2.5  cm.  long,  equally  cleft  before  and  behind, 
the  lateral  divisions  2-lobed  or  rarely  entire,  obtuse  at  apex;  corolla  longer 
than  the  calyx;  upper  lip  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  prominently  3-lobed 
lower  lip.  Low  meadows,  rare. 

Castilleja  angustifolia  (Nutt.)  G.  Don.  Stems  usually  clustered  from  a 
woody  base,  erect,  20-50  cm.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent  throughout,  some- 
what pilose;  leaves  pubescent,  the  lower  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly 
entire,  the  upper  broader,  cleft  to  about  the  middle  into  3-5  narrow  lobes; 
inflorescence  short  and  dense,  becoming  elongate  in  fruit;  bracts  like  the  leaves 
but  broader  and  more  deeply  cleft,  pilose  below,  the  tips  scarlet,  rarely  yellow; 
calyx  2-3  cm.  long,  with  lanceolate  lobes;  corolla  2  cm.  long,  the  upper  lip 
hardly  as  long  as  the  tube,  much  longer  than  the  short  3-lobed  lower  lip. 
Thatuna  Hills,  Kamiack  Butte  and  Snake  River  Bluffs;  very  variable. 

Castilleja  miniata  Dougl.  Glabrous  below  the  inflorescence;  stems  erect, 
simple  or  nearly  so,  30-100  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate; 
acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  sessile,  3-5  cm.  long;  spikes  dense,  pubescent; 
bracts  broad,  mostly  3-5-toothed  or  cleft,  scarlet-tipped,  shorter  than  the 
flowers;  calyx  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind,  the  divisions  2-cleft; 
corolla  yellowish,  3  cm.  long,  the  upper  lip  straight  and  slender,  longer  than 
the  tube;  lower  lip  very  short;  pod  ovoid,  10-12  mm.  long,  enclosed  in  the 
calyx.  Low  ground,  common. 

344.    ORTHOCARPUS. 

Low  annuals,  very  similar  to  Castilleja;  calyx  4-cleft;  corolla 
tubular;  the  upper  lip  (galea)  scarcely  longer  and  usually  much 
narrower  than  the  inflated  1-3-saccate  lower  ones;  anthers  un- 
equally 2-celled,  or  the  smaller  anther-cell  rarely  wanting. 


OROBANCHACEAE.  231 

Lower  corolla-lip  with  3  conspicuous  swellings,  much  larger 

than  the  galea.  0.  hispidus. 

Lower  corolla-lip  simply  saccate,  scarcely  larger  than  the  galea. 

Bracts  very  different  from  the  leaves,  the  upper  ones  entire.    0.  tenuifolius. 

Bracts  less  different  from  the  leaves,  all  3-5-lobed.  O.  luteus. 

Orthocarpus  hispidus  Benth.  Annual,  slender,  erect,  simple  or  with  few 
erect  branches,  rough-hairy  throughout,  10-40  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  or 
lanceolate,  attenuate,  entire  or  pinnately  cleft  into  3-5  linear  lobes,  2-6  cm. 
long;  spikes  dense,  narrow;  bracts  like  the  leaves,  but  shorter  and  broader; 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  white,  slender,  12-14 
mm.  long;  lip  with  3  sac-like  swellings;  galea  straight,  pointed.  Low  ground, 
not  common. 

Orthocarpus  tenuifolius  (Pursh)  Benth.  Annual,  erect,  branched  above, 
10-20  cm.  high,  sparsely  hairy;  leaves  narrow,  2-4  cm.  long,  entire  or  pinnately 
cleft  into  3-5  linear  lobes;  spikes  dense,  1-6  cm.  long,  2  cm.  broad;  bracts 
broad,  obtuse,  purple-tipped,  the  upper  entire,  the  lower  with  1-2  small  lobes 
on  each  side,  coarsely  ciliate;  calyx  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  2-lipped,  each 
lip  bearing  2  subulate  teeth;  corolla  yellow,  narrow,  exceeding  the  bracts, 
15  mm.  long,  the  small  hooked  galea  surpassing  the  sac-like  lip.  Low  ground, 
common. 

Orthocarpus  luteus  Nutt.  Annual,  somewhat  viscidly  pubescent;  stems 
erect,  slender,  15-40  cm.  high;  leaves  mostly  entire,  linear  to  lanceolate, 
long-acuminate,  2-4  cm.  long;  spike  dense,  the  bracts  green,  broader  and 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  mostly  3-cleft;  calyx-teeth  acute;  corolla  bright  yellow, 
10-12  mm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Spokane  County,  rare. 

Family  83.     OROBANCHACEAE.     BROOMRAPE  FAMILY. 

Root-parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  foliage  and  green  color, 
yellowish  or  brownish  throughout;  leaves  reduced  to  alternate 
scales;  flowers  solitary,  in  loose  clusters  or  in  spikes;  calyx  4-  or  5- 
toothed  or  parted;  corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular,  more  or  less 
2-lipped,  hypogynous;  stamens  4,  didynamous,  epipetalous;  style 
long;  stigma  large;  ovary  1 -eel led,  with  2  or  4  parietal  placentae; 
capsule  1-celled,  2-valved;  seeds  very  numerous,  minute. 

Flowers  in  spikes,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  bracteate.  345.  OROBANCHE,  231. 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  loose  clusters,  long-pedicelled, 
bractless.  346.  THALESIA,  232. 

345.   OROBANCHE. 

Parasitic  herbs  on  the  roots  of  various  plants,  usually  yellowish 
or  reddish;  flowers  in  spikes,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  bracts; 
calyx  deeply  2-lobed,  the  lobes  often  2-cleft;  corolla  irregular,  the 
tube  slightly  curved,  the  upper  lip  erect  or  incurved,  the  lower 
spreading;  capsule  2-valved. 

Orobanche  ludoviciana  Nutt.  Whole  plant  reddish-yellow,  viscid-pu- 
bescent; stem  stout,  erect,  simple  or  with  erect  branches,  scaly,  15-25  cm.  long; 
flowers  2-bracted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx,  in  dense  spikes,  looser  below;  calyx 
unequally  5-cleft,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate;  corolla  yellowish,  12-15  mm. 


232  PLANTAGINACEAE. 

long,  the  lobes  acute,  hardly  spreading.     In  the  sand  on  the  banks  of  Snake 
River  on  the  roots  of  Artemisia  dracunculoides  and  Chrysopsis  villosa. 

346.   THALESIA. 

Yellowish,  violet  or  nearly  white  herbsy  parasitic  on  the  roots  of 
various  plants;  scale-leaves  scattering;  flowers  solitary  or  in 
loose  clusters;  calyx  4-  or  5-cleft;  corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 
erect,  mostly  2-lobed  or  emarginate,  the  lower  spreading;  stamens 
included. 

Calyx-lobes  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube.  T.  uniflora. 

Calyx-lobes  triangular,  shorter  than  the  tube.  T.  fasciculata. 

Thalesia  uniflora  (L.)  Britt.  Stem  stout,  1-4  cm.  long,  mostly  sub- 
terranean, with  a  few  ovate  obtuse  scales  and  bearing  1-5  or  more  1-flowered 
glandular-puberulent  peduncles  5-12  cm.  high;  calyx  glandular,  the  obconic 
or  campanulate  tube  exceeded  by  the  narrow  subulate  lobes;  corolla  violet  or 
yellowish,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  glandular-puberulent  without.  Parasitic  mainly 
on  Tellima  and  Eriogonum.  Not  rare.  /&? 

Thalesia  fasciculata  (Nutt.)  Britt.  Stems  elongated,  2-12  cm.  long, 
bearing  a  cluster  of  2-30  very  glandular  1-flowered  peduncles,  5-10  cm.  high; 
calyx-tube  campanulate,  about  as  long  as  the  broad  triangular  lobes;  corolla 


yellowish,  1-2  cm.  long.     In  sandy  or  gravelly  soil.     On  the  roots  of  various 
plants.  <&*y 

Family  84.    PLANTAGINACEAE.     PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Mostly  stemless  herbs;  flowers  regular,  4-merous,  in  spikes; 
corolla  gamopetalous,  dry  and  membranaceous,  veinless;  stamens 
4  or  rarely  2  on  the  corolla-tube,  alternate  with  its  lobes;  ovary 
2  or  falsely  3-4  celled  ;  ovules  1-several  in  each  cavity. 

347.   PLANTAGO.     PLANTAIN. 

Leaves  nerved  or  ribbed,  radical;  flowers  small,  in  bracted 
spikes,  on  naked  scapes;  calyx  of  4  persistent  sepals;  corolla 
salverform  or  rotate,  4-parted;  stamens  4,  or  rarely  2,  in  all  or 
some  flowers  with  long  exserted  filaments;  ovary  2-celled;  ovules 
1-several  in  each  cell;  capsule  2-celled,  2-several-seeded. 

Leaves  broad,  oval  or  ovate.  P.  major. 
Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate  or  linear. 

Leaves  pubescent,  green.  P.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  white-villous.  P.  purshii. 

Plantago  major  L.  Common  Plantain.  Perennial,  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
the  erect  scapes  mostly  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  3-5-ribbed, 
obtuse  or  acute,  rounded  at  base,  entire  or  coarsely  dentate,  3-20  cm.  long; 
on  stout  channeled  petioles;  spikes  5-20  cm.  long;  flowers  all  alike,  perfect; 
sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  acutish  capsule;  seeds  6-15. 
Introduced  and  spreading,  or  one  form  perhaps  native. 


RUBIACEAE.  233 

Plantago  lanceolata  L.  English  Plantain.  Perennial,  with  a  stout  tap- 
root, erect,  30-45  cm.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long, 
sparsely  pubescent,  woolly  at  the  base  of  the  broad  petiole;  spikes  dense, 
1-3  cm.  long,  a  little  thicker  at  the  base;  bracts  and  sepals  scarious;  flowers 
all  alike,  perfect;  capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  2-seeded  ;  seeds  concave  on  the 
inner  face.  Introduced  in  lawns  and  meadows  as  a  weed. 

Plantago  purshii  R.  &  S.  Annual,  5-30  cm.  high,  white-hairy  or  woolly 
throughout;  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  1-3-nerved,  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute, 
narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole;  spikes  dense,  1-10  cm.  long;  bracts  subu- 
late, exceeding  the  flowers,  becoming  rigid;  flowers  perfect  but  of  two  kinds  on 
separate  plants,  in  one  the  four  stamens  being  long  and  exserted,  in  the  other 
short  and  included;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  with  broad  scarious  margins; 
corolla  white,  the  spreading  lobes  ovate.  Dry  soils.  /!&y 

Family  85.    RUBIACEAE.     MADDER  FAMILY. 

Herbs  (in  ours);  leaves  opposite,  entire,  with  intervening 
stipules  or  whorled  without  stipules;  flowers  generally  perfect; 
calyx  4-  or  5-lobed  or  toothed,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  corolla 
gamopetalous,  regular,  4-  or  5-lobed  or  toothed;  stamens  on  the 
corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  ovary  inferior,  2-5-celled; 
endosperm  hard,  copious. 

Leaves  whorled,  without  stipules.  348.  GALIUM,  233. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules.  349.  KELLOGGIA,  234. 

348.   GALIUM.     BEDSTRAW  OR  CLEAVERS. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  4-angled  stems;  leaves  whorled, 
without  apparent  stipules;  flowers  small,  usually  cymose;  calyx- 
teeth  obsolete;  corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted;  stamens 
as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  short;  styles  2,  short;  stigmas  capi- 
tate; ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled;  ovules  solitary;  fruit  dry  or  fleshy, 
globular,  separating  when  ripe  into  2  closed  1 -seeded  carpels. 

Annuals. 

Leaves  mostly  in  fours;  stems  smooth.  G.  bifolium. 

Leaves  6-8  in  a  whorl;  stems  rough  on  the  angles. 

Stems  reclining;  fruit  4-6  mm.  broad.  G.  dparine. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending;  fruit  2-3  mm.  broad.  G.  vaillantii. 

Perennials. 

Stems  woody  at  the  base.  G.  multiflorum. 

Stems  herbaceous. 

Leaves  3-nerved.  G.  boreale. 

Leaves  1-nerved. 

Fruit  smooth;  whorls  of  4,  5,  or  6  leaves.  G.  trifidum. 

Fruit  not  smooth;  whorls  of  6  leaves. 

Fruit  granulate-scabrous.  G.  asperrimum. 

Fruit  hispid  with  hooked  hairs.  G.  Iriflorum. 

Galium  bifolium  Wats.  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  10-20  cm.  high,  simple  or 
but  little  branched;  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  8-15  mm.  long,  the  upper 
often  in  twos;  peduncles  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  flowers  white. 
In  moist  open  places  in  the  Blue  Mountains  at  high  altitudes. 


234  RUBIACEAE. 

Galium  aparine  L.  Stems  weak  and  reclining,  retrosely  prickly  on  the 
angles,  30-120  cm.  long;  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  mostly  cuspidate 
more  or  less  retrorsely-hispid,  especially  on  the  margins  and  midribs,  5-8  cm. 
long;  pedicels  from  the  upper  axils  or  terminal,  bearing  solitary  flowers,  fruit 
on  erect  pedicels,  densely  hispid  with  somewhat  hooked  bristles,  3-4  mm.  broad. 
In  woods  and  copses. 

Galium  vaillantii  DC.  Similar  to  G.  aparine  but  smaller  in  every  way,  the 
stems  10-30  cm.  high,  mostly  erect;  leaves  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  more  numerous; 
fruit  about  2  mm.  broad.  In  dry  woods. 

Galium  multiflorum  Kellogg.  Stems  erect,  tufted,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  in 
fours  or  the  upper  in  twos,  broadly  ovate,  sessile,  mucronate,  5-15  mm.  long; 
flowers  yellowish,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  short  pedicelled,  in  rather  dense 
clusters  or  the  fertile  scattered;  fruit  densely  bristly.  In  rocky  ground,  high 
ridges  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Galium  multiflorum  watspni  Gray.  Like  the  species  but  the  leaves  oblong 
and  thinner.  Blue  Mountains,  Homer. 

Galium  boreal e  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  sterns  rather  slender,  but  erect, 
30-60  cm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  3-nerved,  oblong-linear,  lanceolate  or  linear, 
obtuse  to  acuminate,  mostly  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  in  small  cymes  which 
form  a  large  terminal  panicle;  bract-like  leaves  much  reduced  and  in  pairs; 
fruit  globose,  small,  hispid,  but  becoming  glabrous.  Common  in  moist  meadows 
and  on  north  hillsides. 

Galium  trifidum  subbiflorum  Wiegand.  Stems  ascending,  very  weak 
and  slender,  15-20  cm.  high,  retrorsely  scabrous  on  the  angles;  leaves  linear, 
scabrous  on  the  margins  and  midribs;  peduncles  axillary  or  terminal,  recurved, 
mostly  1 -flowered;  flowers  very  small,  white,  the  parts  often  in  threes;  fruit 
glabrous.  In  wet  places. 

Galium  asperrimum  Gray.  Stems  weak,  reclining,  30-120  cm.  long, 
retrorsely-hispid  on  the  angles;  leaves  in  sixes  or  on  the  smaller  branches  in 
fives  or  fours,  1-nerved,  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate,  cuspidate,  shining 
above,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the  midribs  and  margins,  1-3  cm.  long;  cymes 
loosely  few-flowered,  forming  very  large  leafy  panicles;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
very  slender;  corolla  white;  fruit  about  2  mm.  broad,  roughened  with  short 
tubercles  or  minutely  hispidulous.  Plentiful  in  moist  copses. 

Galium  triflorum  Michx.  Stems  weak,  prostrate  to  ascending,  30-100  cm. 
long,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the  angles;  leaves  lanceolate,  bristle-tipped,  2-8  cm. 
long;  peduncles  3-flowered,  rarely  6-flowered;  flowers  greenish-white,  all 
pedicelled;  fruits  covered  with  hooked  bristles.  In  moist  copses  and  open 
woods. 

349.    KELLOGGIA. 

Small  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  with  stipules; 
flowers  small,  in  loose  cymes  or  panicles,  usually  4-merous;  calyx- 
teeth  minute;  corolla  funnelform  to  salverform;  stamens  and 
style  more  or  less  exserted;  ovary  2-celled;  fruit  small,  dry, 
coriaceous,  with  hooked  bristles,  separating  at  maturity  into  2 
closed  carpels. 

Kelloggia  galioides  Torr.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  clustered,  erect 
or  ascending,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  2-5  cm.  long,  the 
stipules  small  and  scarious,  entire  or  2-toothed;  flowers  on  long  pedicels,  in  a 
loose  cyme;  corolla  4-5  mm.  long,  white  or  pinkish,  the  lobes  about  as  long 
as  the  tube;  fruit  oblong,  covered  with  hooked  bristles.  In  open  woods  in 
the  Blue  Mountains. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  235 

Family  86.     CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 

Shrubs  or  rarely  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  without  genuine 
stipules;  flowers  perfect,  generally  in  cymes;  calyx-tube  adherent 
to  the  ovary;  corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular  or  rotate,  4-  or  5-cleft, 
sometimes  irregular;  stamens  distinct,  as  many  as  the  corolla- 
lobes,  rarely  fewer;  ovary  2-5-celled,  or  not  rarely  1-celled; 
ovules  solitary  or  several ;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Corolla  rotate  or  urn-shaped;  flowers  in  compound 

cymes. 

Leaves  pinnate.  350.  SAMBUCUS,  235. 

Leaves  simple.  351.  VIBURNUM,  235. 

Corolla  tubular  or  bell-shaped;  flowers  not  in 

compound  cymes. 

Creeping  herbaceous  vines.  352.  LINNAEA,  236 

Shrubs,  erect  or  climbing. 

Corolla  regular,  bell-shaped.  353.  SYMPHORICARPOS,  236. 

Corolla  more  or  less  irregular,  tubular, 
commonly  2-lipped.  354.  LONICERA,  237. 

350.   SAMBUCUS.     ELDER. 

Shrubs  or  trees;  leaves  opposite,  pinnate;  leaflets  serrate  or 
laciniate;  flowers  small,  white,  numerous,  in  compound  cymes; 
calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete;  corolla  gamopetalous,  open  urn- 
shaped,  5-cleft;  lobes  broadly  spreading;  stamens  5,  distinct; 
stigmas  3 ;  fruits  of  berry-like  drupes  with  3-5  nutlets,  each  with 
one  seed. 

Cymes  flat-topped;  berries  glaucous.  S.  glauca. 

Cymes  pyramidal;  berries  not  glaucous.  S.  melanocarpa. 

Sambucus  glauca  Nutt.  Shrub,  2-5  m.  high,  glabrous  throughout, 
somewhat  glaucous;  young  pith  white;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5-9,  thickish, 
oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  short-stalked,  paler 
beneath,  8-12  cm.  long;  lower  leaflets  sometimes  more  or  less  divided;  subulate 
stipels  occasionally  present;  cymes  usually  5-rayed,  large,  flat-topped;  flowers 
white,  4-5  mm.  broad;  fruit  black,  very  glaucous;  nutlets  rugose.  Common 
along  streams. 

Sambucus  melanocarpa  Gray.  Shrub,  2-3  m.  high;  young  pith  brown; 
leaflets  5-9,  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  long-acuminate,  sharply  and  evenly 
serrate,  cuneate  at  base,  puberulent  but  becoming  glabrous,  4-6  cm.  long; 
inflorescence  broadly  pyramidal;  flowers  white,  3  mm.  broad,  turning  brown 
when  dried;  fruit  black  without  a  bloom;  nutlets  rugose.  In  woods  in  the 
mountains. 

351.  VIBURNUM. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  simple,  commonly  toothed, 
sometimes  deeply  lobed ;  flowers  white,  in  flat  compound  cymes ; 
calyx  stigmas  1-3;  fruit  a  1-celled  1 -seeded  drupe  with  soft  pulp 
and  a  thin  crustaceous  stone. 


236  CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 

Viburnum  pauciflorum  Pylaie.  High-bush  Cranberry.  Shrub,  1-2  m. 
high,  the  branchlets  glabrous;  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate,  mostly  3-lobed,  trun- 
cate or  subcordate  at  base,  pubescent  beneath;  cymes  peduncled,  on  short 
2-leaved  branches,  small,  1-2  cm.  broad;  flowers  white,  all  perfect;  drupes 
globose,  red.  Along  streams  in  the  mountains;  infrequent. 

352.   LINNAEA.     TWIN-FLOWER. 

Creeping  and  trailing  small  evergreen  herbs;  leaves  ovate  or 
orbicular,  opposite,  petioled;  flowers  in  pairs,  on  the  summit  of 
elongated  terminal  peduncles;  calyx-teeth  5,  awl-shaped,  decidu- 
ous; corolla  funnelform,  almost  equally  5-lobed,  purple  and  whit- 
ish, hairy  inside;  stamens  4,  two  shorter,  all  included  and  inserted 
near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  ovary  and  the  small  dry  pod  3-celled, 
but  one  seed  ripening,  the  other  ovules  abortive. 

Linnaea  borealis  longiflora  Torr.  Twinflower.  Stem  perennial,  trailing, 
slender,  pubescent,  30-100  cm.  long;  leaves  obovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse, 
crenate  above  the  middle,  mostly  cuneate  at  base,  sparingly  pubescent,  10-25 
mm.  long,  short-petioled;  flowering  branches  erect,  8-10  cm.  high,  leafy  below, 
forked  above  into  two,  very  rarely  more,  glandular  pedicels,  each  bearing  a 
single  nodding  flower;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  very 
glandular  tube;  corolla  pink,  hairy  insjde,  1-1.5  cm.  long.  In  woods,  in  the 
mountains.  s£~r*:  -  •<&/£ 

353.   SYMPHORICARPOS.     SNOWBERRY. 

Low  and  branching  shrubs;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  short- 
petioled,  entire  or  wavy-margined;  flowers  2-bracteolate,  in  axil- 
lary and  terminal  spikes  or  clusters,  rarely  solitary;  calyx-teeth 
5  or  4,  short,  persistent;  corolla  regular  or  nearly  so,  bell-shaped 
to  salverform,  white  or  pink,  5-  or  4-lobed;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  corolla-lobes,  epipetalous;  ovary  4-celled,  two  of  these  being 
1-ovuled  and  fertile,  the  two  alternate  several-ovuled  and  sterile; 
fruit  globular  and  berry-like,  containing  2  bony  seed-like  nutlets. 

Corolla  cylindric-campanulate,  6-7  mm.  long.  5.  acutus. 
Corolla  campanulate,  2-5  mm.  long. 

Erect  shrub;  leaves  glabrous.  5.  racemosus. 

Trailing  shrub;  leaves  pubescent.  S.  mollis. 

Symphoricarpos  acutus  (Gray)  Howell.  A  much  branched  shrub,  30-100 
cm.  high;  leaves  thickish,  oblong  to  orbicular,  entire  or  coarsely  lobed,  obtuse 
or  rarely  acute,  densely  and  finely  puberulent,  1-2  cm.  long;  corolla  cylindric- 
campanulate,  pink,  6-7  mm.  long,  pubescent  within,  the  tube  2-3  times  as 
long  as  the  lobes;  stamens  and  style  included,  glabrous;  berries  white.  In 
rocky  places,  especially  abundant  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus  Michx.  Erect  much  branched  shrub,  30-90 
cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base, 
entire  or  on  vigorous  shoots  sinuately-toothed  or  lobed,  pubescent  beneath, 
short-petioled,  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  racemes;  corolla 
pink,  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  villous  on  the  lobes  within,  these  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  tube;  stamens  and  style  included^  berries  white.  Common 
in  open  woods.  /^«<  -  str^c  -  r^*^- 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus  laevigatus  Fernald.  Leaves  glabrous  beneath, 
usually  thicker.  Common  in  open  prairies. 


VALERIANACEAE.  237 

Symphoricarpos  mollis  Nutt.  Whole  plant  covered  with  a  short  dense 
pubescence;  stems  weak,  reclining,  30-120  cm.  long;  leaves  oblong  to  oval, 
1-2  cm.  long,  entire  or  on  vigorous  shoots  deeply  and  sinuately  lobed,  acute 
or  obtuse;  flowers  in  clusters  of  1-6;  corolla  pink,  campanulate,  4  mm.  long, 
slightly  villous  within,  the  lobes  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  tube;  stamens  and 
style  included;  berries  white.  In  dry  open  woods  in  the  mountains,  infrequent. 

354.  LONICERA.     HONEYSUCKLE. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  mostly  entire; 
flowers  in  spikes  or  pairs;  calyx  .  minutely  5  -toothed  ;  corolla 
tubular  or  funnelform,  often  gibbous  at  the  base,  more  or  less 
irregularly  5-lobed,  commonly  2-lipped;  stamens  5,  epipetalous; 
ovary  2-  or  3-celled,  with  numerous  ovules  in  each  cell;  berry 
several  -seeded. 

Vine;    flowers    orange,    in    terminal    clusters;    upper    leaves 

connate.  L.  ciliosa, 

Shrubs;  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles  in  pairs;  upper  leaves  , 

not  connate. 

Bracts  large,  foliaceous;  flowers  yellow;  berries  black.  L.  involucrata. 

Bracts  small;  flowers  whitish;  berries  red.  L.  utahensis. 

Lonicera  ciliosa  (Pursh)  Poir.  Stems  slender,  twining  to  a  height  of 
3-7  m.;  young  parts  glaucous;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath, 
ciliate,  2-6  cm.  long,  short-petioled  ;  uppermost  pairs  on  the  flowering  branches 
connate  into  oval  or  orbicular  disks;  peduncles  terminal,  rarely  in  the  axils  of 
the  penultimate  pair  of  leaves;  flowers  sessile,  in  whorls;  corolla  yellow  or 
orange,  sparsely  hairy;  tube  narrow,  gibbous  near  the  base,  2-2.5  cm.  long; 
limb  spreading,  slightly  2-lipped;  berries  orange-red.  In  mountain  woods. 

Lonicera  involucrata  Banks.  Shrub,  1-3  m.  tall,  not  twining;  leaves 
oblong,  ovate  or  obovate,  mostly  acuminate,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base, 
sparsely  pubescent  beneath  or  glabrate,  5-15  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  pe- 
duncles axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  yellow,  a  single  pair,  sur- 
rounded at  base  by  an  involucre  of  4-6  bracts,  the  inner  ones  of  which  are 
united  at  base  and  become  purple  in  fruit;  corolla  tubular  with  short  lobes, 
glandular-puberulent,  10-15  mm.  long;  berries  black,  not  united.  Along 
streams,  in  the  mountains. 

Lonicera  utahensis  Wats.  Much  branched  shrubs,  1-2  m.  high,  not 
twining;  leaves  oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  pubescent  beneath,  and  some- 
what ciliate,  1—5  cm.  long,  short-petioled;  flowers  white  or  nearly  so,  in  a  pair 
at  the  apex  of  the  peduncles,  1-2  cm.  long,  with  2  small  bracts  at  the  base  of 
ovary;  corolla  oblong-funnelform,  2  cm.  long,  the  5  lobes  nearly  equal,  the 
tube  with  a  sac-like  projection  at  base;  berries  red,  not  united.  In  woods  in 
the  mountains.  ' 


Family  87.  VALERIANACEAE.  VALERIAN  FAMILY. 
Herbs;  leaves  opposite,  without  stipules;  flowers  perfect  or 
dioecious,  in  panicled  or  clustered  cymes;  calyx-tube  coherent 
with  the  ovary;  corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular  or  funnelform, 
often  irregular,  3-5-cleft;  stamens  distinct,  1-3,  fewer  than  the 
corolla-lobes,  epipetalous;  ovary  inferior,  with  one  fertile  1-ovuled 
cell  and  two  abortive  or  empty  ones;  fruit  indehiscent;  endo- 
sperm none. 


238  VALERIANACEAE. 

Tall  perennial  herbs.  355.  VALERIANA,  238. 

Low  annual  herbs.  356.  VALERIANELLA,  238. 

355.  VALERIANA.    VALERIAN. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  strong-scented  thickened  roots; 
leaves  simple  or  pinnate;  calyx-lobes  of  -several  plumose  bristles 
(pappus)  which  are  rolled  inward  in  flower  but  which  unroll  as  the 
fruit  matures;  corolla  commonly  gibbous  near  the  base,  5-lobed, 
nearly  regular;  stamens  3;  abortive  cell  of  the  ovary  small  or 
obscure,  obliterated  in  the  akene-like  fruit  which  is  therefore 
1-celled. 

Leaves  thick;  root  large,  fusiform;  fruits  pubescent.  V.  edulis. 
Leaves  thin;  roots  fibrous;  fruits  glabrous. 

Leaflets  entire.  V.  occidentalis. 

Leaflets  dentate.  V.  sitchensis. 

Valeriana  edulis  Nutt.  Tobacco  Root.  Perennial  from  a  stout  tap-root; 
stems  erect,  smooth,  40-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  tufted,  petioled,  spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,  entire  or  pinnately  parted  into  3-5  narrow  lobes,  puberulent 
or  glabrous,  usually  finely  ciliate,  10-40  cm.  long;  cauline  1-3  pairs,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  segments,  the  upper 
much  reduced;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  polygamo-dioecious,  sessile,  in  small 
cymes  which  are  arranged  in  large  loose  panicles;  fruit  ovate,  puberulent  or 
glabrous,  2-3  mm.  long.  Low  ground,  common;  rank-smelling. 


Valeriana  occidentalis  Heller.  Perennial  from  branched  rootstocks; 
stems  60-80  cm.  high,  puberulent  below;  basal  leaves  simple,  elliptic-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  the  blade  as  long  as  the  petiole;  cauline  leaves  short-petioled,  bearing 
about  9  lanceolate  acute  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  much  the  largest;  flowers 
creamy-white;  calyx  glabrous,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate;  corolla  funnelform, 
3-^1  mm.  long;  stigma  entire;  fruit  glabrous.  Known  only  from  the  Craig 
Mountains,  Idaho. 

Valeriana  sitchensis  Bong.  Perennial  from  stout  rootstocks,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so;  stems  erect,  60-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  simple  or  trifoliolate, 
the  blades  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular;  cauline  3-5-foliolate,  the  leaflets  sessile, 
ovate  to  oblong,  coarsely  sinuate  to  sinuate-dentate;  flowers  whitish  or  pinkish, 
in  dense  umbels;  calyx  sparsely  pilose;  corolla  funnelform,  6-7  mm.  long; 
stigma  entire;  fruit  glabrous.  High  altitudes,  Blue  Mountains,  Homer. 

356.  VALERIANELLA. 

Low  annual  dichotomously  branched  herbs;  leaves  tender, 
rather  succulent;  flowers  small,  bracted,  whitish,  cymosely  clus- 
tered; calyx  merely  toothed  or  teeth  obsolete;  corolla  funnel- 
form,  manifestly  or  obscurely  2-lipped;  stamens  3,  rarely  2; 
fruit  1-celled,  1  -seeded. 

Valerianella  macrocera  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.  Annual,  erect,  simple  or 
loosely  branched,  10-30  cm.  high,  wholly  glabrous;  leaves  only  a  few  pairs, 
sessile,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  entire,  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  pink,  in  a 
terminal  globose  or  oblong  head  or  in  several  whorled  clusters;  corolla  4  mm. 
long,  the  spur  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer,  frequently  adnate  to  it; 
lobes  nearly  equal,  rounded;  fruit  glabrous  or  puberulent,  deep-saucer-shaped, 
2  mm.  long.  Stony  hillsides,  common.  ' 


•       CAMPANULACEAE.  239 

Family  88.     DIPSACACEAE.    TEASEL  FAMILY. 

Herbs;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  without  stipules;  flowers 
in  dense  heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  as  in  the  Compositae; 
calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  corolla  epigynous,  2-5-lobed; 
stamens  2-4,  distinct,  on  the  corolla-tube  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes;  ovary  inferior,  1 -celled;  ovule  1;  fruit  an  akene  with 
persistent  calyx-lobes;  endosperm  fleshy. 

357.   DIPSACUS.     TEASEL. 

Rough-hairy  or  prickly  tall  biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves 
large,  opposite,  the  bases  sometimes  united  into  a  cup;  flowers 
in  dense  terminal  peduncled  oblong  heads;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
and  scales  of  the  receptacle  rigid  or  spiny-pointed;  calyx  4- 
toothed  or  lobed;  corolla  oblique,  2-lipped,  3-lobed;  stamens  4; 
stigma  oblique  or  lateral;  akene  free  from  or  adherent  to  the 
involucel. 

Dipsacus  sylvestris  Huds.  Biennial,  1-2  m.  high,  the  stems  and  midribs 
armed  with  stout  prickles;  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  crenate,  rarely 
cleft  at  base,  15-30  cm.  long;  upper  leaves  sessile,  often  cuneate,  acuminate, 
entire;  heads  ovoid,  becoming  cylindric,  5-10  cm.  long;  involucre  of  linear 
cuspidate  prickly  bracts,  some  of  which  are  longer  than  the  head;  bracts  of 
the  receptacle  ovate,  armed  with  long  straight  awns;  flowers  lilac.  Sparingly 
introduced. 

Family  89.     CAMPANULACEAE.     BELLFLOWER  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice;  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules; 
flowers  regular,  generally  blue,  showy,  scattered ;  calyx  adherent 
to  the  ovary;  corolla  5-lobed,  bell-shaped;  stamens  5,  usually 
free  from  the  corolla;  anthers  distinct  or  united;  style  1,  the 
upper  portion  provided  with  pollen-collecting  hairs ;  stigmas  2  or 
more;  ovary  2-5-celled,  with  axile  placenta;  capsule  2-several- 
celled,  many-seeded;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Corolla  irregular;  anthers  united.  358.  BOLELIA,  240. 

Corolla  regular;  anthers  separate. 

Ovary  and  capsule  long  and  narrow. 

Capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  a  hole  left  by 
the  falling  away  of  the  base  of  the  style; 

flowers  all  alike.  359.  GITHOPSIS,  240. 

Capsule  opening  on  the  sides  by  2  or  3  little 
valves  which  leave  small  round  perfora- 

ations;  flowers  of  two  kinds.  360.  SPECULARIA,  240. 

Ovary  and  capsule  short  and  broad  or  globular. 

Calyx-lobes  broad;  flowers  of  two  kinds.          361.  HETEROCODON,  241. 
Calyx-lobes  narrow;  flowers  all  alike.  362.  CAMPANULA,  241. 


240  CAMPANULACEAE. 

358.   BOLELIA. 

Low  and  spreading  glabrous  annuals,  rather  succulent  and 
tender;  leaves  sessile,  narrow,  entire,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts; 
flowers  axillary,  sessile;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  very 
long  and  slender,  3-sided,  usually  twisted;  corolla  2-lipped,  with 
a  very  short  tube;  filaments  and  anthers  both  united  into  a  tube; 
capsule  long  and  slender,  early  becoming  1 -celled. 

Bolelia  elegans  (Dougl.)  Greene.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched  near 
the  base,  10-30  cm.  high,  glabrous  throughout  or  very  minutely  puberulent; 
leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  8-20  mm.  long;  flowers  blue,  in  a 
rather  loose  spike;  bracts  like  the  leaves  but  broader;  calyx-tube  very  narrow, 
becoming  3-4  cm.  long  and  appearing  like  a  pedicel;  calyx-lobes  narrow, 
unequal;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  sharply  3-lobed,  8-10  mm.  long  and  broad, 
blue  with  a  large  white  and  yellow  center;  divisions  of  the  upper  lip  lanceolate. 
Common  on  the  margins  of  ponds,  sometimes  over  extensive  areas. 

359.    GITHOPSIS. 

Low  annual  herbs;  flowers  all  alike;  calyx  with  a  10-ribbed 
tube  and  5  long  and  narrow  foliaceous  lobes;  corolla  tubular- 
campanulate,  5-lobed;  filaments  short,  dilated  at  the  base; 
stigmas  3;  ovary  3-celled;  capsule  strongly  ribbed,  crowned  with 
the  rigid  calyx-lobes  about  as  long  or  longer,  opening  by  a  round 
orifice  left  by  the  falling  away  of  the  base  of  the  style;  seeds  very 
numerous. 

Githopsis  specularioides  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  simple  or  branched  from 
the  base,  hirsute-pubescent  throughout,  5-20  cm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  linear 
or  oblong,  coarsely  dentate,  3-12  mm.  long;  flowers  terminal  on  the  stem  or  on 
axillary  stout  peduncles,  erect;  calyx-lobes  linear,  acuminate,  glabrous  above, 
1-nerved,  rigid,  erect,  as  long  as  the  narrowly-obconic  tube;  corolla  blue,  barely 
exceeding  the  calyx-lobes.  Very  rare,  bluffs  of  Snake  River,  near  Almota, 
Sheldon;  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

360.   SPECULARIA. 

Annuals;  cauline  leaves  sessile  or  clasping;  flowers  blue  or 
purple,  terminal  or  axillary,  of  two  kinds,  the  earlier  smaller, 
close-fertilized,  with  a  rudimentary  corolla  which  never  opens, 
with  mostly  3  or  4  calyx-lobes ;  the  later  with  5  calyx-lobes;  corolla 
rotate,  5-lobed;  ovary  3  or  sometimes  2-celled;  capsule  more  or 
less  elongated,  opening  by  2  or  3  small  lateral  valves  which  leave 
round  or  oval  perforations,  usually  over  partitions. 

Specularia  perfoliata  (L.)  A.  DC.  Venus' 's  Look-ing  Glass.  Stems  slender, 
erect,  leafy,  20-40  cm.  high,  rough-hairy  on  the  angles;  leaves  orbicular, 
cordate,  crenate,  clasping  at  base,  1-2  cm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  margins  and 
veins;  flowers  of  2  sorts,  the  earlier  close-fertilized  and  with  only  rudimentary 
corollas,  the  later  with  showy  violet  corollas  4-10  mm.  broad,  solitary  or  2  or  3 
in  the  axils;  calyx  of  the  close-fertilized  flowers  with  3  or  4  short  lobes;  of  the 
corolla-bearing  flowers  with  subulate  lobes  slightly  longer  than  the  tube; 
capsule  top-shaped,  opening  near  the  middle.  Banks  and  copses. 


COMPOSITAE.  241 

361.  HETEROCODON. 

A  very  delicate  little  annual;  flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  lower 
and  earlier  ones  with  merely  rudimentary  corollas  and  self- 
fertilized  in  the  bud ;  calyx  with  an  obovate  or  inversely  pyramidal 
tube  much  shorter  than  the  foliaceous  lobes,  these  broadly  ovate, 
sharply  toothed,  veiny,  3  or  4  in  the  earlier;  5  in  the  later  flowers; 
corolla  short-campanulate,  5-lobed;  stamens  and  style  as  in 
Campanula;  capsule  3-celled,  3-angled,  bursting  on  the  side; 
seeds  numerous. 

Heterocodon  rariflorum  Nutt.  Annual,  the  slender  stems  simple  or 
branched  below,  8-20  cm.  high,  sparsely  hairy;  leaves  ovate  or  orbicular, 
sessile  and  partly  clasping,  coarsely  dentate,  somewhat  scabrous-ciliate,  3-10 
mm.  long;  earlier  flowers  without  corolla,  the  later  ones  with  blue  corollas, 
barely  exceeding  the  calyx;  calyx  5-8  mm.  long,  more  or  less  hispid,  the  ovate 
acuminate  usually  toothed  lobes  a  little  longer  than  the  tube.  Rare  in  moist 
places. 

362.   CAMPANULA.    BELLFLOWER. 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs;  flowers  all  alike,  showy;  calyx-lobes 
narrow;  corolla  campanulate  or  nearly  so,  5-lobed  or  cleft; 
stamens  5;  filaments  dilated  at  base;  capsule  short,  3-5-celled, 
opening  on  the  side  or  near  the  base  by  3-5  small  uplifted  valves 
leaving  round  perforations,  many-seeded. 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  Perennial,  glabrous,  erect,  branched  at  the 
very  base,  10-40  cm.  high;  basal  and  lower  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular, 
cordate,  dentate  or  entire,  petioled;  cauline  linear,  the  lower  somewhat  spatu- 
late,  acute,  sessile,  2-7  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  racemose,  erect;  pedicels 
slender,  nodding  in  the  fruit;  calyx-lobes  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube,  one- 
half  or  one-third  as  long  as  the  corolla;  corolla  campanulate,  blue,  12-20  mm. 
long;  capsule  openings  near  the  base.  Dry  woods,  Thatuna  Hills. 

Family  90.     COMPOSITAE. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  or  undershrubs  (in  ours); 
leaves  without  stipules;  flowers  in  a  close  head  on  a  common 
receptacle,  surrounded  by  one  or  more  rows  of  bracts  (the 
involucre) ;  heads  1-many,  discoid  when  all  the  flowers  bear 
tubular  corollas,  ligulate  when  the  corollas  are  all  strap-shaped, 
radiate  when  the  outer  corollas  are  strap-shaped  and  the  inner 
tubular,  in  which  case  the  outer  are  ray-flowers  and  the  inner  disk- 
flowers;  receptacle  often  covered  with  bracts  or  scales  (chaff}, 
each  subtending  a  flower;  calyx  gamosepalous,  its  tube  wholly 
adherent  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  (pappus}  none  or  cup-shaped  or 
developed  into  teeth,  scales,  awns  or  capillary  bristles;  corollas 
alike  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  or  dissimilar,  either  tubular  or 

17 


242  COMPOSITAE. 

strap-shaped  (ligulate),  gamopetalous,  epigynous;  stamens  5, 
epipetalous,  their  anthers  united  into  a  tube  (syngenesious) ; 
style  2-cleft  at  the  apex  or  in  sterile  flowers  usually  entire;  ovary 
bicarpellary,  inferior,  1 -celled,  1-ovuled,  with  basal  placenta; 
fruit  an  akene  sometimes  surmounted  by  the  pappus,  often  com- 
pressed at  right  angles  to  the  subtending  chaff  (laterally  com- 
pressed) or  compressed  parallel  to  the  chaff  (obcompressed) . 

Corollas  strap-shaped  in  all  the  flowers  of  the 

head;  plants  with  milky  juice. 
Pappus  of  scale-like  or  plumose  bristles. 
Flowers  not  yellow. 

Akenes  beaked;  flowers  violet.  363.  TRAGOPOGON,  246. 

Akenes    beakless;    flowers    pink    or 

white.  364.  PTILORIA,  246. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Heads  nodding  when  young;  pappus 
scales    15-20,    each   with   a   very 

plumose  awn.  365.  PTILOCALAIS,  246. 

Heads  erect,  even  when  young; 
pappus  scales  less  than  15,  or  if 
more  than  15  awnless. 

Scales  20-24,  not  awned.  366.  NOTHOCALAIS,  247. 

Scales  5-10,  with  an  awn  from  the 

notched  apex.  367.  UROPAPPUS,  247. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  never  plumose. 
Heads  solitary;  leaves  all  basal. 

Akenes  muricate  or  spinulose  at  the 

apex.  368.  TARAXACUM,  247. 

Akenes  smooth  at  the  apex.  369.  AGOSERIS,  248. 

Heads  several;  leaves  not  all  basal. 
Akenes  flattened. 

Akenes  beaked,  or  if  short-beaked 

flowers  not  yellow.  370.  LACTUCA,  249. 

Akenes  beakless;  flowers  yellow.    371.  SONCHUS,  249. 
Akenes  terete,  cylindric  or  prismatic. 

Pappus  copious,  white  and  soft.     372.  CREPIS,  250. 
Pappus   a   single    row   of   rough 

tawny  bristles.  373.  HIERACIUM,  250. 

Corollas  tubular  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  or 
strap-shaped  in  only  the  marginal  ones; 
plants  without  milky  juice. 
Ray  flowers  none;  corollas  all  tubular. 
Flowers  of  the  heads  not  all  alike,  some 

heads  having  imperfect  flowers. 
Perfect  and  imperfect  flowers  in  the 

same  head. 

Marginal  flowers  neutral  and 
sterile,  often  larger  than  the 
central  ones,  resembling  ray 

flowers.  374.  CENTAUREA,  251. 

Marginal  flowers  perfect  or  pis- 
tillate and  fertile,  not  re- 
sembling ray  flowers. 


COMPOSITAE.  243 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 
Involucral   bracts  in  one 

row.  375.  PETASITES,  252. 

Involucral  bracts  in  several 

rows.  376.  GNAPHALIUM,  252. 

Pappus  a  short  crown  or  none. 
Heads  large,  1.5-2  cm.  in 

diameter.  374.  CENTAUREA,  251. 

Heads  small,  5  mm.  or  less 

in  diameter. 

Lower  leaves  opposite.   377.  IVA,  253. 
Lower  leaves  alternate. 
Leaves     entire     or 

nearly  so,  ovate.    378.  ADENOCAULON,  253. 
Leaves   incised,    or 
if  entire,  lanceo- 
late or  linear.         379.  ARTEMISIA,  253. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in 

different  heads. 

Pappus    capillary;    fertile    invo- 
lucre not  bur-like. 

Leaves  prickly;  heads  large.      387.  CIRSIUM,  259. 
Leaves    not     prickly;     heads 

small. 

Pappus  of  staminate 
flowers  either  club- 
shaped  or  barbed  at  the 

apex.  380.  ANTENNARIA,  254. 

Pappus  of  all  the  flowers 
alike  and  neither  club- 
shaped  nor  barbed.  381.  ANAPHALIS,  256. 
Pappus  none;     fertile     involucre 

bur-like. 

Bracts  of  staminate  heads  sep- 
arate; bur  large,  with  many 

scales.  382.   XANTHIUM,  256. 

Bracts    of    staminate    heads 
united;  bur  small,  with 
1-4  scales. 
Spines  in  1  row;  pistillate 

flowers  1  in  a  head.  383.  AMBROSIA,  257. 

Spines  in  several  rows; 
pistillate  flowers  1-4  in 

each  head.  384.  GAERTNERIA,  258. 

Flowers  of  the  heads  all  perfect  and  alike. 
Pappus  of  separate  capillary  bristles. 

Flowers  whitish.  385.  COLEOSANTHUS,  258. 

Flowers  yellow  or  brownish. 

Involucral  bracts  in  3-4  rows. 
Heads   2-3    mm.    in   dia- 
meter. 386.  CHRYSOTHAMNUS,  259. 
Heads  20-30   mm.    in  di- 
ameter. 407.  HOOREBEKIA,  273. 
Involucral  bracts  in  1  row  or 

nearly  so. 

Involucre  campanulate.       408.  SENECIO,  274. 
Involucre   hemispheric   to 

rotate.  401.  ERIGERON,  266. 


244  COMPOSITAE. 

Pappus    not    of    separate    capillary 

bristles. 
Pappus     of     numerous     bristles 

united  into  a  ring  at  the  base.     387.  CIRSIUM,  259. 
Pappus  not  of  bristles  united  into 

a  ring. 
Pappus  of  rigid  backwardly-    ' 

barbed  awns.  411.  BIDENS,  276. 

Pappus    not   of   backwardly- 

barbed  awns. 
Pappus  of  hyaline  or  chaffy 

scales.  388.  CHAENACTIS,  261. 

Pappus  none  or  a  minute 

crown. 

Involucre  scarious.          389.  MATRICARIA,  261. 
Involucre  not  scarious. 

Heads  solitary.          390.  RUDBECKIA,  26i. 
Heads  in  clusters. 

Disk  flowers  1-5.  395.  MADIA,  263. 
Disk  flowers  nu- 
merous. 391.  PSILOCARPHUS,  262. 
Ray  flowers  present,  at  least  some  of  the 
marginal  flowers  having  strap-shaped 
P  corollas. 
Pappusjnone. 

Involucre  scarious. 

Receptacle  naked.  392.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  262. 

Receptacle  chaffy. 

Involucre  narrow;  rays  short.     393.  ACHILLEA,  262. 
Involucre  broad;  rays  conspi- 
cuous. 394.  ANTHEMIS,  263. 
Involucre  not  scarious. 

Akenes  all  laterally  compressed.      395»  MADIA,  263. 
Akenes  or  at  least  part  of  them 

turgid  or  obcompressed. 
Involucral  bracts  not  at  all 

enclosing  the  ray  akenes.       396.  BALSAMORHIZA,  264. 
Involucral    bracts     at     least 
partly  enclosing  the  ray 
akenes. 

Ray  akenes  turgid,  each 
partly  enclosed  by  the 

involucral  bract.  397.  HEMIZONIA,  264. 

Ray  akenes  usually  ob- 
compressed, each  wholly 
enclosed  by  the  base  of 

the  involucral  bract.         398.  LAGOPHYLLA,  265. 
Pappus   present,   at   least   in  the  disk 

flowers. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 
Ray  flowers  not  yellow. 

Low  shrub.  399.  ERICAMER1A,  265. 

Herbs,  woody  only  at  the  base. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  in 
many  series,   their  tips 

spreading.  400.  MACHAERANTHERA,  265. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in 
1-5  series,  their  tips 
erect. 


COMPOSITAE.  245 

Bracts  in  1-2  series; 
rays  usually  narrow 

and  numerous.  401.  ERIGERON,  266. 

Bracts  in  2-5  series; 
rays  broader,  less 
numerous.  402.  ASTER,  268. 

Ray  flowers  yellow. 

Pappus  double,  the  outer  row 

very  short.  403.  CHRYSOPSIS,  271. 

Pappus  in  one  row. 
Heads  in  panicles. 

Panicle    thyrsoid ;    re- 
ceptacle alveolate.      404.  SOLIDAGO,  272. 
Panicle  flat-topped;  re- 
ceptacle fimbrillate.     405.  EUTHAMIA,  272. 
Heads  solitary  or  in  co- 
rymbs. 
Leaves   all   or   mostly 

opposite.  406.  ARNICA,  272. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Heads     large,     1.5 
cm.    or    more 

broad.  407.  HOOREBEKIA,  273. 

Heads  1  cm.  or  less 

broad. 
Involucre    cam- 

panulate.          408.  SENECIO,  274. 
Involucre  hemi- 
spheric or 
broader. 
Bracts  of  in- 
volucre 8- 

10,  broad.   409.  CROCIDIUM,  275. 
Bracts  of  in- 
vol ucre 
numerous, 

narrow.       401.  ERIGERON,  266. 
Pappus  not  of  capillary  bristles. 
Receptacle  chaffy. 

Pappus  of  scales  or  awns. 
Scales  of  the  pappus  12-20, 

thin,  fringed.  410.  PTILONELLA,  276. 

Scales  of  the  pappus  awn- 
like,  not  chaffy. 
Awns  2  or  4,  retrorsely 

barbed.  411.  BIDENS,  276. 

Awns  2,  subulate.  412.  COREOPSIS,  276. 

Pappus  crown-like  or  of  short 

chaffy  teeth  or  awns. 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile.  413.  WYETHIA,  277. 
Rays  neutral. 

Akenes  flat  and  thin.      414.  HELIANTHELLA,  277. 
Akenes  prismatic.  415.  HELIANTHUS,  277. 

Receptacle  not  chaffy. 

Involucral   bracts   in   several 

rows.  416.  GRINDELIA,  278. 

Involucral  bracts  in  1  row. 


246  COMPOSITAE.  . 

Akenes  linear,  more  or  less 

4-angled. 
Involucral    bracts 

united.  417.  ERIOPHYLLUM,  278. 

Involucral  bracts  sep- 
arate. 418.  RIGIOPAPPUS,  279. 
Akenes  obpyramidal. 

Receptacle  bristly.          419.  GAILLARDIA,  279. 
Receptacle  naked.  420.  HELENIUM,  279. 

363.   TRAGOPOGON. 

Stout  leafy-stemmed  and  usually  branching  biennials  or  per- 
ennials, with  milky  juice;  leaves  entire,  grass-like,  clasping; 
flowers  yellow  or  purple,  in  large  solitary  heads;  involucre  simple, 
of  several  equal  bracts;  pappus  of  numerous  long-plumose 
bristles;  corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  narrowly  fusiform,  5-10- 
ribbed.  long-beaked. 

Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  Salsify.  Oyster  Plant.  Biennial,  glabrous 
throughout,  the  stout  stems  about  1  m.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  from 
the  broader  somewhat  clasping  base,  10-15  cm.  long;  peduncles  long  and  stout, 
swollen  under  the  head;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4-5  cm.  long, 
exceeding  the  violet  rays;  outer  akenes  roughened,  the  inner  smooth,  1  cm. 
long,  attenuate  into  a  beak  of  equal  length;  pappus  brownish,  as  long  as  the 
beak,  plumose  nearly  to  the  tip.  Escaped  from  gardens  and  spreading. 

364.   PTILORIA. 

Leafy-stemmed  and  branching  herbs,  with  milky  juice  and 
small  heads;  flowers  pink  or  white;  receptacle  without  chaff  or 
bristles;  pappus  of  plumose  or  partly  plumose  bristles  or  rarely 
chaffy  awns  or  narrow  scales;  corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  short, 
truncate  at  both  ends,  about  5-ribbed  or  angled. 

Pappus  bristles  fuscous,  short-plumose;  annual.  P.  paniculata. 

Pappus  bristles  white,  long-plumose;  perennial.  P.  tenuifolia. 

Ptiloria  paniculata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Annual,  erect,  divaricately  branched, 
40-80  cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  entire  or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  2-6 
cm.  long,  or  much  reduced  on  the  flowering  branches;  heads  3-8-flowered, 
numerous,  in  loose  panicles,  short-pedicelled ;  involucre  8-9  mm.  long,  the 
outer  scales  very  short;  receptacle  naked;  akenes  roughened,  4-5  mm.  long; 
pappus  grayish-brown,  of  15-25  bristles,  plumose  nearly  to  the  broadened 
base,  a  little  longer  than  the  akene.  Bluffs  of  Snake  River. 

Ptiloria  tenuifolia  (Torr.)  Raf.  Stems  herbaceous,  slender,  ascending, 
much  branched,  20—40  cm.  high,  from  a  stout  woody  root;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  mostly  entire;  heads  mostly  terminating  the  slender  branches;  involucre 
8-10  mm.  high;  pappus  bright  white,  very  plumose;  akenes  much  as  in  P.  pani- 
culata. In  dry  ground,  infrequent. 

365.   PTILOCALAIS. 

Puberulent  or  glabrous  perennials,  leafy  at  the  base  with 
usually  laciniate  leaves  and  long-peduncled  heads,  nodding  in  the 


COMPOSITAE.  247 

bud ;  involucre  campanulate;  bracts  herbaceous,  in  several  series; 
receptacle  flat  or  convex;  akenes  linear,  8-10-ribbed  or  striate; 
pappus  of  white  soft  bristles. 

Ptilocalais  nutans  (Geyer)  Greene.  Perennial,  from  one  or  more  fusiform 
tubers,  simple  or  branched,  puberulent  or  glabrous,  10-40  cm.  high;  leaves 
10-20  cm.  long,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  rarely  oval,  sometimes  entire, 
usually  laciniate-pinnatifid  into  numerous  linear  lobes;  peduncles  stout  and 
elongated;  heads  8-20-flowered ;  involucre  oblong  or  turbinate-campanulate, 
2  cm.  long,  the  larger  8-10  bracts  lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate;  pappus 
of  15-20  soft  white  plumose  bristles,  broadened  at  base,  as  long  as  the  columnar 
akenes.  Common  on  hillsides. 

366.    NOTHOCALAIS. 

Perennials  with  linear-attenuate  wavy  radical  leaves  with 
white-tomentulose  margins;  heads  solitary  on  scape-like  pe- 
duncles; involucre  campanulate;  bracts  in  2  rows,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  nearly  equal;  receptacle  flat;  akenes  fusiform,  con- 
tracted or  beaked  at  the  summit,  10-ribbed;  pappus  white  and 
soft,  of  scabrous-margined  unequal  scales. 

Nothocalais  troximoides  (Gray)  Greene.  Nearly  acaulescent  from  a  stout 
vertical  root;  leaves  tufted,  linear-lanceolate,  long-attenuate,  thickish,  pale 
or  somewhat  glaucous,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  10-15  cm.  long;  scapes  15-30 
cm.  high;  involucre  2  cm.  high,  the  bracts  lanceolate,  subequal,  glabrous; 
akenes  fusiform,  not  beaked,  8-10  mm.  long;  pappus  bright  white,  longer  than 
the  akene.  Locally  abundant,  especially  in  adobe  soils. 

367.  UROPAPPUS. 

Stemless  or  short-stemmed  herbs,  with  milky  juice;  leaves 
mostly  radical,  often  pinnatifid;  flowers  yellow,  the  heads  ter- 
minal, on  scapes  or  long  peduncles,  mostly  nodding  before 
flowering;  receptacles  without  chaff  or  bristles;  pappus  chaffy 
or  plumose;  corollas  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  ligulate; 
akenes  8-12  ribbed. 

Uropappus  linearifolia  (DC.)  Nutt.  Annual,  branched  at  the  base,  15-40 
cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  10-15  cm.  long,  mostly  pinnatifid  into  linear  lobes, 
loosely  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrous;  peduncles  stout,  glabrous, 
striate-grooved ;  involucre  cylindric,  2.5-3  cm.  high,  glabrous,  the  bracts  of 
two  lengths,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  akenes  fusiform,  attenuate  upwards, 
10-12  mm.  long;  pappus  silvery,  as  long  as  the  akenes,  consisting  of  five 
linear  scales,  abruptly  terminating  in  shorter  awns.  In  loose  rocks,  banks  of 
Snake  River. 

368.  TARAXACUM. 

Acaulescent  biennials  or  perennials,  with  milky  juice;  leaves 
radical,  pinnatifid;  heads  large,  on  scapes;  flowers  yellow;  re- 
ceptacle flat,  naked;  involucre  of  2  rows  of  bracts;  pappus  of 
copious  and  white-capillary  bristles  which  are  not  plumose; 
corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  oblong  or  fusiform,  angled,  about 
10-ribbed,  attenuate  at  base,  with  a  long  filiform  beak  at  the  apex. 


248  COMPOSITAE. 

Taraxacum  taraxacum  (L.)  Karst.  Dandelion.  Glabrous  or  loosely  pu- 
bescent when  young;  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  variously  pinnatifid, 
the  lobes  usually  toothed  and  turned  backward,  10-20  cm.  long;  peduncles 
10-30  cm.  high;  involucre  cylindric,  the  inner  bracts  either  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  the  outer  similar  but  shorter  and  reflexed;  heads  many-flowered; 
rays  yellow;  akenes  brownish,  spinulose  above,  the  pyramidal  apex  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  slender  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the>body;  pappus  white,  copious. 
Abundantly  introduced.  /'Z&s-ssf  -/f^sr^--  /^r  -~,7i~^>  <? 

369.   AGOSERIS. 

Acaulescent  annuals  or  perennials,  with  milky  juice;  leaves 
radical,  clustered;  heads  solitary,  on  scapes;  flowers  yellow, 
rarely  orange  or  purplish ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  a  few  rows ; 
receptacle  flat,  not  chaffy;  pappus  of  copious  white  capillary 
bristles,  which  are  not  plumose;  corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes 
oblong  or  linear,  terete,  10-ribbed,  the  apex  contracted  into  a 
neck  or  prolonged  into  a  beak. 

Leaves  glaucous;  beak  of  the  akene  short.  A.  glauca. 

Leaves  not  glaucous;  beak  much  longer  than  the  body  of  the 
akene. 

Annuals;  heads  small.  A.  heterophylla. 

Perennials;  heads  large.  A.  grandiflora.. 

Agoseris  glauca  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Perennial,  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
entire  or  dentate  or  variously  pinnatifid,  acuminate  or  attenuate  at  apex,  pale 
or  glaucous,  glabrous  or  loosely  pubescent,  10-25  cm.  long;  peduncles  stout, 
erect,  usually  glabrous  or  glabrate,  except  at  the  base  of  the  involucre,  30-60 
cm.  high;  involucre  hemispherical,  20-35  mm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
acuminate,  the  outer  shorter;  corollas  pale  yellow;  akene  pubescent,  10-ribbed, 
10-14  mm.  long,  attenuate  into  a  stout  nerved  beak  shorter  than  the  body; 
pappus  white,  copious,  the  slender  bristles  scabrous,  longer  than  the  akene. 
Low  ground,  common  and  variable.  /^jv-.-X'-  /r-~f 

Agoseris  glauca  scorzoneraefolia  (Schrad.)  Piper.  Involucre  pubescent; 
otherwise  as  in  the  species.  In  dry  ground,  not  rare. 

Agoseris  heterophylla  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Annual;  leaves  linear,  lanceolate 
or  oblanceolate,  entire  or  variously  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  5-12  cm.  long,  loosely 
pubescent;  peduncles  erect,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  10-30  cm.  high;  involucre 
campanulate,  1-2  cm.  high,  the  bracts  in  two  series,  the  outer  snorter  and 
usually  pubescent;  akenes  numerous,  oblong  or  fusiform,  the  outer  ones  or  some- 
times all  of  them  thicker,  the  ribs  developed  into  wings  which  are  sinuately 
folded,  all  attenuate  into  a  narrow  beak,  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  body; 
pappus  bright  white,  soft  and  copious. 

Agoseris  heterophylla  nprmalis  Piper.  Akenes  with  straight  ribs,  those  of 
the  outermost  often  wing-like.  Both  the  species  and  the  subspecies  are  very 
common. 

Agoseris  grandiflora  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Perennial,  loosely  pubescent  or 
glabrate;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate  to  obtuse, 
mostly  pinnatifid  into  numerous  lobes,  10-20  cm.  long;  peduncles  stout,  30-60 
cm.  high;  involucre  campanulate,  tomentose  at  base,  3-4  cm.  high,  the  bracts 
in  about  3  series;  akenes  fusiform,  acutely  10-ribbed,  6  mm.  long,  attenuate 
into  a  slender  beak,  20  mm.  long;  pappus  bright  white,  soft  and  capillary, 
much  shorter  than  the  beak.  Dry  ground,  common. 


COMPOSITAE.  249 


370.  LACTUCA.    WILD  LETTUCE. 

Leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  milky  juice;  flowers  yellow  or  blue 
or  whitish,  in  paniculate  few  to  many-flowered  heads;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  in  2-few  rows,  the  outer  shorter;  receptacle  flat, 
naked;  pappus  of  copious  very  short  and  fine  capillary  bristles 
which  are  not  plumose;  corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  flat  or 
flattish,  narrowed  at  the  summit  or  beaked. 

Pappus  brown;  flowers  whitish.  L.  spicala. 
Pappus  white;  flowers  not  whitish. 

Flowers  yellow;  leaves  spiny.  L.  scariola. 

Flowers  blue;  leaves  not  spiny.  L.  pulchella. 

Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  Biennial,  erect,  1-3  m.  high,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  pale  green,  very  leafy;  leaves  coarsely  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  ir- 
regularly toothed,  the  uppermost  sessile  and  sometimes  clasping;  heads  in  a 
long  narrow  panicle;  involucre  10  mm.  high;  flowers  bluish  to  whitish;  akenes 
short-beaked.  In  moist  ground,  in  open  woods. 

Lactuca  scariola  integrata  Gren.  &  Godr.  Prickly  Lettuce.  Annual  or 
biennial,  erect,  1-2  m.  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  spiny  on  the  margin  and  midrib,  entire  or  irregularly  toothed  or 
cleft,  sessile  and  usually  auriculate-clasping  at  base,  5-20  cm.  long,  the  upper- 
most, much  reduced;  heads  in  large  loose  panicles;  involucre  narrowly  cylindric, 
glabrous,  10-12  mm.  long,  the  outer  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  inner  ones; 
flowers  yellow;  akenes  flattened,  narrowed  into  a  beak  longer  than  the  body, 
as  long  as  the  bright  white  pappus.  A  troublesome  weed,  introduced  from 
Europe. 

Lactuca  pulchella  (Pursh)  DC.  Blue-flowered  Lettuce.  Perennial,  erect, 
leafy,  30-90  cm.  high,  puberulent  or  glabrate;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at 
each  end,  acute  or  cuspidate,  entire  or  sinuately  toothed  or  lobed,  5-15  cm. 
long;  lower  leaves  petioled;  heads  loosely  panicled;  involucre  cylindric, 
glabrous,  12-14  mm.  long,  the  outer  bracts  successively  shorter,  all  lanceolate, 
acute;  flowers  blue  or  violet;  akenes  flat,  not  margined,  4  mm.  long,  very  short 
beaked ;  pappus  copious,  white.  Locally  abundant.  A  very  troublesome  weed 
in  some  sections. 

371.   SONCHUS.     Sow  THISTLE. 

Leafy-stemmed  mostly  glabrous  generally  coarse  herbs,  with 
milky  juice;  flowers  yellow,  in  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  the  outer  shorter;  receptacle 
flat,  naked;  pappus  of  copious  very  fine  and  short  capillary 
bristles,  which  are  not  plumose;  corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  flat 
or  flattish,  truncate,  not  beaked. 

Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill.  Annual,  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  somewhat 
glaucous,  glabrous  below,  glandular,  above;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  broadly 
spatulate,  obtuse  or  acute,  rarely  lobed,  spinulose-dentate,  the  petioles  mar- 
gined; upper  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  sessile  and  clasping  at  base,  acuminate; 
heads  cymosely  arranged ;  involucre  cylindric-campanulate,  about  1  cm.  broad, 
glabrous;  flowers  yellow;  akenes  flat,  margined,  3-nerved  on  each  side.  Spar- 
ingly introduced. 


250  COMPOSITAE. 

372.   CREPIS. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  plants  with  milky  juice;  heads 
several-many-flowered ;  flowers  yellow ;  involucre  usually  double ; 
receptacle  flat,  naked,  sometimes  alveolate;  pappus  simple,  of 
copious  and  white  capillary  bristles  which  are  not  plumose; 
corollas  all  ligulate;  akenes  oblong,  linear  or  fusiform,  nearly 
terete  or  obtusely  angled,  10-20-ribbed,  generally  contracted  at 
base  and  more  tapering  at  the  apex,  sometimes  even  beaked. 

Involucral  bracts  bearing  soft  bristles.  C.  barbigera. 
Involucral  bracts  not  bearing  soft  bristles. 

Heads  5-10-flowered;  stems  tall,  slender.  C.  gracilis. 

Heads  25-30-flowered;  stems  stout,  low.  C.  occidentalis. 

Crepis  barbigera  Leiberg.  Perennial,  erect,  40-50  cm.  high,  minutely 
viscid-pubescent;  basal  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  15-30  cm.  long,  attenuate- 
acute,  pinna tely  toothed,  lobed  or  parted;  cauline  similar,  smaller;  heads  in  a 
loose  cyme;  involucre  10-15  mm.  long;  bracts  linear-oblong,  acutish,  strongly 
carinate  and  armed  with  one  or  two  rows  of  stout  soft  usually  pale  bristles; 
akenes  8-10  mm.  long,  olive  green,  10  or  12  ribbed;  pappus  copious,  shorter 
than  the  akene.  In  rocky  or  gravelly  soil.  C.  atrabarba  Heller  is  a  form  of 
this  species  or  perhaps  distinct,  from  Lake  Waha.  It  has  smaller  heads  with 
fewer  flowers  and  short  black  bristles  on  the  involucre.  Its  true  relationship 
may  be  with  C.  gracilis  but  only  immature  plants  are  known. 

Crepis  gracilis  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Rydb.  Perennial,  erect,  thinly  canescent 
or  glabrate,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate,  with  few 
or  numerous  slender  teeth  or  lobes,  or  divided  into  narrow  segments,  rarely 
entire,  10-20  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  petioled;  heads  5-10-flowered,  loosely 
or  somewhat  compactly  corymbose;  involucre  oblong-cylindric,  ashy-pu- 
berulent,  the  principal  bracts  5-9  in  number,  10-12  mm.  long,  with  a  few  small 
ones  at  base;  akenes  acutely  10-ribbed  when  mature,  oblong-fusiform,  attenu- 
ate toward  the  apex,  a  little  longer  than  the  bright  white  soft  pappus.  Rather 
common,  very  variable. 

Crepis  occidentalis  Nutt.  Perennial,  erect,  thinly  white-tomentose  through- 
out, 8-30  cm.  high;  stems  usually  with  few  erect  branches;  leaves  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  pinnately  toothed  or  cleft  into 
narrow  lobes,  short-petioled  or  sessile;  heads  on  stout  peduncles;  involucre 
oblong-cylindric,  12-18  mm.  long,  tomentose  and  with  a  few  large  black  glan- 
dular hairs,  the  principal  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  smaller  basal  bracts 
relatively  broader;  flowers  25-30;  akenes  brownish,  fusiform,  8-10  mm.  long, 
10-18-ribbed,  longer  than  the  bright  white  pappus.  In  loose  rocks,  not 
common. 

373.   HTERACIUM.     HAWKWEED. 

Hispid  and  hirsute  often  glandular  perennials  with  milky  juice; 
leaves  merely  toothed  or  entire;  heads  small  to  medium,  panicu- 
late or  rarely  solitary ;  flowers  yellow  or  sometimes  white ;  bracts 
of  involucre  in  two  rows;  receptacle  flat,  naked;  pappus  of  a 
single  row  of  rough  tawny  bristles  which  are  not  plumose; 
corollas  all  ligulate ;  akenes  oblong  or  columnar-,  terete  or  4-  or  5- 
angled,  mostly  10-ribbed  or  striate,  the  apex  truncate. 


COMPOSITAE.  251 

Stems  many-leaved;  involucre  imbricated.  H.  canadense. 

Stems  few-leaved;  involucre  a  series  of  equal  bracts  and  a 

few  short  outer  ones. 

Flowers  white;  involucre  nearly  glabrous.  H.  albiflorum. 

Flowers  yellow;  involucre  hairy  or  glandular. 

Heads  small,  black- hairy.  H.  gracile. 

Heads  larger;  hairs  not  black.  H.  scouleri* 

Hieracium  canadense  Michx.  Somewhat  scabrous  throughout;  stems 
stout,  30-120  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  entire  or  incisely  serrate, 
sessile  and  somewhat  clasping  at  base,  gradually  smaller  upwards,  1-10  cm. 
long,  none  clustered  at  base;  heads  corymbed,  rarely  solitary,  on  stout  pe- 
duncles; involucre  hemispheric,  puberulent  or  glabrous,  sometimes  glandular, 
1-2  cm.  broad,  the  bracts  in  2-3  series,  the  uppermost  loose;  akenes  columnar; 
pappus  brownish.  Low  ground,  rare. 

Hieracium  canadense  columbianum  (Rydb.)  Piper.  (H.  columbianum 
Rydb.)  Lower  part  of  stem  pilose,  otherwise  as  in  the  species.  Spokane 
County. 

Hieracium  albiflorum  Hook.  Stems  slender,  erect,  50-80  cm.  high,  villous 
below;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-spatulate,  thin,  entire  or  faintly  toothed,  the 
lower  tapering  into  broad  petioles,  the  upper  mostly  sessile,  all  beset  with 
sparse  villous  white  hairs,  especially  the  lowest;  heads  15-30-flowered;  in- 
volucre narrow,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  hairs,  the  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  pale; 
akenes  strongly  striate.  In  dry  open  woods. 

Hieracium  gracile  Hook.  Tufted;  stems  usually  several,  15-30  cm.  high; 
leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong-spatulate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  broadly  petiolate, 
3-8  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent;  heads  several,  racemose  or  corym- 
bose; involucre  8  mm.  high,  blackish  with  both  hirsute  and  glandular  hairs; 
akenes  cyllndric;  pappus  sordid  or  fuscous.  An  alpine  species  occurring  on 
the  higher  peaks  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Hieracium  scouleri  Hook.  Erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  densely  beset  throughout 
with  long  soft  white  hairs  with  swollen  bases;  basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  10-20  cm.  long,  tapering  into  margined 
petioles;  cauline  similar,  sessile,  5-12  cm.  long;  inflorescence  corymbose  or 
paniculate,  glandular;  involucre  1  cm.  high,  very  glandular  and  long-villous; 
flowers  yellow;  akenes  columnar;  pappus  fuscous.  Common  on  hillsides. 
Very  variable  in  the  amount  and  length  of  the  pubescence. 

374.    CENTAUREA. 

Herbs;  heads  many-flowered;  flowers  all  with  tubular  and 
deeply  5-cleft  corollas,  some  of  the  marginal  ones  commonly 
sterile,  often  much  larger  and  conspicuous,  the  others  perfect 
and  fertile;  involucre  globular,  the  scales  tipped  or  margined 
with  spines  or  scarious  appendages;  receptacle  very  bristly; 
pappus  of  numerous  rigid  or  sometimes  chaffy  naked  bristles; 
akenes  mostly  compressed,  attached  by  one  margin  just  above 
the  base. 

Annual,  white  woolly;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire.  C.  cyanus. 

Biennial,  green;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  some  dentate.  C.  consimilis. 

Centaurea  cyanus  L.  Bachelor's  Button.  Stems  erect,  slender,  usually 
branched,  30-90  cm.  high;  heads  solitary  on  slender  branches;  involucre 


252  COMPOSITAE. 

ovoid;  bracts  in  about  four  series,  pale,  the  middle  ones  margined  with  a  silvery 
scarious-toothed  border;  ray  flowers  large,  white,  blue,  pink  or  violet.  A 
common  weed  in  fields  and  waysides.  /^jr 

Centaurea  consimilis  Boreau.  Perennial,  30-60  cm.  high,  rough-pubescent; 
lower  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  some  dentate,  petioled;  uppper  lanceolate, 
sessile,  mostly  entire,  acute;  heads  2  cm.  broad;  bracts  dark-brown,  pectinately 
fringed,  the  uppermost  scarious-margined,  erose;  flowers  red,  all  perfect, 
the  marginal  ones  not  enlarged;  akenes  4-sided;  pappus  none.  Sparingly 
introduced. 

375.  PETASITES.    SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  large,  radical, 
the  cauline  reduced  to  bracts;,  heads  numerous  in  a  raceme  or 
corymb  on  the  end  of  a  scape-like  stem,  with  some  imperfect 
flowers;  flowers  whitish  or  purplish ;  involucral  bracts  in  one  row; 
akenes  narrow,  5-10-ribbed,  with  soft  white  pappus. 

Petasites  sagittata  Pursh  (P.  dentata  Blankinship).  Leaves  triangular- 
ovate  to  hastate-reniform,  coarsely  sinuate-dentate,  green  above,  densely 
white-tomentose  beneath,  10-30  cm.  long;  flowering  stems  covered  with  large 
scale-like  leaves;  heads  in  a  dense  convex  cyme;  flowers  purplish,  violet-scented. 
In  swamps,  Spokane  County  and  adjacent  Idaho. 

376.   GNAPHALIUM.     CUDWEED. 

Woolly  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  entire;  heads  small,  discoid; 
pistillate  flowers  very  numerous,  in  more  than  one  row;  perfect 
flowers  fewer  in  the  center;  staminate  flowers  none;  all  flowers 
white  or  yellow;  pappus-bristles  slender,  not  thickened  above; 
akenes  oblong  or  ovate. 

Plants  low;  flowers  in  dense  leafy  clusters;  involucres  very 

woolly.  G.  palustre. 

Plants  tall;  flowers  in  looser  leafless  clusters;  involucres 

woolly  only  at  base. 

Glandular;  leaves  green  above.  G.  decurrens. 

Not  glandular;  leaves  white-woolly. 

Involucre  white;  cymes  loose.  G.  microcephalum. 

Involucre  yellowish;  cymes  dense.  G.  chilense. 

Gnaphalium  palustre  Nutt.  Annual,  much  branched  at  base,  5-12  cm. 
high,  very  woolly  throughout;  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  spatulate,  1-2  cm. 
long;  heads  2-3  mm.  high,  sessile,  in  small  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  which 
are  very  woolly  and  subtended  by  leaves;  involucre  of  few  scales,  these  linear, 
acute  or  obtuse,  brownish  with  white  tips;  akenes  glabrous,  the  bristles  falling 
separately.  Common  in  dried-up  pond  bottoms. 

Gnaphalium  decurrens  californicum  (DC.)  Gray.  Perennial,  erect,  30-60 
cm.  high,  glandular  beneath  a  tnin  early-deciduous  tomentum;  basal  leaves 
spatulate;  cauline  spatulate-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  all  con- 
spicuously decurrent  at  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long;  heads  in  dense  clusters,  these 
usually  corymbed;  involucre  turbinate-campanulate,  yellowish- white;  bracts 
thin,  scarious,  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  acute;  akenes  smooth.  Open  woods, 
Thatuna  Hills. 


COMPOSITAE.  253 

Gnaphalium  mlcrocephalum  Nutt.  Pubescence  woolly,  dense,  white,  close; 
stems  several,  slender,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  lanceo- 
late, decurrent  at  base;  heads  in  clusters  of  several,  these  paniculate;  involucres 
turbinate  to  campanulate,  woolly  only  at  base,  3-4  mm.  high;  bracts  bright 
white,  scarious,  obtuse.  In  gravelly  or  sandy  soil. 

Gnaphalium  chilense  Spreng.  Erect,  very  leafy,  30-60  cm.  high,  simple 
or  branched  below;  persistently  tomentose,  not  glandular;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  or  somewhat  spatulate,  acute,  5-8  cm.  long,  scarcely  decurrent  at 
base;  heads  4-5  mm.  high,  in  one  or  few  dense  clusters;  involucre  hemispheric, 
the  bracts  greenish-white,  oblong,  obtuse;  akenes  glandular.  Prairies  and 
open  woods. 

377.   IVA. 

Herbs;  leaves  simple,  at  least  some  of  the  lower  opposite; 
heads  small,  nodding,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  in  terminal 
spikes  or  panicles;  flowers  monoecious,  in  the  same  head;  a  few 
marginal  ones  pistillate,  the  others  staminate  and  more  numerous ; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  few,  rounded,  commonly  united  into  a  cup; 
receptacle  chaffy,  with  scales  subtending  the  sterile  flowers; 
akenes  obovate,  thick. 

Iva  xanthiifolia  Nutt.  Annual,  tall  and  stout,  1-2  m.  high,  pubescent  or 
puberulent;  leaves  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  broadly  ovate, 
acuminate,  incisely  serrate,  scabrous  above,  3-ribbed,  6-12  cm.  long;  petiole 
stout,  with  a  few  scattered  stout  hairs;  panicles  terminal  and  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves,  bractless,  large  and  dense;  heads  sessile  or  nearly  so,  about 
2  mm.  broad,  hemispherical;  involucral  bracts  in  two  series  of  5  each,  the  outer 
broadly  ovate,  the  inner  obovate  or  oblong  and  truncate;  akenes  usually  5. 
Introduced  along  railways,  and  becoming  weedy. 

Iva  axUlaris  Pursh.    See  page  280. 

378.   ADENOCAULON. 

Slender  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves,  green 
above,  white-woolly  beneath;  heads  few,  small,  5-10-flowered, 
glandular,  in  a  loose  panicle;  involucral  bracts  in  one  row;  re- 
ceptacle flat,  naked ;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  pistillate, 
fertile,  the  central  perfect  but  sterile;  akenes  elongated  at 
maturity,  club-shaped;  pappus  none. 

Adenocaulon  bicolor  Hook.  Stem  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  triangular, 
somewhat  cordate,  with  angular  toothed  margins;  petioles  margined.  In 
dense  woods  in  the  mountains. 

379.  ARTEMISIA.    SAGEBRUSH.    WORMWOOD. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs,  bitter  and  odorous;  leaves  alternate, 
usually  dissected;  heads  numerous,  small,  in  racemes  or  panicles, 
several  to  many-flowered,  discoid;  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish, 
all  tubular,  the  outermost  series  pistillate  or  all  alike,  the  more 
numerous  perfect  flowers  either  fertile  or  sterile ;  involucral-scales 
dry,  imbricated  in  a  few  rows,  appressed;  receptacle  flattish  to 
hemispherical,  naked,  sometimes  hairy;  pappus  none;  corollas  of 


254  COMPOSITAE. 

pistillate  flowers  slender  and  small,  2-  or  3-toothed,  those  of  the 
perfect  flowers  enlarged  above,  5-toothed;  akenes  obovoid  or 
oblong,  almost  always  glabrous. 

Green  and  glabrous. 

Perennial;  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire.  v  A.  dracunculoides. 

Biennial;  leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted.  A.  biennis. 

Canescent  or  tomentose. 

Leaves  narrowly  3-5-parted  into  linear  segments.  A.  rigida. 

Leaves  and  segments  broader. 

Receptacle  pilose;  involucre  canescent.  A.  absinthium. 

Receptacle  not  pilose;  involucre  not  canescent. 

Involucre    white-tomentose ;  herbage    not    glan- 
dular. A.  gnaphalodes. 
Involucre  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  herbage  atom- 

iferous  glandular.  A .  atomifera. 

Artemisia  dracunculoides  Pursh.  Perennial,  herbaceous,  very  odorous, 
usually  tufted,  the  slender  stems  100-150  cm.  high,  glabrous  throughout; 
leaves  linear,  entire  or  3-cleft,  2-10  cm.  long,  numerous;  heads  nodding, 
numerous,  in  large  and  leafy  panicles;  involucre  campanulate,  glabrous,  2  mm. 
high;  disk-flowers  sterile;  receptacle  naked;  akenes  glabrous.  Common  in 
the  valleys. 

Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  Biennial,  glabrous,  the  stems  simple,  30-50 
cm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  numerous,  5-8  cm.  long,  all  1-2-pinnately 
parted  into  linear  acute  entire  or  toothed  segments;  heads  small,  in  short 
spikes  in  the  axils  of  the  uppermost  leaves  crowded  in  a  slender  leafy  panicle; 
involucre  campanulate,  3  mm.  broad,  the  bracts  green  scarious-margined;  akenes 
oblong;  pappus  none,  receptacle  naked.  Colton,  Piper:  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

Artemisia  rigida  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Scdbland  Sagebrush.  Perennial,  woody 
at  base,  the  branches  erect,  strict,  15-30  cm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves 
rigid,  silvery-canescent,  mostly  cleft  or  parted  into  3-5  linear  segments,  rarely 
simple,  1-3  cm.  long;  inflorescence  a  leafy  spike,  the  heads  solitary  in  the  axils; 
involucre  oblong-campanulate,  3  mm.  long,  5-12-flowered;  flowers  all  alike, 
perfect.  In  thin  rocky  soil. 

Artemisia  absinthium  L.  Wormwood.  Half  shrubby,  much  branched, 
50-100  cm.  high,  silvery-canescent  throughout;  leaves  2-3  times  pinnately 
parted,  the  segments  lanceolate,  acute;  heads  hemispheric,  3-5  cm.  broad, 
in  rather  dense  panicles;  bracts  mostly  oblong,  obtuse,  scarious-margined. 
Introduced  and  spreading. 

Artemisia  gnaphalodes  Nutt.  Perennial,  herbaceous,  30-90  cm.  high, 
densely  white-tomentose  throughout;  leaves  2-6  cm.  long,  lanceolate  and  entire 
or  3-5-toothed  or  cleft  into  linear  or  lanceolate  lobes,  persistently  tomentose 
beneath,  often  glabrate  above;  heads  in  large  usually  dense  panicles;  involucre 
oblong-campanulate,  3^-4  mm.  long,  persistently  white-woolly;  receptacle 
naked;  disk-flowers  fertile.  Common  and  variable. 

Artemisia  atomifera  Piper.  Much  like  A.  gnaphalodes,  the  leaves  usually 
more  deeply  lobed,  early  becoming  glabrous  above;  involucre  becoming  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  at  least  when  mature;  herbage  minutely  atomiferous  glan- 
dular throughout.  Common  on  the  banks  of  Snake  River. 

380.   ANTENNARIA.     EVERLASTING. 

Low  white- woolly  cespitose  perennials ;  leaves  alternate,  entire ; 
heads  small,  solitary  or  corymbose,  completely  dioecious;  re- 


COMPOSITAE.  255 

ceptacle  naked  ;  staminate  flowers  with  the  pappus-bristles  thick- 
ened or  barbellate  at  the  apex;  pistillate  with  the  slender  pappus- 
bristles  united  at  base  into  a  ring. 

Pappus  bristles  of  staminate  flowers  not  dilated  at  the  tips. 

Heads  several,  brown.  A.  stenophylla. 

Heads  solitary,  whitish.  A.  dimorpha. 

Pappus  bristles  of  staminate  flowers  dilated  at  tips. 
Plants  not  stoloniferous. 

Pistillate  heads  oblong,  the  bracts  pinkish.  A.  geyeri. 

Pistillate  heads  not  oblong,  the  bracts  white. 

Pubescence  floccose-woolly.  A.  pulcherrima. 

Pubescence  close,  silky.  A.  luzuloides. 

Plants  stoloniferous. 

Heads  loosely  racemose;  inflorescence  glandular.  A.  racemosa. 

Heads  corymbose;  inflorescence  not  glandular. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  green  above.        A.  howellii. 
Leaves  smaller,  narrower,  grayish  above. 

Heads  6-8  mm.  high;  bracts  white  or  pinkish.     A.  paruifolia. 
Heads  4-7  mm.  high;  bracts  rosy,  rarely  white.    A.  rosea. 

Antennaria  stenophylla  Gray.  Stems  slender,  erect,  leafy,  10-15  cm.  high, 
without  stoloniferous  branches;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  3-6  cm.  long,  attenuate 
at  each  end,  covered  with  a  fine  appressed  silvery  wool;  heads  few,  in  a  dense 
cluster;  involucre  turbinate,  3-5  mm.  high;  bracts  obtuse,  dark  brown  or  in 
the  staminate  plant  the  inner  ones  white-tipped;  akenes  scabrous.  In  thin 
rocky  or  "  scab  "  lands,  locally  abundant. 

Antennaria  dimorpha  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Densely  tufted  from  stout  root- 
stocks,  2-5  cm.  high,  silvery  canescent  throughout;  leaves  spatulate  or  ob- 
lanceolate, mostly  acute,  1-2  cm.  long;  heads  solitary,  on  very  short  few  leaved 
stems;  staminate  heads  subglobose,  8  mm.  high,  the  involucral  scales  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse;  pappus  not  thickened  at  the  tip,  minutely  toothed;  pis- 
tillate head  subcylindric,  8-12  mm.  high,  with  broadly  lanceolate,  mostly  acute 
involucral  scales,  glabrous  except  at  base;  pappus  of  long  fine  smooth  bristles; 
akene  oblong-linear,  pubescent  with  short  hairs,  which  are  2-hooked  at  the 
summit.  Stony  soil,  often  occupying  considerable  areas.  /TO^/? 


Antennaria  geyeri  Gray.  Persistently  white-tomentose  throughout;  stems 
stout,  from  a  branched  woody  base,  8-20  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate  to  ob- 
lanceolate, acute,  1-2  cm.  long;  heads  densely  clustered;  involucres  very  woolly 
at  base,  cylindric  in  the  pistillate  heads,  8  mm.  long,  in  the  staminate  shorter; 
bracts  pink,  rarely  white,  acute  in  the  pistillate,  obtuse  in  the  staminate  heads; 
akenes  glandular.  Spokane  County. 

Antennaria  pulcherrima  (Hook.  )  Greene.  Loosely  white-  woolly  throughout  ; 
stems  erect,  30-50  cm.  high,  without  stolons;  lower  leaves  oblanceolate, 
acute,  10-15  cm.  long;  cauline  linear-lanceolate,  smaller;  heads  6-8  mm. 
high,  cymose,  in  a  rather  dense  cluster;  involucres  very  woolly  at  base;  bracts 
brownish  with  white  scarious  tips,  obtuse  or  in  the  pistillate  heads  often  acu- 
tish;  pappus-bristles  of  the  staminate  flowers  abruptly  dilated  at  the  tips. 
In  moist  ground. 

Antennaria  luzuloides  T.  &  G.  Tufted,  10-40  cm.  high,  silvery  through- 
out and  closely  woolly;  leaves  numerous,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
the  lowest  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  2-10  cm.  long;  heads  numerous,  in 
corymbs,  yellowish-white;  staminate  subglobose,  4  mm.  high,  the  inner  in- 
volucral bracts  obtuse,  with  ivory-white  papery  tips;  pappus  with  much  dilated 


256  COMPOSITAE. 

obtuse  tips;  pistillate  heads  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  pale  involucral  bracts 
thin,  scarious  at  the  tips;  akenes  glandular.     Stony  hillsides,  common. 

Antennaria  racemosa  Hook.  Perennial  by  stout  leafy  stolons;  stems 
slender,  erect,  15-40  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  basal  leaves  oval  or  ovate, 
obtuse,  green  and  glabrous  or  glabrate  above,  white-woolly  beneath,  1-3  cm. 
long,  cuneate  at  base,  petioled;  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  1-3 
cm.  long;  inflorescence  glandular,  racemose  or  somewhat  paniculate;  staminate 
heads  always  racemose,  subglobose,  4-6  mm.  high,  slender-peduncled,  the 
involucral  scales  brownish,  obtuse;  pappus  with  thickened  tips;  pistillate  heads 
usually  corymbose,  oblong,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  involucral  scales  greenish, 
narrow-tipped;  pappus  simple.  Open  woods,  in  the  mountains. 

Antennaria  howellii  Greene.  Stems  slender,  15-30  cm.  high,  grayish 
woolly;  stolons  prostrate,  leafy,  5-10  cm.  long;  basal  leaves  cuneate-oblanceo- 
late,  petioled,  1-nerved,  acutish,  3-5  cm.  long,  becoming  green  above,  per- 
sistently white-tomentose  beneath;  heads  in  a  close  cyme;  involucre  camparr 
ulate,  8  mm.  high;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  the  tips  white  and  scarious;  akenes 
glandular.  In  dry  open  pine  woods. 

Antennaria  parvifolia  Nutt.  (A.  aprica  Greene).  Persistently  grayish- 
tomentose  throughout;  stems  10-15  cm.  high;  stolons  short,  leafy;  leaves 
oblanceolate  to  obovate,  acute  to  obtuse,  about  2  cm.  long;  heads  rather  large, 
in  compact  clusters,  the  pistillate  6-8  mm.  high;  involucral  bracts  numerous, 
well  imbricated,  white  or  pinkish,  often  brownish  at  base,  acute  to  obtuse  on 
the  pistillate  heads,  more  broadly  obtuse  and  white  on  the  staminate.  Gravelly 
prairies  about  Spokane. 

Antennaria  rosea  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Greene.  Densely  white-tomentose  through- 
out; stems  slender,  20-30  cm.  high;  stolons  ascending;  leaves  narrowly  oblance- 
olate, acute,  15-20  mm.  long;  heads  in  rather  close  clusters;  involucres  5-6  mm. 
high;  pistillate  bracts  rose-colored,  rarely  white,  obtuse;  the  staminate  plant 
unknown.  In  dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil. 

381.   ANAPHALIS.     EVERLASTING. 

White-woolly  perennial  herbs  with  erect  leafy  stems  and  entire 
leaves;  heads  numerous,  small,  discoid,  dioecious  but  usually  with 
a  few  perfect  flowers  in  the  center  of  the  pistillate  heads ;  pappus 
bristles  of  staminate  flowers  little  if  at  all  thickened  at  the  apex, 
that  of  the  fertile  flowers  not  at  all  united  at  the  base. 

Anaphalis  margaritacea  occidentalis  Greene.  Stems  erect,  20-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  sessile;  heads  numerous,  in  a  terminal  corymb 
4-15  cm.  broad.  In  open  coniferous  woods. 

382.  XANTHIUM.     COCKLEBUR. 

Annual  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  petioled;  heads  monoecious, 
in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters  or  short  interrupted  spikes;  the 
pistillate  heads  2-flowered  and  below  the  several-flowered  stami- 
nate ones;  involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  of  several  distinct 
narrow  scales;  involucre  of  the  pistillate  heads  bur-like,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  closed,  indurated,  2-celled,  2-flowered,  armed  all  over  with 
strongly  hook-tipped  bristles ;  pappus  none;  corolla  none;  akenes 
obovoid,  thick. 


COMPOSITAE.  257 

Leaves   lanceolate,    bright   green   above,   white-tomentose 

beneath,  the  axils  bearing  spines.  X.  spinosum. 

Leaves  ovate  to  orbicular;  axils  without  spines. 

Body  of  the  burs  2.5-3  cm.  long;  prickles  about  100, 

hispid,  strongly  hooked.  X.  speciosum. 

Body  of  the  burs  1.5-2  cm.  long. 

Prickles  about  20,  about  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the 

body  of  the  narrowly  oblong  bur.  X.  oligacanthum. 

Prickles  50-70. 

Burs  oblong  or  slightly  ovate;  prickles  about  50, 
each  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the 
bur.  X.  affine. 

Burs  ovate;  prickles  about  70,  each  one  half  as 
long  as  the  diameter  of  the  bur.  X.  varians. 

Xanthium  spinosum  L.  Chinese  Thistle.  Much  branched,  the  stems 
decumbent  or  ascending,  pubescent,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  cuneate  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
white-tomentose  beneath,  green  and  shiny  above,  5-12  cm.  long;  axils  bearing 
stout  2-  or  3-parted  yellow  spines;  burs  oblong-cylindric,  solitary  or  2  or  3  in 
the  upper  axils,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  armed  with  slender  rather  weak  prickles  and 
beaked  with  1  or  2  stouter  ones.  Sparingly  introduced. 

Xanthium  speciosum  Kearney.  Cocklebur.  Coarse  and  stout,  15-90  cm. 
high,  scabrous  throughout;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  coarsely  toothed  or  some- 
what angularly  lobed,  cuneate  at  base,  5-10  cm.  long,  on  stout,  usually  longer 
petioles;  burs  about  4  cm.  long,  armed  with  numerous  hooked  spines,  the  two 
terminal  ones  stoutest,  all  of  them  glandular-hispid,  except  at  their  apexes, 
and  about  1  cm.  long.  Common  along  Snake  River. 

Xanthium  oligacanthum  Piper.  Stem  erect  or  spreading,  30-60  cm.  high, 
sparsely  hispid;  leaves  reniform-orbicular,  obscurely  lobed  and  crenate, 
harshly  scabrous,  hispid  on  both  faces,  the  petioles  as  long  as  or  longer  than 
the  blades;  burs  oblong,  the  body  1.5  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick,  the  stout  beaks 
somewhat  incurved;  prickles  15-25,  uncinate-tipped,  about  as  long  as  the 
diameter  of  the  bur;  surface  of  the  bur  and  base  of  prickles  pubescent.  Bolles, 
Piper;  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

Xanthium  affine  Greene.  Similar  to  X.  oligacanthum  in  foliage  and  habit ; 
beaks  of  the  burs  slender  with  long  incurving  tips;  prickles  numerous,  all 
hooked  at  the  tip,  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  bur,  their  bases 
as  well  as  the  spaces  between  covered  with  stout  hairs.  Common  about 
Spokane. 

Xanthium  varians  Greene.  Very  similar  to  X.  affine;  beaks  of  the  burs 
shorter  and  stouter;  prickles  less  numerous,  half  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the 
bur,  hirsute  at  base  as  is  also  the  body  of  the  bur.  Waitsburg,  Horner. 

383.  AMBROSIA.     RAGWEED. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  pinnately-lobed,  at  least  the 
lower  opposite;  heads  small,  greenish,  monoecious ;  pistillate  heads 
1-flowered,  in  terminal  bractless  racemes  or  spikes;  involucral- 
bracts  of  staminate  heads  united ;  pistillate  flowers  enclosed  in  an 
akene-like  1 -celled  involucre,  usually  armed  with  a  single  series  of 
tubercles  or  prickles ;  pappus  none ;  corollas  of  staminate  flowers 
broad,  5-toothed ;  of  the  pistillate  none;  akenes  ovoid  or  obovoid, 
thick. 
18 


258  COMPOSITAE. 

Leaves  all  opposite;  receptacle  not  chaffy.  A.  trifida. 
Leaves  opposite  and  alternate;  receptacle  chaffy. 

Fruiting  involucre  spiny;  leaves  thin.  A.  artemisiaefolia. 

Fruiting  involucre  tubercled ;  leaves  thick.  A .  psilostachya, 

Ambrosia  trifida  L.  Stems  stout,  1-6  m.  high,  rough-hairy;  leaves  rough- 
hairy,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate  and  serrate;  petioles  margined; 
fruit  obovoid,  tubercled.  Sparingly  introduced  from  the  eastern  states. 

Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia  diversifolia  Piper.  Annual,  with  many  slender 
branches,  pubescent,  30-90  cm.  high;  upper  leaves  alternate,  the  lower  op- 
posite, ovate  or  lanceolate,  the  uppermost  sessile,  often  entire  and  acute,  the 
others  variously  pinnately  lobed,  mostly  petioled;  blades  1-3  cm.  long; 
staminate  heads  numerous,  pedicelled,  drooping,  bractless,  the  involucre 
crenate;  pistillate  heads  solitary  or  clustered,  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils  below 
the  staminate  racemes;  fruit  3  mm.  long,  short-beaked,  armed  with  4-6 
teeth  or  spines.  Native  on  the  gravelly  banks  of  Snake  River  at  Almota. 

Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.  Perennial,  with  numerous  rootstocks,  hir- 
sutely  and  strigosely  pubescent;  stems  stout,  erect,  60-120  cm.  high;  leaves 
thick,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  once  or  twice  pinnately  cleft; 
lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  toothed;  staminate  heads  short-peduncled, 
in  strict  racemes;  pistillate  heads  solitary  in  the  axils;  fruit  obovoid  or  oblong, 
3  mm.  long,  short-pointed,  rough-reticulated,  unarmed  or  with  a  few  short 
teeth.  Introduced  sparingly  from  the  eastern  states. 

384.    GAERTNERIA. 

Herbs  (in  ours)  with  mostly  alternate  leaves ;  sterile  and  fertile 
heads  separate  or  sometimes  mixed  in  the  inflorescence;  fertile 
involucre  1-4-celled,  with  a  single  pistil  in  each  cell,  armed  with 
spines  in  more  than  one  row,  bur-like. 

Gaertneria  acanthicarpa  (Hook.)  Britt.  Annual,  erect  or  spreading, 
30-60  cm.  high,  loosely  branched,  hispid-pubescent;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  or 
the  upper  pinnatifid;  racemes  panicled;  fertile  involucre  1-flowered,  armed 
with  flat  subulate  spreading  straw-colored  spines.  Rare  on  the  gravelly 
banks  of  Snake  River. 

385.   COLEOSANTHUS. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves ;  heads 
whitish;  involucre  campanulate,  the  scales  imbricated,  lanceolate 
or  linear,  the  outer  shorter,  none  herbaceous;  receptacle  flat, 
naked ;  pappus  one  row  of  separate  capillary  barbed  or  scabrous 
bristles. 

Leaves  cordate-triangular,  coarsely  toothed.  C.  grandlflorus. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire.  C.  linifolius. 

Coleosanthus  grandiflorus  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.  Stems  herbaceous,  branched, 
erect  or  ascending,  60-90  cm.  high;  leaves  ovate  or  triangular-cordate,  coarsely 
toothed,  acuminate,  5-10  cm.  long,  puberulent,  on  slender  petioles;  heads 
paniculate,  drooping,  each  about  40-flowered;  involucral  bracts  thin,  the  outer 
short  and  ovate,  the  inner  oblong-linear;  akenes  minutely  hispid,  not  glandular, 
Banks  of  Spokane  River. 

Coleosanthus  linifolius  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Kuntze.  Sterns  numerous,  usually 
simple,  erect,  from  a  branched  woody  base,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong  or 


COMPOSITAE.  259 

oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  firm,  puberulent  and  viscidulous,  2-4  cm.  long; 
heads  peduncled,  erect,  many-flowered;  involucral  bracts  all  acute,  the  outer 
oblong-lanceolate,  short,  the  inner  linear;  akenes  glandular.  In  gravelly  or 
sandy  soil,  along  streams. 

386.   CHRYSOTHAMNUS.     RABBIT  BRUSH. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs;  leaves  narrow,  alternate;  heads  mostly 
small,  with  5-30  yellow  flowers,  in  corymbs,  cymes  or  panicles; 
flowers  all  perfect,  with  tubular  corollas;  rays  none;  involucre 
imbricated;  receptacle  flat;  pappus  simple,  of  copious  unequal 
tawny  capillary  bristles;  style-branches  with  appendages ;  akenes 
narrow,  terete  or  angular,  slightly  if  at  all  compressed. 

Chrysothamnus  nauseosus  (Pall.)  Britt.  Shrub,.  30-90  cm.  high,  with 
numerous,  erect,  somewhat  fascicled  branches,  these  densely  and  permanently 
white-woolly;  leaves  numerous,  narrowly-linear,  entire,  white-woolly,  some- 
what pungently  pointed,  2—6  cm.  long;  heads  numerous,  in  terminal  dense 
corymbs;  involucre  about  8  mm.  high;  the  bracts  acutish,  sparsely  tomentose 
or  glabrate;  corolla-tube  villous,  the  lobes  lanceolate;  akenes  linear;  pappus 
soft.  Very  abundant  in  the  sagebrush  region,  extending  up  the  valleys  and 
coulees  and  rarely  on  to  the  high  prairies. 

Chrysothamnus  nauseosus  graveolens  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Woolly  pubescence 
early  deciduous  or  scanty  from  the  first,  the  branches  and  leaves  becoming 
green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Very  abundant  with  the  species. 

387.   CIRSIUM.     THISTLE. 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  mostly 
pinnatifid  and  prickly;  heads  usually  large,  terminal,  many- 
flowered;  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  all  alike,  rarely  im- 
perfectly dioecious;  involucre  ovoid  or  spherical;  bracts  im- 
bricated, in  many  rows,  the  tips  scarious  or  prickly;  receptacle 
thickly  clothed  with  soft  bristles  or  hairs;  pappus  of  numerous 
bristles  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  plumose,  deciduous; 
akenes  oblong,  flattish,  not  ribbed. 

Dioecious;    heads    1-1.5    cm.    in    diameter;    perennial    by 

spreading  roots.  C,  arvense. 

Hermaphrodite;  heads  larger;  biennials. 

Outer  and  inner  bracts  all  with  spiny  tips.  C.  lanceolatum. 

Outer  bracts  spine-tipped;  inner  ones  unarmed. 

Involucre  loose,  the  outer  bracts  nearly  or  quite  as 

long  as  the  inner.  C.  edule. 

Involucre  close,  the  outer  bracts  much  shorter  than  the 

inner. 

Heads    clustered,    subsessile,    leafy;    bracts    her- 
baceous, not  glandular  on  the  back.  C.  foliosum. 
Heads  not  clustered,  peduncled;  bracts  coriaceous, 

glandular  on  the  back. 

Outer  bracts  with  spines  nearly  as  long.  C.  ochrocentrum. 

Outer  bracts  with  much  shorter  spines. 

Leaves  canescent   on   both   sides;   flowers 

usually  pink.  C.  undulatum. 

Leaves  green  above;  flowers  whitish.  C.  palousense. 


260  COMPOSITAE. 

Cirsium  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Canada  Thistle.  Perennial,  with  slender 
creeping  rootstocks;  whole  plant  green,  thinly  tomentose  when  young,  be- 
coming glabrous,  much  branched,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  numerous,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pinnately-lobed,  sessile  and  somewhat  clasping  at  base,  10-20  cm. 
long;  prickles  numerous,  rather  weak;  heads  small,  corymbed,  dioecious; 
staminate  heads  globose,  the  flowers  much  exserted;  pistillate  heads  oblong- 
cam  panulate,  the  flowers  scarcely  projecting;  bracts  of  the  involucre  well 
imbricated,  somewhat  ciliate,  the  short  ovate  outer  ones  spine-tipped,  the 
inner  ones  lanceolate,  soft-tipped;  flowers  pink-purple.  Becoming  quite 
commonly  introduced. 

Cirsium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Scop.  Bull  Thistle.  Stems  stout,  somewhat 
woolly,  usually  branched,  leafy  to  the  top,  100-150  cm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate, 
deeply  pinnatifid,  hispid-pubescent  but  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath, 
decurrent  at  base,  6-15  cm.  long,  armed  with  numerous  stout  prickles;  heads 
large,  on  stout  leafy  peduncles;  involucre  well  imbricated,  sparsely  woolly; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  all  tipped  with  stout  erect  spiny  points;  flowers 
purple.  Abundantly  introduced. 

Cirsium  edule  Nutt.  Stems  usually  tall  and  nearly  simple,  1-2  m.  high, 
thinly  pubescent;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  pinnately-lobed,  pubescent 
above,  woolly  beneath,  but  soon  green  and  glabrate  on  both  sides,  5-20  cm. 
long;  prickles  rather  weak;  heads  large,  usually  clustered,  short-peduncled, 
often  surrounded  by  the  upper  leaves;  involucre  persistently  white-woolly; 
bracts  loose,  all  tapering  to  slender  rather  weak  prickly  points,  the  outer 
broader  and  shorter,  not  glandular;  corolla  purple,  the  lobes  thickened  at  the 
tips,  shorter  than  the  throat;  pappus-bristles  a  little  thickened  at  the  tips. 
Moist  places  in  the  mountains. 

Cirsium  foliosum  (Hook.)  DC.  Stems  stout,  erect,  simple,  about  1  m. 
high,  very  leafy,  villous  and  somewhat  woolly;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  pinnately-lobed,  green  and  villous  above,  permanently  white- 
woolly  beneath,  10-50  cm.  long,  only  the  lowest  petioled;  prickles  numerous, 
weak  and  slender;  heads  large,  few,  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster,  surrounded 
at  base  by  the  upper  leaves  which  are  usually  reddish;  involucral-bracts 
loosely  imbricated,  thin,  flat,  the  outer  acuminate,  sometimes  with  a  weak 
prickly  point,  the  inner  with  scarious  dilated  somewhat  fringed  tips;  flowers 
pink,  the  corolla-lobes  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  throat.  North  hillsides, 
common.  A  peculiar  plant,  apparently  a  hybrid  between  this  species  and 
C.  palousense,  sometimes  occurs  in  its  company. 

Cirsium  ochrocentrum  Gray.  Stout  and  tall,  1-2  m.  high;  leaves  mostly 
deeply  pinnatifid,  white  woolly  on  both  surfaces,  less  so  above,  strongly  armed 
with  stout  yellow  prickles;  heads  2-5  cm.  high,  solitary  on  stout  peduncles; 
bracts  coriaceous,  the  outer  ones  with  a  glandular  line  on  the  back,  each  armed 
with  a  stout  prickle  as  long  as  the  bract;  flowers  purple  or  cream-colored. 
Blue  Mountains,  infrequent. 

Cirsium  undulatum  (Nutt.)  Spreng.  Stout,  erect,  50-200  cm.  high,  the 
whole  plant  except  the  heads  persistently  white-tomentose,  or  the  leaves 
sometimes  glabrate  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnately-lobed  or  parted,  5-15 
cm.  long;  prickles  few  or  numerous,  rather  stout;  heads  large,  on  stout  pe- 
duncles; involucre  well  imbricated,  the  bracts  thick,  with  a  glandular  spot  near 
the  tip,  all  tipped  with  spreading  prickly  points;  corollas  rose-red  or  whitish, 
the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  throat;  pappus  bristles  a  little  thickened  at  the 
apex.  Along  Snake  River,  common,  and  about  Spokane. 

Cirsium  palousense  Piper  n.  comb.  (Carduus  palousensis  Piper).  Stem 
erect,  loosely  branched  above,  30-90  cm.  high,  tomentose  when  young, 
becoming  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  into  rather  few  lobes, 
early  becoming  green  and  glabrous  .above,  persistently  white-woolly 


COMPOSITAE.  26l 

beneath,  5-15  cm.  long;  prickles  few;  heads  large,  on  nearly  naked  long 
peduncles;  involucre  hemispheric;  the  bracts  firm,  closely  imbricated 
in  several  successively  shorter  ranks;  all  prickly  pointed  and  bearing 
an  oblong  or  linear  glandular  spot  near  the  tip;  flowers  yellowish-white; 
corolla-lobes  shorter  than  the  throat.  Common  on  the  prairies. 

388.  CHAENACTIS. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  1-3- 
pinnately  dissected;  heads  medium  or  large,  peduncled,  terminat- 
ing the  branches ;  ray-flowers  none ;  flowers  yellow,  white  or  flesh 
colored,  all  perfect  and  tubular  but  an  outer  series  more  or  less 
enlarged  simulating  rays;  involucre  campanulate  or  hemispher- 
ical; bracts  equal,  in  1-2  rows;  pappus  of  4-12  awnless  and  nearly 
or  quite  nerveless  hyaline  or  chaffy  scales;  akenes  slender,  linear, 
tapering  to  the  base,  more  or  less  4-angled. 

Chaenactis  douglasii  (Hook.)  H.  &  A.  Perennial,  loosely  white-tomentose 
throughout,  erect,  30-50  cm.  high,  branched  above;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
in  outline,  5-10  cm.  long,  bipinnately  parted  into  numerous  rather  crowded 
obtuse  segments;  heads  corymbed ;  involucre  viscid-pubescent,  10-12  mm.  high; 
bracts  linear,  obtuse;  flowers  all  alike,  cream-colored  or  pinkish;  akenes  pu- 
bescent, those  of  the  outer  flowers  often  glandular;  pappus  of  8-12  large  obtuse 
silvery  scales,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  akenes  or  in  the  outer  flowers  only 
one-third  as  long.  Gravelly  soil. 

389.  MATRICARIA. 

Herbs;  very  similar  to  Chrysanthemum  but  ray-flowers  none 
(in  ours) ;  involucre  hemispherical  or  flatter,  of  numerous  more 
or  less  scarious  appressed  scales,  in  few  rows;  receptacle  high- 
conical  or  ovate;  pappus  none  or  a  minute  crown. 

Matricaria  matricarioides  (Less.)  Porter.  Annual,  5-20  cm.  high,  simple 
or  branched,  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrous;  leaves  oblong,  1-3  cm.  long, 
once  or  twice  pinnately  dissected  into  small  linear  acute  segments;  heads  5-9 
mm.  high,  terminating  short  stout  peduncles;  involucre  saucer-shaped,  the 
scales  oblong,  obtuse,  green,  with  scarious  margins;  ray- flowers  none;  disk- 
flowers  yellowish-green;  receptacle  conical;  akenes  oblong;  pappus  represented 
by  a  low  sometimes  1-2 -toothed  crown.  Dry  ground,  very  common. 

j&**-/%*  , 

390.   RUDBECKIA. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate;  heads  many-flowered, 
mostly  with  sterile  ray-flowers  but  rayless  in  ours;  disk-flowers 
perfect;  receptacle  elongated,  becoming  columnar;  pappus  a 
chaff-like  cup  or  4  chaffy  teeth  more  or  less  united  into  a  cup; 
akenes  quadrangular  and  mostly  laterally  compressed. 

Rudbeckia  occidentalis  Nutt.  Stems  erect,  50-100  cm.  tall,  smooth; 
leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate  or  nearly  entire,  short-petioled  or 
the  upper  sessile,  usually  pubescent  beneath,  smooth  above,  6-12  cm.  long; 
heads  rayless;  disk  at  length  ovate-conical  or  columnar,  3-5  cm.  long,  dark- 
brown;  involucre  loose,  foliaceous;  akenes  3  mm.  long;  pappus  merely  a  low 
scarious  rim  on  the  apex  of  the  akene.  Moist  open  places,  in  the  mountains. 


262  COMPOSITAE. 

391.   PSILOCARPHUS. 

Low  woolly  annuals;  leaves  entire,  mostly  opposite;  heads 
small,  discoid,  many-flowered,  in  terminal  capitate  clusters  and 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  surrounded  by  the  upper  leaves; 
fertile  flowers  numerous,  in  several  series  on  the  globular  chaffy 
receptacle;  pappus  none;  akene  loose  in  the  bladder-like  bract, 
oblong  or  narrower,  slightly  compressed. 

Heads  sparsely  covered  with  long  loose  woolly  hairs.  P.  elalior. 

Heads  covered  with  short  close  wool.  P.  oreganus. 

Psilocarphus  elatior  Gray.  Erect  and  simple  or  more  commonly  branched 
from  the  base  and  spreading,  5-10  cm.  high,  loosely  white- woolly  throughout; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-spatulate,  1-2  cm.  long;  heads  6-8  mm.  broad, 
subtended  by  leaves;  fruiting  bracts  appressed,  tomentose;  akenes  cylindrical. 
Common  in  low  ground,  especially  dried-up  ponds. 

Psilocarphus  oreganus  Nutt.  Stems  ascending,  2-5  cm.  high;  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  8-10  mm.  long;  heads  covered  with  close  wool;  bracts 
2  mm.  long;  akenes  cylindric.  In  dried-up  ponds,  Spokane  County. 

392.   CHRYSANTHEMUM. 

Herbs;  heads  many- flowered ;  ray-flowers  usually  elongated, 
numerous,  pistillate;  disk-flowers  usually  all  fertile;  involucre 
hemispherical  or  flatter,  the  scales  more  or  less  scarious,  short- 
appressed,  imbricated  in  several  rows;  receptacle  flat  or  convex, 
naked;  pappus  none;  disk-corollas  often  flattened  or  2-winged 
below,  4-  or  5-toothed ;  akenes  short,  nearly  terete,  several  ribbed 
or  angled,  truncate  at  apex. 

Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  pinnatifidum  Lecoq.  &  Lemotte.  Oxeye 
Daisy.  Perennial,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  usually  simple; 
basal  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  incisely  pinnatifid  or  toothed;  cauline  smaller, 
sessile  and  partly  clasping,  linear;  heads  3-5  cm.  broad,  on  long  naked  pe- 
duncles; involucral-bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  rusty  at  tip;  rays  20-30, 
white;  akenes  many-ribbed,  pappus  none.  Sparingly  introduced. 

393.   ACHILLEA. 

Perennial  herbs,  rather  strong-scented;  leaves  alternate,  ser- 
rate or  pinnately  dissected;  heads  small,  in  corymbs,  many- 
flowered;  flowers  yellow,  white  or  sometimes  rose-colored,  all 
fertile;  ray-flowers  few  or  several,  mostly  short  or  broad,  pis- 
tillate; involucre  narrow,  the  scales  imbricated  in  a  few  rows, 
appressed;  receptacle  flattish  to  conical,  with  thin  chaff;  pappus 
none;  akenes  oblong  or  ovate,  obcompressed,  surrounded  by  a 
narrow  and  cartilaginous  margin. 

Achillea  milleiolium  lanulosa  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Yarrow  or  Milfoil.  Peren- 
nial, erect,  usually  tufted,  30-60  cm.  high,  loosely  pubescent  throughout  with 
white  somewhat  woolly  hairs;  basal-leaves  short-petioled,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  8-20  cm.  long,  pinnately  divided  into  very  numerous  segments; 


COMPOSITAE.  263 

segments  once  or  twice  pinnately-cleft  or  parted  into  linear  acute  lobes; 
heads  small,  numerous,  in  convex  or  flat-topped  terminal  corymbs;  involucre 
ovoid  or  subglobose,  3-5  mm.  high;  rays  4  or  5,  white,  2-4  mm.  long.  Abun- 
dant everywhere. 

394.   ANTHEMIS. 

Herbs;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  tripinnately  divided;  heads 
many-flowered;  ray-flowers  numerous,  commonly  conspicuous, 
pistillate  or  sometimes  sterile;  disk-flowers  fertile;  involucre 
broad,  the  scales  very  numerous,  imbricated  and  appressed; 
receptacle  convex  to  oblong-conical,  chaffy,  with  slender  or  thin 
scales  or  awns,  subtending  at  least  the  central  flowers;  pappus 
none,  or  a  short  chaffy  crown;  akenes  obovoid  or  oblong,  4- or  5- 
angled,  8-10-ribbed  or  many-striate,  truncate  at  the  apex. 

Leaves  glabrous,  ill-scented;  rays  neutral.  A.  cotula. 

Leaves  pubescent,  not  ill-scented;  rays  fertile.  A.  arvensis. 

Anthemis  cotula  L.  Dog  Fennel.  May-weed.  Annual,  much  branched, 
puberulent  or  glabrate,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  1-3  times  pinnately-dissected 
into  thread-like  lobes;  heads  2  cm.  broad;  receptacle  conical,  with  bristly 
bracts  near  the  apex,  none  at  the  margin;  involucral  bracts  oblong,  obtuse, 
pubescent;  rays  white,  10-18,  becoming  reflexed  in  age;  akenes  10-ribbed, 
roughened;  pappus  none.  A  weed,  becoming  common;  the  herbage  strong 
scented. 

Anthemis  arvensis  L.  Corn  Chamomile.  Pubescent  annual  herb  re- 
sembling A.  cotula  but  not  ill-scented;  leaves  less  finely  1-2-pinnately  parted; 
chaff  lanceolate,  pointed,  subtending  and  exceeding  all  the  disk-flowers; 
akenes  smooth;  pappus  a  minute  border.  Sparingly  introduced. 

395.   MADIA.     TARWEED. 

Annuals;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  toothed, 
at  least  the  upper  alternate;  heads  peduncled,  clustered;  flowers 
yellow;  ray-flowers  1-20  and  pistillate,  or  rarely  wanting;  disk- 
flowers  1-5,  perfect;  receptacle  chaffy  only  at  the  margin; 
pappus  none  or  of  several  small  scales  in  the  sterile  flowers;  ray- 
akenes  laterally  compressed,  enclosed  in  the  infolded  involucral- 
scales;  disk-akenes  laterally  compressed. 

Heads  small,  long-peduncled;  disk  flower  solitary.  M.  exigua. 
Heads  larger,  sessile  or  short-peduncled;  disk  flowers  several. 

Involucres  laterally  compressed;  heads  densely  glomerate.  M.  glomerata. 
Involucres  campanulate;  heads  loose  or  scattered. 

Akenes  of  the  rays  broad;  herbage  lemon-scented.  M.  citriodora. 

Akenes  of  the  rays  compressed;  herbage  heavy-scented.  M.  racemosa. 

Madia  exigua  (Smith)  Greene.  Stems  slender,  erect,  usually  branched 
above,  hirsute-pubescent  below,  glandular  above,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  linear, 
1-3  cm.  long;  heads  2-3  mm.  high,  long-peduncled,  loosely  corymbed;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  4-8,  enclosing  as  many  ray-flowers  which  scarcely  exceed  the 
bracts;  disk-flowers  solitary;  akenes  black,  obovate,  but  lop-sided,  that  of  the 
disk-flower  straight,  those  of  the  ray-flowers  curved.  Dry  ground,  rather 
common. 


264  COMPOSITAE. 

Madia  glomerata  Hook.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  with  erect  branches, 
very  leafy  to  the  top,  30-100  cm.  high,  hirsute,  the  inflorescence  glandular; 
leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  ascending,  2-6  cm.  long,  scabrous  and  hirsute; 
heads  densely  crowded,  at  length  somewhat  racemose;  rays  few  or  none, 
short;  disk-flowers  2-5;  corollas  pubescent;  akenes  black,  club-shaped,  those 
of  the  ray-flowers  flattened  and  1 -nerved  on  each  face,  those  of  the  disk- flowers 
somewhat  4-angled;  pappus  wanting.  Very  common.  M.  ramosa  Piper  is 
probably  only  a  slender  loosely  branched  form. 

Madia  citriodora  Greene.  Stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched 
above;  herbage  villous,  slightly  glandular  in  the  inflorescence,  lemon-scented; 
leaves  linear,  narrow,  entire  or  nearly  so;  heads  peduncled,  corymbose;  rays  8 
or  9,  yellow,  3-lobed;  marginal  bracts  of  the  receptacle  somewhat  united;  ray- 
akenes  rounded  on  the  back,  obovate-triangular,  smooth.  Waitsburg,  Homer. 

Madia  racemosa  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Stems  erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  simple  or 
branched  above,  hirsute  below,  glandular  above;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  2-8  cm.  long;  heads  6-10  mm.  high,  hemispherical  or  broadly  ovoid, 
racemosely  or  corymbosely  arranged,  commonly  peduncled;  corolla  pubescent; 
rays  5-8,  rarely  10;  disk-flowers  few;  akenes  flattened  and  nerved  on  the 
broader  faces  or  the  nerve  lacking;  pappus  none.  Very  variable  and  as  here 
described  including  M.  dissitiflora  T.  &  G.,  whose  supposed  distinctions  break 
down  completely. 

396.   BALSAMORRHIZA. 

Low  perennials;  leaves  mostly  radical;  heads  large,  usually 
solitary;  flowers  yellow;  receptacle  flat  or  barely  convex  with 
linear-lanceolate  chaff;  pappus  none;  ray-akenes  obcomprecsed ; 
disk-akenes  prismatic-quadrangular  or  laterally  compressed. 

Leaves  sagittate,  entire,  canescent.  B.  sagittata. 

Leaves  deltoid,  laciniate,  green.  B.  terebinthacea. 

Balsamorhiza  sagittata  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Root  stout  and  woody,  resinous, 
the  bark  coarsely  ridged;  basal  leaves  erect  or  nearly  so,  sagittate-hastate  or 
oblong-cordate,  entire,  silvery-canescent,  10-25  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles 
about  as  long  or  longer;  cauline  leaves  few,  small,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate; 
peduncles  hardly  exceeding  the  leaves,  30-50  cm.  high;  involucre  white-woolly, 
3-4  cm.  broad;  rays  10-25,  yellow,  entire  and  acute  or  rarely  few-toothed  at 
the  apex.  Very  plentiful,  on  open  prairies.  /^hnrX— y^fiy 

Balsamorhiza  terebinthacea  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Herbage  green  or  very  slightly 
canescent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  incisely  toothed  or  cleft,  but 
sometimes  merely  dentate,  scabrous,  10-20  cm.  long,  becoming  rigid  when 
mature;  stems  several,  20-30  cm.  high,  bearing  2  linear-lanceolate  small  leaves 
near  the  middle;  involucre  woolly,  its  bracts  subequal;  akenes  glabrous. 
On  bare  or  rocky  soil,  Blue  Mountains,  and  Craig  Mountains,  Idaho. 

397.   HEMIZONIA. 

Mostly  annual  herbs,  usually  more  or  less  glandular  and  viscid 
and  heavy-scented;  leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite; 
heads  not  large,  many-  or  sometimes  few-flowered;  involucral 
bracts  rounded  on  the  back,  partly  enclosing  the  turgid  more  or 
less  oblique  ray-akenes;  disk-akenes  abortive  or  infertile. 


COMPOSITAE.  265 

Hemizonia  pungens  (H.  &  A.)  T.  &  G.  Hairy,  but  only  slightly 
glandular;  stems  30-60  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  bipinnatifid,  cauline  simply 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  very  sharp-pointed; 
the  leaves  on  the  branchlets  entire,  small  and  crowded,  rigid,  spine-tipped; 
involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  spine-tipped;  receptacle  convex;  rays  short, 
narrow,  toothed  at  the  apex;  pappus  none.  Introduced  about  Walla  Walla 
from  California. 

398.  LAGOPHYLLA. 

Annuals;  stem  slender,  much-branched;  leaves  alternate  or 
opposite,  mostly  entire;  heads  small,  few-flowered;  ray-flowers 
about  5,  pistillate,  fertile;  disk-flowers  as  many,  perfect  but 
sterile ;  involucre  of  as  many  scales  as  the  ray-flowers ;  receptacle 
small  and  flat;  pappus  none;  ray-akenes  obovate,  much  ob- 
compressed,  smooth,  enclosed  by  the  base  of  the  involucral  bract; 
disk-akenes  slender  and  abortive. 

Lagophylla  ramosissima  Nutt.  Erect,  loosely  branched,  15-70  cm.  high; 
stems  light  colored,  puberulent;  leaves  all  but  the  lowest  attenuate,  entire, 
linear-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  somewhat  spatulate,  1-3  cm.  long,  all  white 
villous;  heads  5-6  mm.  long,  in  small  clusters  on  the  leafy  branches;  involucral- 
bracts  ciliate  with  long  hairs,  and  usually  with  a  few  stalked  glands  on  the 
back;  rays  yellow,  small;  akenes  3  mm.  long,  club-shaped,  with  a  ridge  down 
the  inner  face.  Dry  ground,  common. 

399.  ERICAMERIA. 

Low  tufted  half  shrubs  with  linear  leaves,  which  are  punctate 
and  resinous;  heads  in  corymbose  panicles;  involucral  bracts 
chartaceous,  imbricated  in  several  rows;  flowers  few,  white  or 
cream-colored;  pappus  bristles  unequal,  slender,  dull  white  or 
yellowish. 

Ericameria  nana  Nutt.  Forming  much-branched  depressed  tufts  10-12 
cm.  high,  30  cm.  or  more  broad;  herbage  glabrous  but  gummy;  leaves  small, 
linear  to  narrowly  spatulate,  rigid,  acute,  6-12  mm.  long;  heads  corymbed 
or  rarely  solitary;  involucre  turbinate,  the  bracts  lanceolate,  very  acute, 
chartaceous,  a  few  outer  ones  passing  into  the  leaves;  flowers  white  or  cream- 
colored;  ray-flowers  4-6,  small;  disk-flowers  8-12,  their  corollas  deeply  cleft; 
styles  setaceous,  hispid.  On  rocks,  Snake  River  canyon  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tukanon  and  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

400.   MACHAERANTHERA. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  leafy-stemmed  branched  herbs; 
leaves  alternate,  entire,  serrate  or  pinnatifid;  heads  showy, 
terminating  the  branches;  involucre  of  imbricated  canescent 
bracts  in  numerous  rows  and  with  herbaceous  or  foliaceous 
usually  spreading  or  reflexed  tips;  ray-flowers  numerous,  violet 
to  red  or  purple,  pistillate;  disk-flowers  perfect,  yellow,  changing 
to  red  or  brown;  pappus  of  numerous  stiff  rough  unequal  bristles; 
akenes  narrowed  below,  pubescent. 


266  COMPOSITAE. 

Machaeranthera  canescens  viscosa  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Biennial,  erect,  much 
branched  above,  and  simple  or  branching  at  the  base,  30-60  cm.  high,  whitish- 
puberulent  throughout;  leaves  rigid,  linear-lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulate, 
cuspidately-toothed  or  entire,  2-6  cm.  long,  those  of  the  flowering  branches 
much  reduced;  heads  usually  numerous,  paniculate  or  corymbosely  arranged; 
involucre  turbinate-campanulate,  10-15  mm.  broad,  the  bracts  in  numerous 
imbricated  ranks,  the  tips  green,  very  glandular  on  the  upper  side,  at  length 
spreading  or  recurved;  rays  purple  or  violet,  8-10  mm.  long;  akenes  canescent; 
pappus  sordid.  Dry  soil,  often  abundant  and  becoming  a  weed. 

401.   ERIGERON.     FLEABANE. 

Herbs ;  very  similar  to  Aster,  but  differing  in  the  usually  naked  - 
peduncled  heads;  involucre  simpler,  of  narrow  and  erect  equal 
bracts,  not  coriaceous  and  without  herbaceous  tips;  rays  narrower 
and  usually  very  numerous,  often  in  more  than  one  row;  pappus 
more  scanty  or  fragile,  sometimes  with  a  conspicuous  short  outer 
row;  style  appendages  very  short  and  roundish  or  obtuse ;  akenes 
mostly  2-nerved. 

Rays  very  short  or  wanting. 

Plant  low;  head  solitary.  E.  bloomeri. 

Plants  tall;  heads  several  to  many. 

Rays  wanting;  leaves  firm;  root  perennial.  E.  inornatus. 

Rays  present,  very  short;  root  annual  or  biennial. 

Annual;  heads  panicled;  involucre  glabrous.  E.  canadensis. 

Biennial;  heads  corymbose;  involucre  hairy.  E.  acris. 

Rays  conspicuous,  much  surpassing  the  disk. 
Roots  annual  or  biennial,  fibrous. 

Stems  diffusely  branched ;  rays  white  or  violet.  E.  diver  gens, 

Stems  erect,  branched  above;  rays  white.  E.  ramosus. 

Roots  stout;  plants  perennial. 

Tall  species  with  flat,  rather  broad  and  large  leaves. 

Involucre  viscid;  rays  30—50,  broad.  E.  membranaceus. 

Involucre    smooth    or    hirsute;    rays    100-150, 

narrow. 

Leaves  entire;  ray  flowers  violet.  E.  speciosus. 

Leaves  dentate;  ray  flowers  pink.  E.  philadelphicus. 

Low  species;  leaves  narrow. 

Rays  yellow;  leaves  linear,  entire.  E.  filifolius. 

Rays  not  yellow. 

Leaves  parted  into  linear  lobes.  E.  compositus. 

Leaves  entire,  narrow. 

Stems    simple,    scapiform;    head    always 

solitary.  E.  poliospermus. 

Stems   branched,    leafy,    usually   bearing 

several  heads. 

Pubescence  long  and  dense.  E.  hispidissimus. 

Pubescence  short. 

Radical     leaves    linear-lanceolate, 

3-nerved.  E.  corymbosus. 

Radical  leaves  filiform  or   linear, 

1-nerved.  E.  linearis. 

Erigeron  bloomeri  Gray.  Perennial,  densely  tufted,  from  a  woody  base; 
pubescence  fine  and  appressed;  basal  leaves  spatulate-linear,  2-6  cm.  long, 


COMPOSITAE.  267 

the  cauline  linear;  stems  5-15  cm.  high,  each  bearing  a  single  head,  this  10-12 
cm.  high;  involucre  villous,  the  bracts  equal;  rays  none;  pappus  simple; 
akenes  glabrous.  Stony  ridges,  Blue  Mountains. 

Erigeron  inornatus  Gray.  (E.  eradiatus  (Gray)  Piper.)  Perennial  from 
a  woody  base,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute,  green,  leafy;  stems  few,  erect, 
rather  rigid,  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  linear,  2-5  cm.  long,  only  2-4  mm.  wide; 
heads  cymose,  whitish,  rayless;  involucres  campanulate,  the  bracts  glabrous 
and  unequal;  pappus  simple;  akenes  pubescent.  In  dry  pine  woods,  Blue 
Mountains. 

Erigeron  canadensis  L.  Annual,  strictly  erect,  simple  or  with  erect 
branches,  usually  30-100  cm.  high,  loosely  hirsute  throughout;  leaves  numer- 
ous, linear,  entire  or  the  lower  spatulate  and  incisely  lobed  or  dentate;  heads 
panicled,  very  numerous,  small,  3-5  mm.  high;  involucres  cylindric;  rays 
whitish,  very  small.  Native  but  weedy  in  habit  and  abundant  in  cultivated 
land. 

Erigeron  acris  L.  Biennial,  erect,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent,  30-60 
cm.  high;  basal  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate;  cauline  lanceolate,  sessile,  all 
entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long;  heads  paniculate  or  corymbose,  6-8 
mm.  broad;  involucre  puberulent  and  somewhat  hirsute;  rays  very  narrow, 
pinkish,  equalling  the  disk,  within  them  a  series  of  tubular  filiform  pistillate 
flowers;  akenes  smooth;  pappus  copious,  brownish.  Open  woods,  in  the 
mountains. 

Erigeron  divergens  T.  &  G.  Annual,  usually  tufted  and  branched,  soft- 
hirsute  throughout,  leafy  to  the  top;  lower  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  2-8  cm. 
long;  upper  cauline  lanceolate,  sessile,  smaller,  all  entire  or  sometimes  toothed 
or  lobed;  heads  numerous,  short-peduncled;  involucre  4-5  mm.  high,  hirsute; 
rays  white  or  violet,  very  numerous,  5-6  mm.  long;  pappus  double,  the  inner 
of  a  few  deciduous  bristles,  the  outer  persistent,  very  short,  about  as  long  as 
the  breadth  of  the  akenes;  receptacle  becoming  convex.  Sandy  soil,  in- 
frequent. 

Erigeron  ramosus  septentrionalis  Fernald  &  Wiegand.  Annual  or  biennial, 
erect,  branched  above,  sparsely  hirsute,  leafy  to  the  top;  lower  leaves  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  dentate,  the  blades  5-8  cm.  long;  upper  cauline 
lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  smaller;  heads  loosely  corymbed;  involucre  3—4  mm. 
high,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  bristly  hairs;  rays  white,  numerous,  short,  4-6 
mm.  long;  pappus  of  the  disk-flowers  double,  the  inner  of  few  deciduous  bristles, 
the  outer  of  short  persistent  scales;  ray-flowers  with  few  or  no  bristles  to  the 
pappus.  Meadows,  uncommon. 

Erigeron  membranaceus  Greene.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  30-60  cm.  high 
or  dwarfed  in  high  alpine  forms;  leaves  thin  and  glabrous  except  ,the  ciliate 
margin,  the  lower  oblong-spatulate,  10-15  cm.  long,  the  upper  lanceolate 
to  ovate- lanceolate;  heads  solitary  or  several,  all  on  long  peduncles,  each  2-2.5 
cm.  broad;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  viscid,  often  purple- 
tinged;  rays  about  30,  violet,  10  mm.  long;  akenes  sparsely  pubescent.  Abun- 
dant in  the  Blue  Mountains  at  and  above  the  limits  of  trees.  Some  high  alpine 
forms  have  all  the  leaves  narrow. 

Erigeron  speciosus  DC.  Perennial,  tufted,  sparingly  hirsute  or  nearly 
glabrous;  stems  30-50  cm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  erect;  leaves  lanceolate, 
entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  usually  ciliate  at  least  at  the  base;  the  upper  cauline 
sessile  by  a  broad  base;  the  lower  and  radical  petioled,  5-15  cm.  long;  heads 
few,  in  a  loose  corymb;  involucre  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous,  5-6  mm.  high; 
rays  about  100,  narrow,  violet,  about  1  cm.  long;  akenes  pubescent;  pappus 
double,  the  outer  bristles  very  short.  Gravelly  soil,  infrequent.  -^ 


268  COMPOSITAE. 

Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Perennial,  sparsely  hairy ;  stems  erect,  branched 
above,  30-90  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  dentate, 
3-6  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole;  cauline  mostly  entire,  sessile  and 
half-clasping;  heads  numerous  in  a  cyme;  involucre  hemispheric;  rays  pink, 
numerous,  very  narrow;  akenes  puberulent.  Moist  banks  and  meadows. 

Erigeron  filifolius  (Hook.)  Nutt.  (E.  peycephyllus  Gray.)  Perennial, 
green  or  slightly  canescent,  the  pubescence  minute  and  appressed;  stems  10-30 
cm.  high,  erect,  little  branched;  leaves  linear  or  slightly  dilated  at  tip,  2-5 
cm.  long;  involucre  6-8  mm.  high,  hirsute,  bracts  unequal;  rays  20-40,  golden 
yellow,  about  1  cm.  long;  pappus  double.  In  thin  rocky  soil. 

Erigeron  compositus  Pursh.  Pernnial,  tufted  from  a  woody  crown; 
leaves  hirsute  or  glabrous;  basal  leaves  long-petioled,  the  blade  1-3-times 
ternately  divided  into  linear  obtuse  lobes,  4-10  mm.  long;  cauline  sessile, 
mostly  linear  and  entire;  flowering  stems  6-15  cm.  high,  bearing  solitary  heads; 
rays  30-50,  pink  or  white,  6-10  mm.  long;  akenes  short-pubescent;  pappus 
simple.  In  sandy  soil.  <^XTT>£  —  4%w&f 

Erigeron  poliospermus  Gray.  Perennial,  in  dense  tufts,  sparsely  hispid 
throughout;  stems  numerous,  simple,  2-10  cm.  high,  each  bearing  a  single 
head;  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  the  petioles  slender;  involucre  densely  hairy, 
the  bracts  narrow;  rays  20-30,  violet  or  white,  rather  broad;  akenes  white 
hairy;  pappus  double.  In  dry  soil,  most  common  in  the  sagebrush  region. 

Erigeron  hispidissimus  (Hook.).  Piper  (E.  concinnus  T.  &  G.).  Perennial, 
erect,  commonly  tufted  from  a  stout  crown,  10-30  cm.  high,  very  pubescent, 
with  long  and  soft  hairs;  leaves  spatulate-linear,  entire,  2-8  cm.  long,  nearly 
erect;  heads  loosely  corymbed;  involucre  hirsute,  5  mm.  high;  rays  white, 
pink  or  violet,  numerous,  5-6  mm.  long;  pappus  double,  the  outer  short  but 
conspicuous.  Dry  ground,  common  about  Spokane,  x^*- 

Erigeron  corymbosus  Nutt.  Perennial,  tufted,  erect  or  decumbent,  15-50 
cm.  high,  harshly  pubescent  throughout;  radical  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
spatulate,  3-nerved,  6-15  cm.  long;  cauline  linear,  1-nerved,  acuminate,  sessile, 
gradually  smaller  to  the  top;  heads  slender-peduncled,  sometimes  solitary, 
mostly  in  loose  corymbs;  involucre  7-8  mm.  high,  whitish,  hirsute;  rays  30-50, 
violet,  rarely  white,  6-12  mm.  long;  pappus  double,  the  outer  bristles  very  short, 
sometimes  wanting.  Common  on  grassy  prairies. 

Erigeron  linearis  (Hook.)  Piper.  Perennial,  the  caudex  woody,  branched; 
pubescence  whitish,  fine  and  appressed;  stems  15-50  cm.  high,  loosely  branched 
above  and  bearing  few  to  many  heads;  leaves  linear  or  slightly  dilated  at  tip, 
firm,  2-5  cm.  long;  involucre  4-5  mm.  high,  the  bracts  subequal,  appressed- 
pubescent;  rays  pink  to  violet,  6-8  mm.  long;  pappus  simple.  In  gravelly  soil, 
usually  abundant  where  sagebrush  occurs. 

402.   ASTER. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate;  heads  solitary, 
corymbed  or  panicled,  many-flowered,  radiate;  ray-flowers  sev- 
eral or  numerous,  in  one  row,  fertile  or  rarely  sterile,  white, 
purple  or  blue,  never  yellow;  disk-flowers  yellow,  often  turning 
purple;  involucre  imbricated ;  bracts  commonly  with  herbaceous 
tips;  receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked;  pappus  tawny,  simple,  of 
copious  slender  scabrous  capillary  bristles;  anthers  tipped  with 
an  appendage;  styles  appendaged;  akenes  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, rarely  slender,  4-5-nerved. 


COMPOSITAE 


269 


campestris. 
integrifolius. 


multiflorus. 
columbianus. 


Leaves  coriaceous,  serrate;  involucre  well  imbricated.  A.  conspicuus. 

Leaves  membranaceous,  rarely  somewhat  serrate. 
Involucre  viscid  or  pruinose  glandular. 

Leaves  oblong-linear;  heads  few,  subracemose.  A 

Leaves    oblong    to    spatulate    or    lanceolate;    heads 

numerous,  in  a  panicle.  A 

Involucre  not  viscid  or  glandular. 

Heads  small,  less  than  1  cm.  broad. 

Rays  white;  involucre  campanulate.  A 

Rays  violet;  involucre  turbinate.  A 

Heads  larger,  1  cm.  broad  or  more. 

Involucral  bracts  closely  appressed,  mainly  coria- 
ceous; leaves  entire  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  glaucous;  akenes  glabrous.  A 

Leaves  puberulent;  akenes  pubescent.  A 

Involucral  bracts  looser,  largely  herbaceous. 

Leaves  few,  large,  scarcely  reduced  upward,  the 

cauline  with  auriculate  or  clasping  bases. 

Heads    solitary    or    few,    long-peduncled; 

leaves  dark-green,  usually  glabrous.  A. 

Heads  several;  stems  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves 

thin,  pale,  usually  pubescent.  A. 

Leaves  numerous,  either  small  or  much  reduced 
upward;  cauline  sessile,  not  at  all 
auriculate. 

Involucral  bracts,  at  least  the  outer  ones, 
foliaceous  and  passing  into  the  leaves. 
Leaves  firm,  entire,  numerous.  A. 

Leaves  thinner,  less   numerous,    usually 

serrate  near  the  middle.  A . 

Involucral  bracts  not  at  all  foliaceous. 

Heads  solitary,  naked,  pedunculate.          A. 
Heads  corymbose. 

Leaves   serrulate,   those   of  the   in- 
florescence much  reduced. 


laevis. 
jessicae. 


foliaceus. 
cusickii. 


Leaves  entire,   those    of    the 
rescence  not  much  reduced. 


inflo- 


eatoni. 

douglasii. 

stenomeres. 

occidentalis. 
fremonti. 


Aster  conspicuus  Lindl.  Stout  smooth-stemmed  herbs,  30-60  cm.  high; 
leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  thick  and  firm,  acute  or  obtuse,  serrate,  5-12  cm. 
long,  harshly-scabrous  on  both  sides,  all  sessile;  inflorescence  glandular; 
heads  usually  many,  in  large  corymbs;  involucre  campanulate,  10-15  mm. 
broad;  bracts  well  imbricated,  scarious,  mostly  acute,  ciliate  and  glandular, 
many  of  them  green-tipped;  rays  violet,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  akenes  minutely 
pubescent;  pappus  sordid.  Open  pine  woods.  Common. 

Aster  campestris  Nutt.  Puberulent  above  and  usually  viscid-glandular; 
stems  simple  or  but  little  branched,  30-40  cm.  high;  leaves  oblong-linear, 
ascending,  entire,  ciliate,  3-nerved,  acute,  3-5  cm.  long;  heads  few,  subrace- 
mose, on  leafy  branchlets;  involucre  hemispherical,  6-7  mm.  high;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  subequal,  glandular-puberulent,  in  about  3  rows; 
rays  20-30,  violet;  pappus  sordid;  akenes  pubescent.  Infrequent;  at  Spokane, 
Waitsburg  and  Walla  Walla. 

Aster  integrifolius  Nutt.  Stems  stout,  usually  simple,  30-60  cm.  high, 
sparsely  villous  below,  viscid-glandular  above;  basal  leaves  large,  firm,  oblong 
to  spatulate,  acute,  apiculate,  entire  or  obscurely  serrulate,  10-20  cm.  long; 
cauline  much  smaller,  lanceolate,  half-clasping  at  the  narrowed  base;  heads  in 


270  COMPOSITAE. 

a  loose  leafy  panicle,  the  branchlets  and  involucre  glandular;  involucre  broadly 
turbinate,  the  linear  bracts  in  2  or  3  ranks,  the  outermost  often  large  and  foli- 
aceous;  rays  violet,  15-25,  10-12  mm.  long;  akenes  pubescent;  pappus  rigid, 
somewhat  tawny.  In  open  woods,  Blue  Mountains. 

Aster  multiflorus  Ait.  Erect,  30-90  cm.  high,  rough  pubescent;  leaves 
linear  or  oblong-linear,  entire,  acute,  sessile  , or  somewhat  clasping,  rigid, 
1-3  cm.  long  or  those  on  the  flowering  branches  much  smaller;  heads  in  large 
panicles,  densely  crowded,  often  secund  on  the  spreading  branches,  nearly 
sessile;  involucres  turbinate-campanulate,  3-5  mm.  broad,  the  numerous 
bracts  well  imbricated,  rough-pubescent  and  ciliate,  their  green  tips  outwardly 
recurved;  rays  white,  3^1  mm.  long;  akenes  puberulent;  pappus  sordid.  Dry 
soil. 

Aster  columbianus  Piper.  Erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  sparsely  rough-pubescent ; 
leaves  not  rigid,  linear,  entire,  acute,  sessile,  2-6  cm.  long,  those  of  the  flowering 
branches  much  reduced;  heads  small,  usually  numerous,  in  rather  loose  elon- 
gated panicles;  involucre  turbinate,  well-imbricated,  5-7  mm.  broad,  the  bracts 
linear,  cuspidate-acute,  green  and  spreading  at  tip,  ciliate  except  at  the  apex; 
rays  violet,  6-7  mm.  long;  akenes  canescent ;  pappus  sordid.  Rocky  banks  of 
streams,  rare. 

Aster  laevis  geyeri  Gray.  Erect,  about  1  m.  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat 
glaucous  throughout;  leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  entire  or  rarely  serrate,  5-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  petioled,  the  cauline 
sessile  or  half-clasping  by  a  broad  base;  inflorescence  loosely  paniculate  or 
corymbose;  involucre  turbinate,  about  1  cm.  broad,  the  rigid  bracts  well- 
imbricated,  acute,  appressed,  green-tipped;  rays  violet,  8-12  mm.  long;  akenes 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pappus  sordid.  In  gravelly  soil  especially  along  streams. 

Aster  jessicae  Piper.  Perennial,  tufted,  100-150  cm.  high,  soft-pilose 
throughout;  basal  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  few- 
toothed,  long- petioled,  6-10  cm.  long;  cauline  broadly  lanceolate,  acute, 
entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  broadly-margined  petiole  or  sessile, 
2-10  cm.  long;  heads  in  loose  panicles,  the  peduncles  stout,  leafy;  involucre 
campanulate,  10-17  mm.  broad,  the  bracts  green,  lanceolate,  acute,  softly- 
pubescent,  the  lower  little  shorter,  ^ome  of  them  intergrading  into  the  leaves; 
rays  violet,  broad,  1  cm.  or  more  long;  akenes  pubescent;  pappus  sordid.  Low 
ground.  Whitman  and  Latah  Counties,  rare. 

Aster  foliaceus  frondeus  Gray.  Glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent;  stems 
stout,  erect  or  ascending,  simple  or  usually  with  a  few  branches,  20-60  cm. 
high;  leaves  few,  the  lower  large,  8-10  cm.  long,  oblanceolate,  tapering  into 
winged  petioles;  cauline  sessile,  broadly  half-clasping  at  the  base;  heads  few, 
large,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  usually  on  naked  peduncles;  involucre  10-14  mm. 
high,  the  bracts  herbaceous,  linear-lanceolate,  loose,  all  about  equalling  the 
the  disk,  the  outer  largest;  rays  dark-violet,  about  1  cm.  long;  akenes  not 
glabrous.  Blue  Mountains.  In  moist  meadows. 

Aster  cusickii  Gray.  Pale  green,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent  especially 
in  the  inflorescence;  stems  60-80  cm.  high,  leafy,  branched  above;  leaves 
few,  thinnish,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  the  basal  contracted  into 
broad  petioles,  the  cauline  half-clasping;  inflorescence  leafy;  heads  few,  large, 
12  mm.  high,  involucral  bracts  loose  and  foliaceous,  the  outer  as  long  as 
the  inner  and  passing  into  the  leaves;  rays  pale  violet,  10-15  mm.  long 
akenes  glabrous.  Common  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  near  the  limit  of  trees. 

Aster  eatoni  (Gray)  Howell.  Very  similar  to  A.  douglasii;  leaves  nu- 
merous, firm,  entire,  2-4  cm.  long;  heads  smaller,  6-8  cm.  high,  usually  very 
numerous  and  subracemose  on  the  branches;  bracts  green  and  foliaceous, 
very  unequal,  the  outer  ones  passing  into  the  leaves.  Edges  of  fields  and 
along  streams  in  open  places. 


COMPOSITAE.  271 

Aster  douglasii  Lindl.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect,  branched  above, 
30-120  cm.  high;  leaves  thinnish,  lanceolate,  sessile,  broadest  near  the  middle, 
acute,  serrate  near  the  middle  or  entire,  5-15  cm.  long,  those  on  the  branches 
much  smaller;  heads  usually  numerous,  panicled;  involucre  10^-12  mm.  high, 
the  bracts  green  at  the  tips,  narrow,  acute,  the  outer  ones  sometimes  foliaceous 
and  passing  into  the  reduced  leaves  of  the  branchlets;  rays  pale  violet,  10-12 
mm.  long.  Moist  places  along  the  Spokane  River.  A  very  variable  species 
as  at  present  understood,  the  typical  plant  occurring  near  the  seacoast. 

Aster  stenomeres  Gray.  Stems  tufted,  rigid,  pubescent,  from  a  branched 
woody  base,  10-30  cm.  high;  leaves  numerous,  linear,  1-nerved,  1-2  cm.  long, 
acute,  mucronate,  rather  rigid,  very  scabrous;  involucre  hemispheric,  12-15 
mm.  broad;  bracts  linear,  attenuate-acute,  rather  thin,  in  two  series,  usually 
purple-tinged,  pubescent;  rays  violet,  15-20  mm.  long;  akenes  flat,  villous; 
pappus  sordid,  double,  the  outer  bristles  very  short.  Summit  of  Mount 
Carlton,  Kreager,  and  near  Rathdrum,  Sandberg,  Heller  &  MacDougal. 

Aster  occidentalis  intermedius  Gray.  Perennial,  erect,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so;  leaves  rather  thick,  the  basal  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  serrate  or  entire, 
petioled,  the  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate,  mostly  serrate,  the  uppermost  much 
reduced;  inflorescence  loosely  corymbose-paniculate;  involucre  campanulate, 
10-12  cm.  broad,  the  bracts  loosely  imbricated,  subequal,  linear,  acute,  green 
but  not  at  all  foliaceous;  rays  violet  or  white,  1  cm.  long;  akenes  sparsely  pilose ; 
pappus  sordid.  In  dry  or  gravelly  soil. 

Aster  fremonti  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.  Perennial,  somewhat  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous,  50-100  cm.  high,  usually  branched  above;  larger  leaves  thin,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  2-5  cm.  long,  only 
the  lowermost  petioled,  the  others  sessile  and  partly  clasping,  those  on  the 
flowering  branches  small,  linear;  heads  loosely  corymbose,  the  peduncles 
nearly  naked;  involucre  7-9  mm.  high,  broadly  campanulate,  the  bracts  all 
alike,  linear,  acute,  loosely  imbricated,  nearly  equal;  rays  violet,  6-8  mm. 
long.  In  moist  copses,  common  and  variable. 

403.    CHRYSOPSIS. 

Low  herbs;  leaves  numerous,  alternate,  sessile;  heads  solitary 
or  in  corymbs  with  yellow  flowers ;  rays  fertile  or  sometimes  want- 
ing; involucral-scales  narrow,  acute,  with  scarious  margins; 
receptacle  flat;  style-branches  with  appendages;  pappus  double, 
of  two  kinds,  the  interior  of  long  copious  capillary  bristles,  the 
exterior  of  short  bristles  or  chaffy  scales ;  akenes  oblong-linear  or 
ovate-oblong,  compressed,  hairy. 

Leaves  canescent,  strigose,  or  hirsute.  C.  villosa. 

Leaves  green,  hirsute  and  hispid.  C.  hispida. 

Chrysopsis  villosa  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Perennial,  the  stems  decumbent  or 
suberect,  15-30  cm.  long,  canescent  throughout  and  more  or  less  villous; 
leaves  numerous,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  mostly  acute,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
2-3  cm.  long;  heads  solitary  or  corymbed  terminating  short  leafy  branches; 
involucre  hemispherical,  10-15  mm.  broad;  bracts  canescent  or  nearly  glabrous; 
rays  golden-yellow;  akenes  obovate,  pubescent;  outer  pappus  very  short. 
In  gravelly  or  rocky  soil. 

Chrysopsis  hispida  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  C.  villosa  but  herbage 
green;  pubescence  hirsute  and  hispid,  not  canescent;  heads  somewhat  smaller. 
In  gravelly  soil,  Spokane  County. 


272  COMPOSITAE. 

404.   SOLIDAGO.     GOLDENROD. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  alternate;  heads  small,  mostly  in 
panicles  or  panicled  racemose  clusters,  radiate,  the  ray-flowers 
fertile,  yellow;  involucre  imbricated,  the  bracts  usually  without 
herbaceous  tips;  pappus  simple,  of  a  single  series  of  mostly  equal 
and  slender  scabrous  capillary  bristles;  style-appendages  lanceo- 
late or  triangular-subulate;  akenes  terete  or  angular,  5-12-ribbed. 

Leaves  thick,  the  radical  spatulate,  much  longer  than  the 

cauline.  S.  missouriensis. 

Leaves  thinner,  all  alike. 

Heads  5-7  mm.  high;  panicle  moderately  dense.  S.  serotina. 

Heads  4-5  mm.  high;  panicle  very  dense.  S.  elongate. 

Solidago  missouriensis  Gray.  Tufted,  glabrous  throughout,  20-60  cm. 
high;  radical  and  lower  leaves  thickish,  spatulate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or 
obscurely  serrate,  10-15  cm.  long,  sometimes  2  cm.  broad;  cauline  linear  or 
lanceolate,  often  somewhat  folded,  2-8  cm.  long,  with  much  smaller  ones 
fascicled  in  the  upper  axils;  panicle  pyramidal,  8-15  cm.  long;  heads  4-6  mm. 
high,  usually  secund  on  the  erect  or  recurved  branches;  rays  6-12,  small; 
bracts  lanceolate,  obtuse,  the  outermost  much  shorter.  Hillsides,  common. 

Solidago  serotina  Ait.  Stems  stout  and  tall,  100-150  cm.  high,  very 
smooth  below  the  inflorescence,  the  stem  often  glaucous;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  prominently  3-nerved,  and  usually  saliently 
sharply-serrate,  6-15  cm.  long,  smooth  on  both  sides;  heads  5-7  mm.  high, 
crowded  on  the  spreading  often  curved  branches  of  the  large  pyramidal 
panicle;  bracts  thin,  linear,  obtuse;  rays  7-14,  yellow;  akenes  pubescent.  In 
open  copses  along  streams. 

Solidago  serotina  salebrosa  Piper.  Leaves  harshly  scabrous  on  both 
surfaces,  usually  less  serrate,  otherwise  like  the  species.  Much  commoner 
than  the  species  and  in  similar  places. 

Solidago  elongata  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  S.  serotina  but  stem  green  not 
glaucous;  panicle  smaller,  more  compact;  heads  smaller;  rays  12-20.  Moist 
places  in  open  woods,  Spokane  County  and  adjacent  Idaho. 

405.   EUTHAMIA. 

Erect  scabrous  perennials  with  narrow  alternate  leaves; 
flowers  in  numerous  small  heads  in  terminal  flat-topped  corym- 
bose panicles;  heads  many-flowered,  the  ray-flowers  yellow, 
equalling  and  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers;  receptacle 
fimbrillate;  akenes  villous. 

Euthamia  occidentalis  Nutt.  Glabrous;  stems  90^-120  cm.  high,  erect, 
branched  above;  leaves  linear,  entire,  3-nerved,  the  principal  ones  5-10  cm. 
long;  heads  peduncled,  in  small  corymbs;  involucral  bracts  narrow,  acute; 
rays  16-20.  Frequent  in  wet  places. 

406.   ARNICA. 

Perennial  herbs ;  stems  mostly  simple,  from  creeping  rootstocks 
or  a  corm-like  base;  leaves  all  or  some  of  them  opposite,  simple, 


COMPOSITAE.  273 

entire,  or  merely  toothed;  heads  rather  large,  solitary  or  few, 
usually  long-peduncled,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  yellow,  all  fertile; 
ray-flowers  elongated,  pistillate,  or  sometimes  none;  involucre 
broadly  campanulate,  the  bracts  in  1-2  rows;  receptacle  naked, 
flat;  pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  strongly  scabrous  or 
barbellate  capillary  bristles;  akenes  linear,  5-angled  or  5-10- 
ribbed,  somewhat  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous. 

Basal  leaves  cordate.  A  .  cordifolia. 

Basal  leaves  lanceolate.  A  .  fulgens. 

Arnica  cordifolia  Hook.  Erect  from  horizontal  rootstocks,  20-40  cm.  high, 
sparsely  pubescent;  basal  leaves  ovate  or  orbicular,  deeply  cordate,  dentate, 
acute  or  obtuse,  5-10  cm.  long,  on  petioles  about  as  long;  cauline  usually  2 
pairs,  less  broad,  the  short  petioles  margined;  heads  long-peduncled;  involucres 
turbinate-campanulate,  15-20  mm.  high,  viscid-pubescent,  the  linear-lanceolate 
bracts  acute;  rays  8-12,  yellow,  2-3  cm.  long;  akenes  pubescent.  Open  woods, 
Thatuna  Hills. 


Arnica  fulgens  Pursh.  Erect,  30^60  cm.  high,  the  crown  thickened  and 
rusty-  woolly  sometimes  with  creeping  rootstocks;  whole  plant  viscid-pu- 
bescent; basal  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  entire  or  nearly  so, 
obtuse,  5-12  cm.  long;  cauline  2  or  3  pairs,  sessile,  the  upper  sometimes  very 
small;  heads  1-3,  long-peduncled;  involucres  10-12  mm.  high,  densely  glan- 
dular-pubescent; rays  yellow,  12-16  mm.  long;  tubes  of  disk-corollas  hairy; 
akenes  pubescent.  Moist  hillsides,  common.  The  subterranean  characters 
may  vary  according  to  soil;  the  form  without  rootstocks  has  been  named  as  a 
species,  A.  pedunculate  Rydb.  7^  /Z?y 

407.   HOOREBEKIA. 

Herbs  or  low  undershrubs  ;  leaves  alternate,  soft  or  rigid  ;  heads 
solitary,  terminal,  or  clustered,  many-flowered  ;  ray-flowers  fertile 
or  rarely  none;  involucre  imbricated;  bracts  with  or  without 
foliaceous  tips;  receptacle  flat  or  flattish;  pappus  tawny  or 
reddish,  of  copious  and  unequal  capillary  bristles,  somewhat 
rigid;  style-branches  with  appendages;  akenes  turbinate  and 
linear,  terete,  angled  or  more  or  less  compressed. 

Involucre  woolly,  its  bracts  not  rigid;  leaves  soft.  H.  lanuginosa. 
Involucre  glabrous,  its  bracts  rigid;  leaves  coriaceous. 

Heads  large,  solitary  or  few,  rayless.  H.  carthamoides. 

Heads  middle-sized,  racemose;  rays  small.  H.  racemosa. 

Hoorebekia  lanuginosa  (Gray)  Piper.  Whole  plant  covered  with  a  nearly 
white  tomentose  pubescence;  leaves  not  rigid,  mostly  basal  and  spatulate, 
the  upper  narrowly  linear,  2-5  cm.  long;  stems  15-30  cm.  high,  terminated 
by  a  solitary  head;  involucre  hemispheric,  woolly,  the  bracts  lanceolate-acute, 
thin;  rays  15-20;  akenes  white-silky.  On  gravelly  slopes  in  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains. 

Hoorebekia  carthamoides  (Hook.)  Piper.  Erect,  stout,  30-40  cm.  high, 
rough-pubescent  or  scabrous,  becoming  glabrous;  basal  leaves  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  coriaceous,  cuspidate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  10-40  cm.  long;  upper 
cauline  smaller,  sessile,  by  rather  broad  bases;  heads  solitary,  terminal,  or 

19 


274  COMPOSITAE. 

1-2  in  the  upper  axils,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispherical,  1-2  cm. 
high;  bracts  green,  coriaceous,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate,  cuspidate,  the  lower- 
most leaf-like,  entire  or  nearly  so,  pubescent;  rays  usually  present,  small, 
scarcely  or  not  exceeding  the  pappus,  sterile;  akenes  smooth,  glabrous,  flat, 
4-nerved;  pappus  coarse,  brownish,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Kamiack 
Butte,  in  open  pine  woods;  very  variable. 

Hoorebekia  racemosa  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Perennial;  stems  erect,  60-90  cm. 
high,  sparsely  soft- hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  coriaceous,  acute,  entire,  5-15 
cm.  long,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  basal  petioled,  all  somewhat  scabrous  on 
both  surfaces  and  with  sparse  pubescence;  heads  racemosely  or  somewhat 
paniculately  arranged,  mostly  long-peduncled;  involucre  turbinate  or  cam- 
panulate,  1-1.5  cm.  broad,  the  well-imbricated  bracts  linear,  acute,  pubescent, 
rigid  and  coriaceous,  green-tipped;  rays  6-8  mm.  long;  akenes  pubescent; 
style-branches  filiform;  pappus  brownish  Dry  soil,  rather  common. 

408.   SENECIO. 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants;  leaves  all  alternate;  heads  usually 
solitary  or  in  corymbs,  many-flowered;  flowers  yellow,  all  fertile; 
ray-flowers  pistillate  or  occasionally  none;  involucral  bracts  her- 
baceous, mostly  narrow,  equal,  in  one  row,  or  with  a  few  short 
outer  bracts ;  receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex,  naked ;  pappus  of 
very  numerous  and  mostly  white,  fine  and  soft  capillary  and 
merely  scabrous  bristles;  akenes  terete  or  somewhat  angled, 
usually  5-10-ribbed. 

Annual;  calyculate  bracts  of  the  involucre  closely  appressed, 

black-tipped.  5.  vulgaris. 

Perennial;  calyculate  bracts  of  the  involucre  not  closely  ap- 
pressed, not  black-tipped  (except  in  S.  atriapiculatus). 
Leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  densely 

white-woolly.  S.  howellii. 

Leaves  not  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  not  densely  white- 
woolly. 
Stems  clustered,  leafy  to  the  inflorescence. 

Leaves   triangular-lanceolate,    petioled,    coarsely 

dentate.  S.  triangularis. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  serrate  to  subentire.         5.  serra. 
Stems    usually    solitary;    leaves    mostly    basal,    the 

cauline  greatly  reduced. 

Herbage  wholly  glabrous,  glaucous.  S.  hydrophilus. 

Herbage  usually  pubescent,  not  glaucous. 

Heads  8-10  mm.  high;  bracts  about  13.  S.  exaltatus. 

Heads  10-12  mm.  high;  bracts  about  21. 

Inflorescence  open.  S.  atriapiculatus. 

Inflorescence  dense.  S.  condensatus. 

Senecio  vulgaris  L.  Annual,  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrous,  usually 
branched,  15-30  cm.  high;  leaves  spatulate  or  oblong  in  outline,  1-3  cm.  long, 
half-clasping  at  base,  pinnately-lobed,  the  lobes  short  and  usually  toothed; 
heads  few  to  many,  in  corymbs;  involucre  5-7  mm.  high,  the  inner  bracts 
linear,  acute,  often  black-tipped,  the  outer  few  and  short;  rays  wanting; 
akenes  puberulent;  pappus  copious,  white.  Introduced  and  becoming  common. 

Senecio  howellii  Greene.  Perennial,  the  whole  herbage  covered  with  a 
close  white  tomentum;  stems  erect,  tufted,  20-40  cm.  high;  basal  and  lower 


COMPOSITAE.  275 

leaves  entire  or  more  or  less  lobed,  oblong,  obtuse,  the  blades  2-4  cm.  long, 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  upper  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  pinnately  lobed  or 
parted;  heads  cymose,  slender  peduncled;  involucre  cylindric  to  campanulate, 
5-7  mm.  high;  bracts  linear-  lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer  short  ones  wanting; 
rays  8-12.  Common  on  gravelly  soil  about  Spokane.  Usually  confused  with 
S.  canus  Hook,  which  has  much  looser  pubescence.  S7ay  . 

Senecio  triangularis  Hook.  Perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  30-90  cm. 
high;  stem  simple,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  triangular,  acute 
or  acuminate,  evenly  dentate,  truncate  at  base  or  the  lower  often  cordate  and 
the  upper  cuneate,  5-15  cm.  long,  on  short  petioles;  heads  corymbed;  involucre 
6-8  mm.  high;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent  at  tip;  rays  6-12, 
yellow.  In  moist  places  in  the  mountains. 

Senecio  serra  Hook.  Perennial,  glabrous,  about  1  m.  high,  very  leafy, 
simple  or  branched  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  and  usually  cuspidate, 
serrate-dentate  or  the  small  upper  ones  entire,  5-15  cm.  long,  all  sessile  by  a 
narrowed  base;  heads  corymbed,  very  numerous;  involucre  5-6  mm.  high,  the 
bracts  linear,  acute;  rays  5-10,  yellow,  6-10  mm.  long.  Low  ground,  common. 


Senecio  serra  lanceolatus  (T.  &  G.)  Piper.  Leaves  all  entire  or  nearly  so. 
Waitsburg,  Homer. 

Senecio  hydrophilus  Nutt.  Perennial,  wholly  glabrous  and  slightly  glau- 
cous; stems  erect,  60-100  cm.  high,  stout;  leaves  fleshy  with  obscure  veins, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  the  basal  oblanceolate,  short-petioled,  10-30  cm.  long; 
cauline  sessile  or  half-clasping,  lanceolate;  heads  numerous,  in  a  dense  cyme, 
short-peduncled;  involucre  cylindric,  6  mm.  high;  bracts  8-12;  rays  small, 
few  or  sometimes  wanting.  In  wet  places  especially  on  river  banks. 

Senecio  exaltatus  Nutt.  Very  similar  to  5.  atriapiculatus  but  taller,  60- 
90  cm.  high,  and  less  pubescent  or  even  wholly  glabrous;  leaves  larger,  thinner, 
the  basal  oblong  to  spatulate,  the  blades  10-15  cm.  long,  on  petioles  nearly  as 
long;  heads  loosely  corymbose;  involucral  bracts  about  13,  5-7  mm.  long. 
In  moist  meadows  and  copses.  5.  hydrophiloides  Rydb.  seems  to  be  only  a 
large  wholly  glabrous  form. 

Senecio  atriapiculatus  Rydb.  Perennial,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  sparsely 
floccose-woolly  ;  basal  leaves  spatulate,  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  mostly  acute, 
dentate,  5-10  cm.  long,  including  the  margined  petiole;  cauline  sessile  and 
half-clasping,  much  smaller,  often  dentate  or  laciniate;  heads  numerous,  in 
rather  dense  corymbs;  involucral  bracts  6.5-8.5  mm.  high,  linear,  acute,  black- 
tipped.  Common  on  hills. 

Senecio  condensatus  Greene.  Much  like  5.  atriapiculatus  but  stouter 
and  rather  succulent;  upper  leaves  not  much  reduced;  heads  densely  clustered. 
On  rocky  ridges  in  the  Blue  Mountains. 

409.    CROCIDIUM. 

Small  annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves;  heads  solitary, 
terminal,  small,  radiate,  the  flowers  all  fertile;  involucre  hemi- 
spherical, of  8-12  thin  herbaceous  bracts  in  one  row;  ray-flowers 
about  12,  yellow;  disk-flowers  more  numerous,  yellow;  style 
branches  short  and  broad,  with  large  appendages;  pappus  of  one 
row  of  deciduous  equal  white  barbed  bristles  but  none  in  the 
ray-flowers. 


276  COMPOSITAE. 

Crocidium  multicaule  Hook.  Woolly  when  young  but  soon  glabratc; 
stems  numerous,  tufted,  5-25  cm.  high;  radical  leaves  in  a  basal  tuft,  obovate 
or  spatulate,  few-toothed,  sessile  or  short-petioled ;  cauline  leaves  small, 
linear;  heads  slender-peduncled,  small  but  showy;  involucral  bracts  oblong- 
ovate.  Foothills  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  Homer. 

410.   PTILONELLA.' 

Annuals;  heads  rather  few-flowered;  ray-flowers  3-6,  short 
and  broad,  pistillate;  disk-flowers  7-12,  perfect,  some  of  the 
central  sterile;  involucral-bracts  6-10,  nearly  in  one  row;  recep- 
tacle convex,  chaffy;  pappus  of  10  or  12  linear  hyaline  scales, 
each  with  a  stout  awn-like  midrib,  rarely  wanting;  ray-akenes 
neither  obcompressed  nor  laterally  compressed. 

Ptilonella  scabra  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Erect,  branched  above,  10-20  cm.  high, 
scabrous-puberulent  below,  sometimes  glabrous  above;  leaves  numerous, 
attenuate,  linear,  somewhat  involute,  1-2  cm.  long;  heads  few,  somewhat 
corymbed,  terminating  leafy  branches;  involucre  5-6  mm.  high;  ray  and  disk 
flowers  white;  anthers  purple.  In  thin  soil,  locally  abundant. 

411.  BIDENS.     BEGGAR  TICKS. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  opposite;  heads  small  or 
medium,  yellow  or  sometimes  white;  ray-flowers  3-10,  sterile  or 
none,  in  which  case  the  flowers  are  all  perfect  and  tubular; 
receptacle  chaffy;  pappus  of  2-4  rigid  backwardly-barbed  awns; 
ray  and  disk-akenes  obcompressed. 

Rays  none;  leaves  pinnately  3-5-divided.  B.  vulgata. 

Rays  conspicuous;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate.  B.  cernua. 

Bidens  vulgata  Greene.  Annual,  the  stems  erect,  usually  branched  above, 
glabrous,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  pinnately  3-5-foliolate,  petioled;  leaflets 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base;  heads  15-25  cm. 
broad,  stout-peduncled;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  the  outer  10-16 
bracts  foliaceous,  linear,  unequal,  much  exceeding  the  brownish  scarious- 
margined  inner  ones;  ray  flowers  none;  akenes  flat,  obovate,  7-9  mm.  long, 
somewhat  pubescent,  ciliate  on  the  margins;  awns  2,  half  as  long  as  the  akene, 
retrorsely  barbed.  Common  along  Snake  River. 

Bidens  cernua  L.  Annual,  glabrous  or  minutely  hispid;  stems  erect,  simple 
or  with  few  short  branches,  30-60  cm.  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceo- 
late, coarsely  and  unequally  serrate,  acuminate,  sessile  and  somewhat  cuneate 
at  base,  6-12  cm.  long;  heads  short-peduncled,  12-15  mm.  broad;  outer  in- 
volucral bracts  foliaceous,  much  longer  than  the  membranous  inner  ones; 
rays  6-12,  bright  yellow,  or  sometimes  absent;  akenes  elongate,  wedge-shaped, 
4-angled  and  bearing  4  backwardly  barbed  awns  half  as  long  as  the  body.  A 
very  variable  species  growing  in  wet  places,  blooming  in  autumn. 

412.   COREOPSIS. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  usually  with  opposite  leaves;  heads 
many-flowered,  radiate;  involucre  of  2  rows  of  about  8  bracts 
each,  the  outer  spreading  and  foliaceous,  the  inner  appressed  and 


COMPOSITAE.  277 

nearly  membranaceous ;  ray-flowers  mostly  8,  neutral,  yellow  or 
purple,  rarely  wanting;  receptacle  flat  with  deciduous  mem- 
branaceous chaff;  akenes  obcompressed,  often  winged,  with  2 
barbless  subulate  awns. 

Coreopsis  atkinsoniana  Dougl.  Glabrous;  stems  30-100  cm.  high,  erect, 
usually  branched;  leaves  all  opposite,  the  lowest  bipinnately  parted  into 
linear  lobes,  reduced  upward  to  simple  linear  bracts;  heads  cymosely  panicu- 
late; involucral  bracts  in  two  series,  the  outer  short,  the  inner  ovate,  scarious- 
margined,  6-8  mm.  long;  rays  yellow,  with  brown  bases;  akenes  oblong, 
narrowly  winged,  bearing  two  short  subulate  teeth.  In  wet  places  on  river 
banks.  &  <£fy 

413.   WYETHIA. 

Perennial  herbs;  stems  simple,  rarely  branching;  leaves  alter- 
nate, mostly  entire  and  ample;  heads  many-flowered,  solitary  or 
few,  medium  or  large;  flowers  yellow;  ray-flowers  elongated, 
pistillate  or  fertile;  pappus  a  chaffy  crown  or  cup;  ray-akenes 
neither  obcompressed  nor  laterally  compressed. 

Wyethia  amplexicaulis  Nutt.  Whole  plant  dark-green  and  glabrous,  more 
or  less  resinous;  radical  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  entire  or 
somewhat  dentate,  acute  or  acuminate,  erect  or  nearly  so,  15-40  cm.  long, 
narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole;  cauline  shorter  and  relatively  broader, 
sessile  and  partly  clasping  at  base;  stems  30-60  cm.  high,  bearing  a  terminal 
head  and  usually  1—5  smaller  lateral  ones,  all  peduncled;  involucre  2—3  cm. 
high;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer  ones  longest,  loose,  somewhat  spread- 
ing; rays  bright-yellow,  about  3  cm.  long;  akenes  clavate,  8-10  mm.  long, 
with  a  well  developed  crown,  cut  into  small  teeth  and  rarely  bearing  1-2  awns. 
Abundant  in  wet  meadows.  This  plant  is  one  of  the  so-called  "  compass- 
plants."  f~/.  /72?^ 

414.   HELIANTHELLA. 

Perennial  herbs;  leaves  entire,  opposite  or  the  upper  alternate; 
heads  large,  terminal,  chiefly  solitary  and  long-peduncled ; 
flowers  yellow;  ray-flowers  neutral;  disk-flowers  perfect;  recep- 
tacle flat  or  convex,  chaffy;  pappus  a  pair  of  persistent  awns  or 
chaffy  teeth,  and  a  crown  of  intermediate  thin  chaffy  scales; 
ray-akenes  laterally  compressed ;  disk-akenes  4-angled  or  laterally 
compressed,  all  very  flat,  winged  when  young. 

Helianthella  douglasii  T.  &  G.  Rough-hairy  throughout,  simple  or 
branched  above,  erect,  60-120  cm.  high;  leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alternate; 
lower  ones  spatulate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  6-15  cm.  long,  the  upper 
cauline  lanceolate,  sessile,  smaller;  heads  solitary  and  terminal  or  several, 
terminating  the  branches;  involucres  2-3  cm.  broad,  the  bracts  lanceolate, 
hirsute-ciliate,  little  imbricated;  rays  2-3  cm.  long;  akenes  obovate,  more  or 
less  ciliate;  pappus  a  pair  of  long  chaffy  awns,  with  broadened  bases.  Rocky 
hillsides,  common. 

415.   HELIANTHUS.     SUNFLOWER. 

Coarse  annuals  or  perennials;  leaves  entire  or  toothed,  all  or 
at  least  the  lower  ones  opposite;  heads  solitary  or  corymbose, 


278  COMPOSITAE. 

medium  or  large;  ray-flowers  yellow,  sterile;  disk-flowers  yellow, 
brownish  or  dark-purple ;  receptacle  flat  or  convex;  pappus  a  pair 
of  early-falling  chaffy  scales  or  awns ;  akenes  neither  very  flat  nor 
winged;  ray-akenes  laterally  compressed;  disk-akenes  4-angled, 
compressed. 

Helianthus  annuus  L.  Annual,  the  stems  rough-hairy,  erect,  1-2  m.  high 
or  depauperate  forms  much  smaller;  leaves  alternate,  except  the  lowest,  all 
petioled,  3-ribbed  at  base,  ovate,  acute,  dentate  or  entire,  very  rough  on  both 
sides,  the  lower  somewhat  cordate,  very  variable  in  size;  heads  5-15  cm.  broad; 
receptacle  flat  or  depressed;  chaff  shorter  than  the  flowers,  usually  3-cleft; 
disk  dark-colored;  akenes  pubescent,  5-8  mm.  long;  pappus  of  2  scales. 
Common  in  dry  meadows  in  the  lower  valleys. 

416.   GRINDELIA.     GUM  PLANT. 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs;  leaves  sessile  or  partly  clasping; 
heads  yellow,  medium  or  rather  large,  solitary,  terminating  leafy 
branches,  or  occasionally  more  or  less  corymbose,  many-flowered, 
gummy;  rays  fertile,  numerous,  narrow,  or  rarely  none;  in- 
volucral-scales  numerous,  narrow;  receptacle  flat  or  convex; 
pappus  of  2-8  rigid  and  early-deciduous  awns;  style-branches 
tipped  with  an  appendage;  akenes  compressed  or  turgid  or  the 
outermost  somewhat  3-angled. 

Grindelia  nana  Nutt.  Stems  erect,  15-60  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched 
above;  basal  leaves  spatulate,  petioled,  the  upper  sessile  and  partly  clasping, 
entire  or  serrate,  glabrous;  heads  hemispherical,  10-14  mm.  broad;  bracts 
with  slender  revolute  tips,  sticky- viscid ;  rays  16-30,  5-8  cm.  long;  akenes 
narrow,  somewhat  2-toothed  at  summit;  pappus  awns  2  or  3.  In  thin  soils, 
usually  abundant  where  found. 

417.   ERIOPHYLLUM. 

Perennial  herbs,  sometimes  shrubby  at  base;  leaves  usually 
alternate  and  entire  or  pinnately  or  ternately  parted  or  lobed; 
ray-flowers  present,  fertile;  involucre  campanulate  or  obovoid; 
bracts  erect,  commonly  united  at  base,  oval  or  oblong;  pappus  of 
nerveless  and  mostly  pointless  scales;  throat  or  limb  of  disk- 
corollas  rather  narrow ;  style-branches  truncate  or  rarely  minutely 
tipped;  akenes  narrow,  mostly  4-angled. 

Akenes  glandular.  E.  multiflorum. 
Akenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  all  entire  or  subentire.  E.  pedunculatum. 

Leaves  mostly  cleft  or  parted.  E.  lanatum. 

Eriophyllum  multiflorum  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  Much  like  E.  pedunculatum  and 
equally  variable;  leaves  of  the  flowering  stems  varying  from  linear  to  oblanceo- 
late,  entire  or  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  5-7-lobed  or  cleft; 
akenes  glandular,  4  mm.  long.  Common  especially  in  the  sagebrush  region. 


COMPOSITAE.  279 

Eriophyllum  pedunculatum  Heller.  Stems  several,  erect,  simple,  30-50 
cm.  high;  leaves  all  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate,  oblong-lanceolate,  3-5  cm. 
long,  acute,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  and  sparsely  tomentose 
above;  heads  long-peduncled;  involucre  lanate,  the  bracts  acuminate  with 
recurved  tips;  corollas  glandular;  akenes  glabrous.  Near  Lake  Waha,  Heller. 

Eriophyllum  lanatum  (Pursh)  Forbes.  Perennial,  erect  or  decumbent  at 
base,  loosely  white-woolly  throughout;  leaves  spatulate  or  cuneate-obovate, 
the  lowermost  and  upper  ones  often  entire,  the  others  3-7-lobed  or  parted; 
heads  long-peduncled;  involucre  lanate,  campanulate,  10-12  mm.  high; 
bracts  8-12,  oblong,  obtuse;  rays  6-15,  golden-yellow;  disk-corollas  glandular; 
akenes  glabrous;  pappus  short.  In  gravelly  soil,  common  and  variable. 
/ZC  /Jp*f*-/%f* 

418.   RIGIOPAPPUS. 

Annuals;  leaves  alternate,  linear,  entire;  heads  rather  many- 
flowered;  ray-flowers  5-12,  pistillate;  all  the  flowers  fertile; 
involucre  of  one  or  two  rows  of  rather  rigid  herbaceous  erect 
subulate-linear  bracts;  receptacle  flat,  naked;  pappus  of  3-5 
rigid  opaque  subulate  awn-shaped  scales;  akenes  linear,  slender, 
compressed,  those  of  the  disk  more  or  less  4-angled. 

Rigiopappus  leptocladus  Gray.  Erect,  slender,  minutely  pubescent,  10-30 
cm.  high,  simple  or  usually  with  slender  branches  that  are  leafless  below; 
leaves  alternate,  linear,  acute,  erect,  1-3  cm.  long,  or  those  near  the  tips  of  the 
slender  branches  much  smaller;  heads  8-10  mm.  high;  flowers  yellow  or 
purplish;  akene  linear,  transversely  rugose,  hirsute,  5  mm.  long;  pappus  of 
3-5  rigid  lanceolate  scales  nearly  as  long  as  the  akenes.  In  sandy  soil  in  the 
lower  valleys. 

419.   GAILLARDIA. 

Pubescent  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  entire  or  incised  or  even 
pinnatifid;  heads  solitary  and  long-peduncled,  large;  ray-flowers 
yellow  or  partly  dark-purple,  sterile;  disk-flowers  usually  purplish 
or  brownish;  involucral-bracts  in  2-3  series,  the  outer  larger 
and  foliaceous;  receptacle  convex  or  hemispherical,  with  one  or 
more  awns  among  the  flowers  resembling  chaff;  pappus  of  6-10 
hyaline  chaffy  scales  with  a  prominent  midrib  which  is  prolonged 
into  a  naked  awn,  or  in  the  sterile  rays,  scales  awnless;  akenes 
oblong,  top-shaped,  each  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Gaillardia  aristata  Pursh.  Perennial,  erect,  30-60  cm.  high,  rough- 
pubescent;  lower  leaves  spatulate,  long-petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  all  entire 
or  more  or  less  pinnately  lobed,  5-12  cm.  long;  heads  long-peduncled;  in- 
volucre hairy,  the  lanceolate  acuminate  bracts  unequal,  the  longest  about  1 
cm.;  disk-flowers  dark-purple;  rays  10-18,  yellow,  purplish  at  base,  15-20  mm. 
long;  bristles  of  the  receptacle  as  long  as  the  akenes  or  longer.  Prairies, 
common.  /Z  /%?&•  — Sfvez-  • 

420.   HELENIUM. 

Erect,  simple  or  branching  herbs;  leaves  all  alternate  and  all 
but  the  lower  sessile;  heads  small  or  large,  many-flowered,  on 
naked  terminal  peduncles;  ray-flowers  yellow,  several  or  numer- 


280  COMPOSITAE. 

ous,  pistillate;  disk-flowers  yellower  turning  brownish  or  purplish, 
small  and  very  numerous,  all  fertile;  involucral  bracts  spreading 
or  reflexed  at  maturity;  pappus  of  5-12  thin  or  hyaline  chaffy 
scales  with  or  without  midribs ;  akenes  top-shaped,  striate-ribbed, 
hairy  on  the  ribs. 

Helenium  autumnale  grandiflorum  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Perennial,  erect,  30-90 
cm.  high,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
dentate  or  nearly  entire,  5-12  cm.  long,  decurrent  on  the  stem  forming  wings, 
heads  few  or  many,  long-peduncled,  10-15  mm.  broad;  involucre  nearly  flat, 
the  bracts  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  pubescent;  rays  10-16,  yellow,  somewhat 
drooping,  1-2  cm.  long,  all  fertile;  akenes  pubescent;  pappus  scarious,  the 
scales  acuminate,  awn-pointed.  Banks  of  Snake  River. 


ADDENDA. 

(Insert  on  page  253.) 
377.  IV A. 

Heads  in  dense  panicles;  leaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  coarsely  serrate. 

/.  xanthiijolia. 
Heads  solitary,  axillary;  leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  most  entire. 

/.  axillaris, 

Iva  xanthiifolia  Nutt.     See  page  253. 

Iva  axillaris  Pursh.  Stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  30-60  cm.  tall,  simple  or 
but  little  branched,  arising  from  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  numerous,  firm 
in  texture,  narrowly  oblong  to  obovate,  sessile,  entire  or  nearly  so,  obtuse; 
2-3  cm.  long;  heads  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  the  peduncle  much  shorter  than 
the  leaf;  involucre  hemispheric,  the  bracts  united  into  a  4-  to  5-lobed  or  cleft 
cup.  Washtucna,  Elmer.  Abundant  in  the  sagebrush  region. 


GLOSSARY. 


Acaulescent.  Stemless  or  apparently 
so,  or  with  the  stem  underground. 

A  cerose.  Needle-shaped ;  with  a  sharp 
rigid  point. 

Acrid.     Sharp  and  harsh  to  the  taste. 

Adnate.  United,  especially  where  dif- 
ferent organs  are  fused. 

Akene.  A  dry,  one-celled,  one-seeded, 
indehiscent  fruit. 

Alveolate.     Resembling  a  honeycomb. 

Ament.     A  catkin;  a  scaly  spike. 

Amphitropous  (ovule  or  seed).  Half- 
inverted  and  straight  but  with  a 
lateral  hilum. 

Ampliate.     Abruptly  expanded. 

Anatropous  (ovule  or  seed).  Inverted 
and  straight  with  the  micropyle 
next  to  the  hilum. 

Androgynous.  Having  both  stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

Annulus.  A  ring,  especially  the  ring 
of  thick-walled  cells  on  a  fern 
sporangium. 

Apiculate.  Ending  in  a  short  pointed 
tip. 

Appressed.  Lying  close  and  flat 
against. 

Aristate.  Tipped  with  a  stiff  short 
bristle. 

Atomiferous.  Bearing  minute  scat- 
tered granules. 

Auricle.     An  ear-shaped  appendage. 

Awn.  A  bristle-like  terminal  or 
dorsal  appendage. 

Barbellate.     Minutely  barbed. 
Bifid.     Two-cleft. 
Bilabiate.     Two-lipped. 
Biternate.     Twice-ternate. 
Bract.     A  modified  reduced  leaf  oc- 
curring in  the  inflorescence. 
Bracteate.     Having  bracts. 
Bracteolate.     Having  small  bracts. 

Callosity.     A  hardened  thickening. 

Callus.  A  hard  protuberance;  in  the 
grasses,  the  tough  often  hairy 
swelling  at  the  base  of  the  lemma 
or  palet. 


Calyculate.  Having  bracts  around 
the  flower  which  imitate  a  calyx. 

Campanuiate.  Bell-shaped,  that  is 
cup-shaped  with  a  broad  base. 

Canescent.  Hoary  with  a  grayish 
pubescence. 

Capillary.     Hair-like. 

Capitate.  Shaped  like  a  head;  col- 
lected into  a  head. 

Carpel.  A  simple  pistil  or  one  of  the 
units  of  a  compound  pistil. 

Carpophore.  The  slender  prolonga- 
tion of  the  axis  which  bears  the 
ripe  carpels  (Umbelliferae). 

Cartilaginous.  Firm  and  tough,  car- 
tilage-like. 

Caryopsis.  A  grain,  that  is  a  seed- 
like  fruit  with  a  thin  wall  adherent 
to  the  single  enclosed  seed  (Poa- 
ceae). 

Caudex.  The  persistent  base  of  an 
otherwise  annual  herbaceous  stem. 

Caudicula.  The  thread-like  or  strap- 
shaped  stalk  of  a  pollinium. 

Caulide.  The  stem-like  part  of  an 
embryo,  the  hypocotyl. 

Cauline.  Pertaining  to  the  stem;  on 
the  stem. 

Cernuous.  Nodding;  slightly  droop- 
ing. 

Cespitose.  Growing  in  tufts ;  forming 
mats. 

Chaff.  A  small  thin  bract  becoming 
dry  and  membranous. 

Chartaceous.     Papery. 

Chlorophyll.  The  green  coloring- 
matter  found  in  plants. 

Ciliate.  Fringed  with  hairs  on  the 
margin. 

Ciliolate.     Minutely  ciliate. 

Circumscissile.  Opening  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  circular  line  of  cleavage 
and  the  falling  off  of  the  top  like  a 
cap. 

Clavate.  Club-shaped,  gradually 
thickened  upwards. 

Cleft.  Margin  indented  half  way  to 
the  midrib  or  more,  especially  if 
the  incisions  are  sharp. 


281 


282 


GLOSSARY. 


Cleistogamous.  Pollinated  in  the  bud, 
without  the  flowers  opening. 

Commissure.  The  surface  by  which 
one  carpel  joins  another  (Umbel- 
lifer  ae). 

Compressed.  Flattened,  especially 
laterally. 

Coriaceous.     Leathery. 

Corm.  The  enlarged  fleshy  base  of  a 
stem;  like  a  bulb  but  solid. 

Cotyledon.  The  first  leaves  of  the 
embryo  plant  already  formed  in  the 
seed. 

Crenulate.     Finely  crenate. 

Crested.  With  an  upraised  crest-like 
appendage. 

Crustaceous.     Hard  and  brittle. 

Culm.     A  hollow  stem  (Poaceae). 

Cuneate.     Wedge-shaped. 

Cuspidate.  Tipped  with  a  cusp,  that 
is  a  sharp  rigid  point. 

Cymose.  Bearing  cymes,  or  cyme- 
like. 

Declined.     Bent  downward. 

Decompound.  More  than  once  com- 
pound. 

Decumbent.  Reclining  but  with  the 
apex  ascending. 

Decurrent.  Extending  down  the  stem 
below  the  point  of  insertion. 

Dehiscence.  The  method  of  open- 
ing. 

Deltoid.  Triangular  with  the  apex 
upward. 

Denticulate.     Minutely  dentate. 

Diadelphous.  Stamens  in  two  sep- 
arate groups. 

Diandrous.     With  two  stamens. 

Didynamous.  Stamens  in  two  pairs 
of  unequal  length. 

Diffuse.  Widely  or  loosely  spread- 
ing. 

Dioecious.  Stamens  and  pistils  on 
different  plants. 

Discoid.  Disk-like;  in  the  Com- 
positae,  a  discoid  head  is  one  with- 
out ray-flowers. 

Disk-flowers.  The  flowers  with  tubu- 
lar corollas  which  are  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  head  in  certain  Com- 
positae. 

Dissected.  Divided  into  numerous 
small  segments. 

Divaricate.     Widely  divergent. 

Divergent.  Spreading  away  from  each 
other. 


Divided.  Margin  indented  to  the 
midrib  but  the  segments  not  quite 
distinct. 

Dorsal.  Relating  to  or  attached  to 
the  back  of  an  organ. 

Drupaceous.     Drupe-like. 

Drupes  A  fleshy  fruit  with  the  inner 
portion  hard  and  stony,  one-celled 
and  containing  but  one  seed. 

Ebracteate.     Without  bracts. 
Elaters.     Thread-like  appendages  to 

spores  which  curl  and  uncurl  with 

changes  in  the  moisture  conditions 

of  the  air. 
Emarginate.     Having  a  very  shallow 

notch  at  the  apex. 
Embryo.     The  tiny  plant  as  it  rests 

partly  grown  in  the  seed. 
Endosperm.     The   food   cells   in   the 

seed  surrounding  the  embryo. 
Epicotyl.     The    growing    point    and 

young  bud  in  the  embryo  in  the 

seed. 
Epigynous.     Apparently  growing  on 

top  of  the  ovary. 
Equitant.     Astride;    as   when    leaves 

are   alternately   folded   over   each 

other  in  two  ranks  (Iris). 
Erase.     Irregularly  toothed  as  if  the 

margin  were  gnawed  out. 
Evanescent.     Soon  fading  away. 
Exserted.     Projected  beyond  an  en- 
velope, as  the  stamens  from  the 

corolla. 

Falcate.     Scythe-shaped. 

Farinaceous.  Containing  starch; 
starch-like. 

Fascicle.     A  close  bundle  or  cluster. 

Fasciculate.  In  close  bundles  (fas- 
cicles). 

Fertile.  Capable  of  producing  pollen 
or  fruit. 

Fibrous.  Composed  of  or  resembling 
fibers. 

Fimbriate.     Fringed. 

Fimbrillate.     With  a  minute  fringe. 

Flexuous.  Zigzag;  bending  alter- 
nately in  opposite  directions. 

Floccose.  With  fleshy  tufts  of  soft 
woolly  hairs. 

Foliaceous.     Leaf-like. 

Fornix,  (plural — fornices).  A  swell- 
ing in  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

Fugacious.  Fading  or  falling  very 
early. 


GLOSSARY. 


283 


Fuscous.     Grayish-brown. 
Fusiform.     Spindle-shaped. 

Galea.  A  helmet-shaped  or  beak-like 
upper  lip  of  a  corolla. 

Galeate.  Helmet-shaped;  having  a 
galea. 

Geniculate.  Bent  abruptly,  like  a 
knee. 

Gibbous.  With  a  protuberance  or 
swelling  on  one  side. 

Glabrate.  Nearly  glabrous  or  becom- 
ing glabrous. 

Gland.  A  secreting  organ  or  a  pro- 
tuberance resembling  one. 

Glaucescent.     Somewhat  glaucous. 

Glaucous.  Covered  with  a  whitish 
bloom. 

Glochidiate.     Barbed  at  the  tip. 

Glomerate.  In  small  compact  clus- 
ters. 

Glumaceous.     Glume-like. 

Glume.  A  chaff-like  bract,  especially 
the  two  empty  bracts  at  the  base 
of  a  grass  spikelet. 

Glutinous.     Sticky,  glue-like. 

Grain.  A  one-celled,  one-seeded  in- 
dehiscent  seed-like  fruit  in  which 
the  wall  of  the  fruit  adheres  to  the 
seed,  a  caryopsis. 

Granulate.  Appearing  as  if  covered 
with  minute  granules. 

Gynobase.  An  enlargement  or  pro- 
longation of  the  receptacle  bearing 
the  ovary  or  in  the  fruit  the  nutlets 
(Boraginaceae). 

Hastate.     Halberd-shaped. 

Haustoria.  Root-like  organs  which 
parasitic  plants  send  into  the  cells 
of  their  hosts  to  absorb  food. 

Hermaphrodite.  Having  both  sexes; 
in  flowering  plants,  with  both 
stamens  and  pistils. 

Hilum.  The  attachment  scar  on  the 
seed. 

Hirsute.  Pubescent  with  rather  coarse 
stiff  hairs. 

Hispid.  Covered  with  rigid  hairs  or 
bristles. 

Hyaline.  Transparent  or  translu- 
cent. 

Hypocotyl.  The  stem-like  part  of  the 
embryo  (caulicle). 

Hypogynous.  Attached  to  the  recep- 
tacle below  and  entirely  free  from 
the  ovary. 


Imbricated.  Overlapping  and  break- 
ing joints  like  shingles. 

Incised.  Cut  sharply  and  irregularly 
more  or  less  deeply. 

Indehiscent.     Not  opening  when  ripe. 

Indurated.     Hardened. 

Indusium.  The  protective  membra- 
nous covering  formed  over  the  fruit- 
dot  in  many  ferns. 

Involucel.  A  secondary  involucre  en- 
veloping an  umbellet  (Umbelli- 
ferae). 

Involucrate.     Having  an  involucre. 

Involucre.  A  circle  or  cluster  of 
bracts  surrounding  a  flower  or 
group  of  flowers. 

Involute.     Rolled  inward. 

Keel.  A  projecting  midrib  on  the 
dorsal  side  of  a  leaf  or  scale;  the 
two  anterior  united  petals  in  a 
papilionaceous  flower  (Legumino- 
sae). 

Lacerate.     Irregularly  cleft  as  if  torn. 

Laciniate.  Cut  into  narrow  pointed 
lobes. 

Lemma.  A  bract  in  a  grass  spikelet 
which  bears  a  flower  in  its  axil. 

Lenticular.  Lentil-shaped,  that  is, 
with  the  shape  of  a  double-convex 
lense. 

Ligulate.  Strap-shaped ;  or  with  strap- 
shaped  corollas. 

Ligule.  A  thin  often  scarious  pro- 
jection from  the  summit  of  the 
leaf-sheath  in  grasses  and  similar 
plants. 

Limb.  The  expanded  part  of  a  petal 
or  sepal. 

Lobed.  Margin  indented  less  than 
half  way  to  the  midrib. 

Locule.  One  of  the  cavities  or  cells 
in  an  ovary. 

Loculicidal.  Dehiscing  so  that  the 
clefts  open  into  the  cavities  of  the 
ovary. 

Lodicule.  One  of  the  tiny  scales 
sometimes  found  in  a  grass  flower. 

Lunate.  Crescent-shaped  or  half- 
moon-shaped. 

Lyrate.  Pinnatifid  with  a  large  and 
rounded  terminal  lobe  and  the 
lower  lobes  small. 

Megasporangium.  The  case  in  which 
the  megaspores  are  produced. 


284 


GLOSSARY. 


Megaspore.  One  of  the  large  spores 
in  certain  fern  allies  and  the  seed 
plants,  which  is  stored  with  food 
and  which  produces  a  female 
gametophyte. 

Membranaceous.  Membrane-like;  thin, 
soft  and  more  or  less  translucent. 

Microsporangium.  The  case  in  which 
microspores  are  produced;  a  cell  of 
an  anther. 

Microspore.  One  of  the  small  spores 
in  certain  fern-allies  and  the  seed- 
plants,  which  produce  the  male 
gametophyte;  a  pollen  grain. 

Monadelphous.  Stamens  united  all 
in  one  cluster. 

Moniliform.  Appearing  like  a  string 
of  beads. 

Monoecious.  With  stamens  and  pis- 
tils in  separate  flowers  on  the  same 
plant. 

Mucronate.  Tipped  with  a  short 
small  abrupt  tip. 

Mucronulate.     Slightly  mucronate. 

Muricate.  Rough  with  short  hard 
points. 

Muriculate.     Very  finely  muricate. 

Narcotic.  Numbing  or  sleep-produc- 
ing. 

Nectariferous.     Producing  nectar. 

Nectary.  An  organ  or  a  spot  where 
nectar  is  secreted. 

Nerve.  A  small  slender  usually  un- 
branched  rib. 

Neutral.     Without  stamens  or  pistils. 

Node.  The  place  in  a  stem  where  the 
woody  bundles  fuse  and  where  the 
leaves  and  buds  are  normally 
produced. 

Nut.  A  hard  indehiscent  one-celled 
and  one-seeded  fruit,  though  usu- 
ally developing  from  a  compound 
ovary. 

Nutlet.     A  tiny  nut. 

Ob-      Inverted. 

Obcompressed.      Compressed     dorso- 

ventrally  instead  of  laterally. 
Obsolete.     Not  evident. 
Ochroleucous.     Yellowish-white. 
Ocrea.     A  tubular  stipule   (Polygon- 

ceae). 

Olivaceous.     Olive-green. 
Operculum.     A  lid;  the  cap  of  a  cir- 

cumscissile  capsule. 


Orthotropous  (ovule  or  seed).  Erect, 
with  the  micropyle  at  the  apex 
opposite  the  hilum. 

Palea.  A  delicate  bract  which  en- 
closes the  grass  flower  and  stands 
ppposite  the  lemma. 

Panicle.  A  loose  irregularly  com- 
pound inflorescence  with  pedicelled 
flowers. 

Paniculate.  Borne  in  panicles;  re- 
sembling a  panicle. 

Papilionaceous.  Butterfly-like,  that 
is  having  the  upper  petal  enlarged 
and  spreading,  the  two  lateral  ones 
small  and  oblique,  and  the  two 
anterior  ones  conniyent  into  a  keel. 

Papillose.  Having  minute  nipple-like 
projections. 

Pappus.  The  modified  calyx-limb 
in  the  Compositae,  composed  of  a 
ring  or  a  crown  of  hairs,  chaff  or 
scales. 

Parasitic.  Depending  on  another 
living  organism  for  its  food-supply. 

Parted.  Margin  indented  nearly  but 
not  quite  to  the  midrib. 

Pectinate.  Pinnatifid,  with  narrow 
close  segments;  comb-like. 

Pellucid.     Clear,  transparent. 

Peltate.  Shield-shaped,  with  its  stalk 
attached  near  the  center  of  the 
dorsal  surface. 

Pentamerous  (5-merous).  Five  in 
number. 

Penultimate.     The  next  to  the  last. 

Pericarp.  The  matured  ovary  wall 
forming  a  protective  coat  in  the 
fruit. 

Perigynium.  The  inflated  sac  which 
encloses  the  ovary  in  Carex. 

Perigynous.  Around  the  ovary;  that 
is,  adnate  to  the  perianth  or  to  a 
receptacle-cup. 

Petiolulate.     Having  a  petiolule. 

Petiolule.     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Pilose.     With  soft  hairs. 

Pinnule.  One  of  the  smaller  sub- 
divisions of  the  primary  divisions 
of  a  pinnately  compound  leaf. 

Pistil.  The  organ  in  the  flower  which 
produces  the  ovules  and  provides 
for  their  pollination. 

Plumose.  Having  fine  hairs  like  a 
plume. 

Plumule.  The  growing-point  or  bud 
of  an  embryo  (epicotyl). 


GLOSSARY. 


285 


Pollinium.  A  mass  of  waxy  pollen 
composed  of  coherent  pollen-grains 
(Orchidaceae) . 

Polygamo-dioecious.  With  perfect 
and  staminate  flowers  on  some 
plants  and  perfect  and  pistillate 
flowers  on  others. 

Polygamous.  Having  both  perfect 
and  unisexual  flowers  on  the  same 
plant. 

Prismatic.  Angular  with  flat  sides, 
like  a  prism  in  shape. 

Pruinose.  Covered  with  a  whitish 
powder. 

Puberulent.     Minutely  pubescent. 

Pubescence.     Hairiness. 

Pubescent.  Covered  with  hairs,  espe- 
cially short  soft  ones. 

Pulvinus.     A  cushion-like  swelling. 

Punctate.     Dotted. 

Pungent.  Terminated  in  a  rigid 
sharp  point;  penetrating. 

Pyramidal.     Pyramid-like. 

Pyriform.     Pear-shaped. 

Quadrifoliolate.     With  four  leaflets. 

Raceme.  A  simple  inflorescence  of 
pedicelled  flowers  on  a  common 
more  or  less  elongated  axis. 

Rachilla.     The  axis  of  a  grass  spikelet. 

Rachis.  The  main  axis  of  an  inflor- 
escence. 

Radiate.  Arranged  radially  from  a 
center;  having  ray-flowers. 

Radical.  Pertaining  to  the  root; 
occurring  at  the  base  of  the  stem. 

Raphe.  The  ridge  on  a  more  or  less 
inverted  seed  caused  by  the  fusion 
of  the  stalk  with  the  seed. 

Ray.  A  branch  of  an  umbel;  a  ray- 
flower. 

Ray-flower.  One  of  the  marginal 
ligulate  flowers  of  a  radiate  head 
in  the  Compositae. 

Receptacle.  The  modified  axis  on 
which  the  flower  parts  are  borne. 

Reniform.     Kidney-shaped. 

Resiniferous.     Producing  resin. 

Reticulated.  In  the  form  of  a  net- 
work; net- veined. 

Retrorse.     Directed  backward. 

Rotate.  Wheel-shaped;  flat  and  cir- 
cular in  outline. 

Rudiment.  A  partially  developed 
functionless  organ. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled. 


Rugulose.     Slightly  wrinkled. 

Saccate.     Sac-shaped. 

Sagittate.     Arrow-shaped. 

Salverform.  Having  a  slender  tube 
abruptly  expanded  into  a  flat  limb. 

Salient.     Prominent. 

Samara.  An  indehiscent  winged  fruit 
(Aceraceae). 

Saprophytic.  Depending  on  dead 
organic  matter  for  its  food. 

Scabrid.     Minutely  scabrous. 

Scabrous.  Covered  with  short  hairs 
or  points. 

Scapose.  Bearing  or  resembling  a  scape. 

Scarious.  Thin  dry  membranaceous, 
not  green. 

Secund.     One-sided. 

Septicidal.  Dehiscing  through  the 
partitions  and  between  the  cells. 

Septifragal.  Dehiscing  into  parts 
which  break  away  from  the  parti- 
tions. 

Serratures.     Serrations. 

Serrulate.     Finely  serrate. 

Setaceous.     Bristle-like. 

Sheath.  A  tubular  envelope  like  the 
lower  part  of  the  leaf  in  the  grasses. 

Silicle.     A  short  silique  (Cruciferae) . 

Silique.  A  long  2-celled  slender  pod 
(Cruciferae} . 

Sinuate.     Outline  strongly  wavy. 

Sinus.  The  recess  or  indentation 
between  two  lobes. 

Sordid.     Dirty-white. 

Sorus.  A  cluster  of  spore-cases;  a 
fruit-dot  (Polypodiaceae). 

Spathaceous.     Spathe-like. 

Spathe.  A  large  petal-like  bract 
enclosing  an  inflorescence. 

Spatulate.  Gradually  narrowed  down- 
ward from  a  rounded  summit. 

Spike.  A  simple  inflorescence  with 
the  flowers  sessile  oh  a  more  or 
less  elongated  common  axis. 

Spikelet.  A  small  spike,  especially 
the  peculiarly  specialized  one  in  the 
grasses. 

Spinescent.     Becoming  spiny. 

Spinulose.     With  very  small  spines. 

Sporangia.     Spore-cases. 

Sporocarp.  A  pod-like  structure  en- 
closing the  spore-cases  (Marsilea- 
ceae}. 

Spur.  A  hollow  sac-like  or  tubular 
extension  of  the  calyx  or  corolla  or 
both,  usually  nectariferous. 


286 


GLOSSARY. 


Stellate-pubescent.     With  star-shaped 

hairs. 
Sterile.     Incapable  of  producing;  as 

a    flower    without    a    pistil    or    a 

stamen  without  an  anther. 
Stipel.     A  stipule-like  organ  at  the 

base  of  a  leaflet. 
Stipitate.     With  a  stalk. 
Stolon.     A  runner  or  a  basal  branch 

that  tends  to  strike  root. 
Stoloniferous.     Having  stolons. 
Striate.     Marked    with    longitudinal 

lines  or  ridges. 
Strigose.     Covered    with    short    stiff 

straight  appressed  hairs. 
Strophiole.     An  appendage  near  the 

hilum  on  certain  seeds. 
Stylopodium.     A  disk-like  expansion 

at  the  base  of  the  style  (Umbel- 
lifer -ae). 
Suffrutescent.     Slightly  or  obscurely 

shrubby. 

Sub-     Somewhat  or  slightly. 
Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 
Succulent.     Juicy;  fleshy. 
Supra-axillary.     Produced  not  in  but 

above  the  leaf-axils. 
Suture.     The  line  of  dehiscence. 
Syngenesious.     Stamens  with  united 

anthers  but  separate  filaments. 

Tawny.     Dull  yellowish  brown. 

Terete.  Cylindrical  or  nearly  so;  not 
compressed. 

Ternate.     In  threes. 

Tetradynamous.  With  four  long  and 
two  short  stamens. 

Thallus.  A  plant  body  not  differ- 
entiated into  root  stem  and  leaf. 

Thyrsoid.     Resembling  a  thyrsus. 

Thyrsus.  A  contracted  cylindrical 
ovoid  and  usually  compact  panicle. 


Torulose.  Cylindrical  with  contrac- 
tions at  intervals. 

Tridentate.     Having  three  teeth. 

Truncate.  Endling  abruptly  as  if  cut 
off  squarely. 

Tuberiferous.     Bearing  tubers. 

Turbinat^.  Top-shaped ;  inversely 
conical. 

Turgid.  Swollen;  distended  by  pres- 
sure from  within. 

Umbellate.  In  umbels  or  like  an 
umbel. 

Unisexual.  Having  but  one  sex;  in 
flowering  plants  with  either  but 
not  both  stamens  or  pistils. 

Utricle.  A  small  bladder-like  one- 
seeded  fruit. 


Vascular.     Having  woody  bundles. 

Velum.  The  membrane  partly  cover- 
ing the  sporangium  in  the  leaf  of 
Isoetes. 

Ventral.  Belonging  to  the  anterior 
or  inner  face  of  an  organ;  the 
opposite  of  dorsal. 

Villous.  With  numerous  long  and 
soft  hairs. 

Virgate.  Wand-shaped ;  slender, 
straight,  erect. 

Viscid.     Glutinous,  sticky. 

Whorl.  Leaves  or  other  parts  ar- 
ranged in  a  circle  of  three  or  more 
at  the  same  node. 


Zygomorphic.  Bilaterally  symmet- 
rical; that  is,  capable  of  being 
divided  symmetrically  in  but  one 
plane. 


INDEX. 


Abies 

Acer 

ACERACEAE 

Achillea 

Aconite 

Aconitum 

Actaea 

Adenocaulon.  .  .  . 
Adder's  tongue.  .  . 

Agastache 

Agoseris 

Agropyron 

Agrostemma.  .  .  . 

Agrostideae 

Agrostis 

AlZOACEAE 

Alchemilla 

Alder 

Alfalfa 

Alfilaria 

Alisma 

Allium 

Allocarya 

Almond  -willow .  .  . 

Alnus 

Alopecurus 

Alsike  clover 

Alsine 

Alum  root 

Alyssum 

Amaranth 

A  maranth  family . 
AMARANTHACEAE . 
Amaranthus.  .  .  . 

Ambrosia 

Amelanchier.  .  .  . 

Ammannia 

Amsinckia 

ANACARDIACEAE.  . 

Anaphalis 

Anemone 

Angelica 

ANGIOSPERMAE  .  . 

Antennaria 

Anthemis 

APOCYNACEAE . .  . 

Apocynum 

Aquilegia 

Arabis 


. .  11  ARACEAE 

.  .  160  Aralia 

.  .  159  ARALIACEAE 

.  .  262  Arbor  vitae 

.  .  110  Arctostaphylos .  .  .  . 

.  .  109  Arenaria 

..  110  Argentina 

..  253  Aristida 

..  61  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  . 

.  .  216  Arnica 

.  .  248  Arrhenatherum 

39      Arrow  grass 

95  Arrow  grass  family . 

19      Arrowhead 

26  Artemisia 

.  .  91  Arum  family 

.  .  137  Asarum 

77      Asclepias 

.  .     149  ASCLEPIADACEAE  .  . 

.  .    155  Ash,  Mountain.  .  .  . 

.  .      17       Aspen 

.  .     59      Aster 

.  .   210      Astragalus 

73       Atriplex 

..     77      Athyrium 

24      Athysanus 

.  .    147      Avena 

.  .     98      Aveneae 

..    130 

.  .    120  Bachelor's  button.  .  . 

.  .     90      Balsam  family 

90  BALSAMINACEAE  .  .  . 

90       Balsamorhiza 

.  .     90      Baneberry 

.  .   257  Barberry  family .  .  .  . 

.  .    133  Barnyard  grass .... 

..    168      Barley,  Wild 

..   208  Wall 

.  .    158      Batrachium 

.  .   256      Bear  grass 

.  .    103      Beard-tongue 

.  .    179       Beckmannia 

.  .      12      Bedstraw 

.  .   254      Beech  fern 

.  .   263      Beggar  ticks 

.  .    194      Bellflower 

.  .    194  Bellflower  family .  .  . 

.  .   110  BERBERIDACEAE  .  .  . 

.  .    115       Berberis 

287 


52 

175 

175 

10 

189 

100 

124 

22 

81 

272 

27 

16 

16 

17 

253 

52 

81 

195 

195 

134 

75 

268 

151 

88 

3 

114 
28 
19 

251 

160 

160 

264 

110 

111 

20 

41 

41 

105 

64 

221 

38 

233 

2 

276 
241 
239 
HI 
111 


288 


INDEX. 


Bergia  

164 

Cactus  family  

167 

Berula  

183 

Calamagrostis  

25 

Betula  

77 

CALLITRICHACEAE  .... 

157 

BETULACEAE  

76 

Callitriche  

158 

Bidens  

276 

Calochortus  

60 

Bikukulla  

112 

Calypso,^  

69 

Birch  

76 

Camas  

62 

Birch  family  

76 

Death  

62 

Birthworl  family  .  .  .  . 

....     81 

Camelina  

121 

Bitter  cress  

...115,  130 

Campanula  

241 

root  

92 

CAMPANULACEAE  

239 

Bittersweet  

218 

Campe  

120 

Black  medic  

149 

Canada  thistle  

260 

mustard  

118 

Canary  grass  

22 

Blackcap  

136 

Reed  

22 

Bladder  fern  

4 

Caper  family  

123 

Elite  

89 

Capnoides  

112 

Strawberry  

89 

Capnorea  

202 

Blitum  

89 

CAPPARIDACEAE  

123 

Bluebells  

206 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE  

235 

Blue-eyed  grass  
Blue-flowered  lettuce  

66 
249 

Caraway  
Cardamine  

182 
115 

Bluegrass  

33 

Carduus  

260 

Annual  

34 

Carex  

43 

Canada  

34 

Carpet  weed  

91 

Kentucky  

34 

Carpetweed  family  

19 

Fowl  

35 

Carum  

182 

Bluestem  

..39 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

95 

Boisduvalia  

172 

Cascara  sagrada  

161 

Bolelia  

.  .   240 

Cashew  family  

158 

Borage  family  

204 

Castilleja  

229 

BORAGINACEAE  

204 

Caichfly  

96 

Botrychium  

4 

Cat-tail  

13 

Brasenia  

102 

Cat-tail  family  

13 

Brassica  

118 

Caucalis  

178 

Bromegrass  

32 

Ceanothus  

161 

Bromus  

32 

Cedar,  Giant  

10 

Broomrape  family  

231 

CELASTRACEAE  

159 

Buckbean  

194 

Celtis  

78 

Buckbrush  

162 

Centaurea  

251 

Buffalo  bur  

218 

Centaurion  

192 

Bugseed  

88 

Centunculus  

191 

Bull  thistle  

260 

Cephalanthera  

69 

Bulrush,  Western  

51 

Cerastium  

98 

Bunchgrass,  Blue  

37 

Cercocarpus  

132 

Wheat  

39 

Chaenactis  

261 

Bur  reed  

13 

Chaetochloa  

20 

Bur-reed  family  

13 

Chamomile,  corn  

263 

Bursa  

123 

Charlock  

118 

Butter  and  eggs  

220 

Cheeses  

163 

Buttercup  

105 

Cheilanthes  

2 

Water  

..   105 

CHENOPODIACEAE  .... 

87 

Buttercup  family  
Button,  Bachelor's  

..   102 
251 

Chenopodium  
Cherry  

89 
132 

Wild  

132 

Cabbage,  Yellow  skunk  .  .  . 

.     52 

Chickweed  

98 

CACTACEAE  

....   167 

Mouse-ear  

98 

INDEX. 


289 


Chimaphila -9t6 

Chinese  thistle 257 

Chlorideae 20 

Chokecherry 132 

Chrysanthemum 262 

Chrysopsis 271 

Chrysothamnus 259 

Cicuta 182 

Cinna 24 

Circaea 169 

Cirsium 259 

Clarkia 171 

Claytonia 93 

Cleavers 233 

Clematis 103 

Cleome 123 

Clintonia 63 

Clover 146 

Alsike 147 

Rabbit's  ear 147 

Red 147,  148 

Sweet 149 

White 147 

Cockle,  Corn 95 

Cow 96 

Cocklebur 256,  257 

Cogswellia 179 

Coleosanthus 258 

Collinsia 223 

Collomia 201 

Coltsfoot,  Sweet 252 

Comandra 80 

Comarum 141 

Common  flax 156 

plantain 232 

COMPOSITAE 241 

CONVOLVULACEAE 196 

Convolvulus 196 

Coptis Ill 

Coral  root 68 

Corallorhiza 68 

Coreopsis 276 

Coriospermum 88 

Corn  chamomile 263 

cockle 95 

CORNACEAE 184 

Cornus 185 

Cotton-wood 76 

Couch  grass 40 

Cause 180 

Cow  cockle 96 

parsnip 179 

Cranberry,  High-bush 236 

CRASSULACEAE 124 

Crataegus 133 

Crepis 250 

Cress,  Bitter 115,  120 


Cress  Penny 123 

Rock 115 

Crocidium 275 

Crowfoot,  Water 105 

CRUCIFERAE 113 

Cryptanthe 209 

Cudweed 252 

Currant 125 

Golden 126 

Cuscuta 196 

CUSCUTACEAE 196 

CYPERACEAE 42 

Cyperus 49 

Cypripedium 68 

Cytherea 69 

Dactylis 33 

Daisy,  Oxeye 262 

Dandelion 248 

Datura ,. 218 

Death  camas : 62 

Delphinium 108 

Deschampsia 28 

Devil's  club 175 

Dewberry 136 

DlCOTYLEDONES 72 

DlPSACACEAE 239 

Dipsacus 239 

Disporum 64 

Dock 83 

Yellow 84 

Dodder 196 

Dodder  family 196 

Dodecatheon 190 

Dogbane 194 

Dog  fennel 263 

Dogwood 185 

Dogwood  family 184 

Draba 121 

Dracocephalum 215 

Drymocallis 142 

Duckweed  family 53 

Dutchman's  breeches.  .                  .  112 


Echinochloa.  .  .  . 
Echinopanax.  .  . 
ELATINACEAE.  .  . 

Elatine 

Elder 

Eleocharis 

Elm  family 

Elymus 

English  plantain . 

Epilobium 

Epipactis 

EQUISETACEAE  . . 
EQUISETINEAE  . . 


20 

175 

164 

164 

235 

50 

78 

40 

233 

170 

72 

5 

5 


290 


INDEX. 


Equisetum  

6 

Geranium  family  

154 

Eragrostis  

30 

Geum  

138 

ERICACEAE  

188 

Ginger,  Wild  

81 

Ericameria  

265 

Ginseng  Family  

175 

Erigeron  

266 

Githopsis  

240 

Eriogonum  
Eriophyllum  
Erodium  

82 
278 
155 

Glycyrrhiza  
Gnaphalfum  
Golden  Currant  

149 
252 
126 

Eryngium  

177 

Goldenrod  

272 

Erysimum  

117 

Goldthread  

Ill 

Erythronium  

61 

Gooseberry  

125 

Euphorbia  

157 

Goosefoot  

89 

EUPHORBIACEAE  

156 

Goosefoot  family  

87 

Euthamia  

272 

Grape,  Oregon  

Ill 

Evening  primrose  

173 

Grape  fern  

4 

Evening  primrose  family  .  . 
Everlasting  

168 
254 

Grass,  Annual  blue  
Barnyard  

33 
20 

Bear  

64 

False  flax  

121 

Blue  

33 

pimpernel  

226 

Blue  bunch  

37 

Fennel,  Dog  

263 

Blue-eyed  

66 

Fern  plants  

1 

Brome  

32 

Fescue  

36 

Canada  Blue  

34 

Festuca  

36 

Canary  

22 

Festuceae  

20 

Couch  

40 

Figwort  

223 

Fowl  blue  

35 

Figwort  family  
Filaree  

219 
..155,  219 

Kentucky  blue  
Orchard  

34 
33 

FlLICINEAE  

1 

Nut  

49 

Filix  

4 

Orchard  

33 

Fir,  Red  

12 

Quack  

40 

Subalpine  

12 

Reed  canary  

22 

White  

12 

Reed  meadow  

38 

Fireweed  

170 

Rye  

40 

Flax  

156 

Squirrel  tail  

41 

Common  

156 

Tall  meadow  oat  

27 

False  

121 

Velvet  

27 

Flax  family  

155 

Wheat  

39 

Fleabane  

226 

Wheat  Bunch  

39 

Forget-me-not  

208 

Wool  

46 

Forsellesia  

159 

Grass  family  

18 

Foxtail,  Green  

21 

Gratiola  

224 

Fragaria  

141 

Grindelia  

278 

Frasera  

193 

Gum  plant  

278 

Fritillaria  

61 

GYMNOSPERMAE  

8 

Gaertneria  

258 

Hackberry  

78 

Gaillardia  

279 

Hawkweed  

250 

Galium  

233 

Hawthorn  

133 

Gaura  

169 

Heal  All  

215 

Gayophytum  

172 

Heart-leaved  willow  

74 

Gentian  

192 

Heather  family  

188 

Gentian  family  

192 

Hedge  hyssop  

224 

Gentiana  

192 

Hedge  mustard  

119 

GENTIANACEAE  

192 

Helenium  

279 

GERANIACEAE  

154 

Helianthella  

.  .   277 

Geranium  

154 

Helianthus  

277 

INDEX. 


29I 


Heliotrope 

Heliotropium 

Hellebore,  False .... 

Green 

White 

Hemicarpha 

Hemizonia 

Heracleum 

Heteranthera 

Heterocodon 

Heuchera 

Hieraciuro 

High-bush  cranberry 

Holcus 

Holodiscus 

Honeysuckle 

Hookera 

Hoorebekia 

Hordeae 

Hordeum 

Horehound 

Hosackia 

Horsetail 

Huckleberry 

Hutchinsia 

Hyacinth,  Wild .... 
HYDROPHYLLACEAE  . 

Hydrophyllum 

HYPERICACEAE  .... 

Hypericum 

Hyssop,  Hedge 


Ibidium 

Ilysanthes 

Impatiens 

Indian  paint  brush . 

pink 

IRIDACEAE 

Iris 

Iris  family 

Isnardia 

ISOETACEAE 

Isoetes 

Iva 

Ivesia 

Ivy,  Poison 

Jacob's  ladder 

Jamestown  weed .  .  . 

Jerusalem  oak 

Jim  Hill  mustard .  . 
Jimson  weed 

JUNCACEAE 

Juncoides 

Juncus 

Juniper 

Juniperus 


205 

205 

64 

65 

65 

52 

264 

178 

53 

241 

130 

250 

236 

27 

134 

237 

58 

273 

20 

41 

215 

151 

6 

188 
123 
59 
202 
204 
163 
163 
224 

71 

226 

160 

229 

229 

66 

66 

66 

169 

7 

7 

253 

140 

158 

200 

218 

90 

119 

218 

54 

57 

54 

9 

9 


Kelloggia 

Knot-weed 

Koeleria.  . 


234 
86 
30 


LABIATAE 211 

Lace  fern 3 

Lactuca 249 

Lady's  slipper 68 

Lagophylla 265 

Lamb's  quarters 90 

Lamium 217 

Lappula 206 

Larch,  Western 11 

Larix 11 

Larkspur 108 

Lathyrus 150 

Laurel,  sticky 161 

LEGUMINOSAE 142 

Leibergia 183 

Lemna 53 

LEMNACEAE 53 

Lepidium 122 

Leptotaenia 181 

Lettuce 249 

Blue-flowered 249 

Prickly 249 

Wild 249 

Lewisia 92 

Licorice,  Wild 149 

Ligusticum 183 

LlLIACEAE 58 

Lily,  Mariposa 60 

Pine 64 

Lily  family 58 

Limosella 226 

Limnorchis 70 

LlNACEAE 155 

Linaria 220 

Linnaea 236 

Linum 156 

Lithospermum 208 

LOASACEAE 166 

Lonicera 237 

Looking  glass,  Venus' s ..." 240 

LORANTHACEAE 79 

Lousewort 229 

Lovage 183 

Lupine 144 

Lupinus r 144 

LYCOPODINEAE -.' 6 

Lycopus 212 

Lysichiton 52 

LYTHRACEAE .167 


Machaeranthera .  .  . 

Madder  family 

Madia.. 


...   265 

...   233 

.   263 


292 


INDEX. 


Madronella  

216 

Myosotis  

208 

Mahogany,  Mountain  

132 

Myosurus  , 

104 

Mallow  

163 

Mallow  family  

162 

Najadaceae  

16 

Malva  

163 

Najas  

16 

MALVACEAE  

162 

Naumburgia  

....    191 

Maple  

160 

Navarretia  

....   201 

Maple  family  

159 

Nemophila  

204 

Mariposa  lily  

60 

Nepeta  

216 

Marrubium  

215 

Nettle  

....     78 

Marsilea  
MARSILEACEAE  

5 
5 

Nettle  family  
Nicotiana  

....      78 
219 

Matricaria  

261 

Nightshade  

218 

May-weed  

263 

Ninebark  

....    134 

Meadow  grass,  Reed  

38 

Nothocalais  

....   247 

Meadow  rue  .  .  -.  

104 

Nut  grass  

....     49 

Medic,  Black  

149 

Nymphaea  

101 

Medicago  

148 

NYMPHAEACEAE  

....   101 

Melica  

31 

Melilotus  

149 

Oak,  Jerusalem  

....     90 

Mentha  

213 

Oat,  Smooth  wild  

....     28 

Mentzelia  

166 

Oatgrass,  Tall  meadow  

....     27 

MENYANTHACEAE  

193 

Oats  

....     28 

Menyanthes  

194 

Ocean  spray  

....    134 

Menziesia  

189 

Oenothera  

....    173 

Merathrepta  

28 

Olysnium  

....     67 

Mertensia  

206 

ONAGRACEAE  

....    168 

Mesquite  

27 

Onion  

....     59 

Micromeria  

215 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  

4 

Milkweed  

195 

Ophrys  

....     69 

Milfoil  

262 

Opulaster  

134 

Mimulus  

226 

Opuntia  

167 

Mint  

213 

Orchard  grass  

33 

Mint  family  

211 

ORCHIDACEAE  

67 

Mistletoe  family  

79 

Orchid  family  

....     67 

Mitella  

128 

Oregon  grape  

....    Ill 

Mitrewort  

128 

Oreocarya  

....   209 

Moehringia  

101 

OROBANCHACEAE  

....   231 

Mollugo  

91 

Orobanche  

....   231 

Moneses  

186 

Orthocarpus  

....   230 

Monkey  flower  

226 

Osmorhiza  

....   177 

MONOCOTYLEDONES  

13 

Oxeye  daisy  

....   262 

Monolepis  

89 

Oyster  plant  

....   246 

Montia  

93 

Morning  glory  

196 

Pachistima  

....    159 

Mountain  ash  , 

134 

Pachylophus  

....    173 

Mahogany  

132 

Paeonia  

....    110 

Mouse  tail  

104 

Paint  brush,  Indian  

....   229 

Mouse-ear  chickweed  

98 

Painted  Cup  

....   229 

Mudwort  

226 

Paniceae  

....      19 

Muhlenbergia  

.     22 

Panicularia  

.  .  .  .     37 

Mullein  

....   220 

Panicum  

....     21 

Mustard,  Black  

118 

PAPAVERACEAE  

....    112 

Hedge  

119 

Parietaria  

....     79 

Jim  Hill  

119 

Parsley  family  

....   176 

Tumbling  

119 

Parsnip,  Cow  

....   179 

Mustard  family  

....   113 

Poison  

....   182 

INDEX. 


293 


Pear,  Prickly 167 

Pedicularis 229 

Pellaea 2 

Penny  cress 123 

Pentstemon 221 

Peony 110 

Peppergrass 122 

Peramium 71 

Petasites 252 

Phacelia 203 

Phalarideae 19 

,  Phalaris 21 

Phegopteris 2 

Phleum 23 

-i           Phlox 197 

Phoenicaulis 115 

Phyllodoce 189 

Physaria 121 

Picea 11 

Pigweed 90,  91 

Pimpernel,  False 226 

Pink,  Indian 229 

Pink  family 95 

PINACEAE 9 

Pine 10 

Bull 11 

Lodgepole 10 

Western  white 10 

Yellow 11 

Pine  family 9 

Pine  lily 64 

Pinus 10 

Piperia 70 

Pipsissewa 186 

Plagiobothrys 210 

PLANTAGINACEAE 232 

Plantago 232 

Plantain 232 

Common 232 

English 233 

Rattlesnake 72 

Plantain  family 232 

Platyspermum 120 

Plum 132 

Poa 33 

POACEAE 18 

Poison  ivy 158 

parsnip 182 

POLEMONIACEAE 197 

Polemonium 200 

POLYGONACEAE 81 

Polygonum 85 

POLYPODIACEAE 1 

Polypogon 24 

Polystichum 3 

Pond-weed 15 

Pond-weed  family 53 


PONTEDERIACEAE 53 

Poppy  family 112 

Populus 75 

Portulaca 92 

PORTULACACEAE 92 

Potamogeton 15 

POTAMOGETONACEAE 14 

Potentilla 139 

Pretty  -willow 75 

Prickly  lettuce 249 

pear 167 

PRIMULACEAE 189 

Primrose  family 189 

Prunella 215 

Prunus 132 

Pseudotsuga 12 

Psilocarphus 262 

Psoralea 146 

Pteridium 2 

PTERIDOPHYTA 1 

Pterospora 186 

Pteryxia 184 

Ptilocalais 246 

Ptilonella 276 

Ptiloria 246 

Purslane 92 

Purslane  family 92 

Pyrola 187 

Pyrola  family 185 

PYROLACEAE 185 

Pyrus 134 


Quack  grass 

Quamasia 

Quillwort.  . 


Rabbit  brush 259 

Rabbit's  ear  clover 147 

Radicula 118 

Ragweed 257 

Ramona 214 

RANUNCULACEAE 102 

Ranunculus 107 

Raspberry,  Red .- 136 

Rattlesnake  plantain 72 

Razoumofskya 80 

Red  clover 148 

raspberry 136 

Redtop 27 

RHAMNACEAE 160 

Rhamnus 161 

Rhinanthus 228 

Rhus 158 

Ribes 125 

Rigiopappus 279 

Rock  cress 115 

Rose..  .     92 


294 


INDEX. 


Rosa  

137 

Sidalcea  

.  ...    162 

ROSACEAE  

130 

Sieversia  

.  ...    139 

Rose  

137 

Silene  

..     96 

Rock  

92 

Sisymbrium  

.  ...    119 

Rose  family  

130 

Sisyrinchium  

.  .  .  .     66 

Rotala  

168 

Sitanion  

42 

RUBIACEAE  

..  233 

Slum  .  .  .'  

.    184 

Rubus  

.  .   136 

Skullcap  

214 

Rudbeckia  

.  .   261 

Skunk  cabbage,  Yellow  

52 

Rumex  

83 

Snappers  

80 

Rush  

54 

Snowberry 

236 

Spike  

50 

SOLANACEAE  

217 

Wood  

57 

Solanum  

218 

Rush  family  
Russian  thistle  

54 
88 

Solidago  
Solomon's  seal,  False  

.  ...   272 
.  .  .  .     65 

Ryegrass  

40 

Sonchus  

.  ...   249 

Sorrel,  Sheep  

.  .  .  .     84 

Sagebrush  

253 

Sow  thistle  

.  ...   249 

Scabland  

254 

SPARGANIACEAE  

.  .  .  .      13 

Sagittaria  

17 

Sparganium  

.  .  .  .      13 

St.  Johnswort  

163 

Spartina  

.  .  .  .     38 

St.  Johnswort  family  

163 

Specularia  

.  .  .  .   240 

SALICACEAE  

72 

Speedwell  

225 

Salix  

73 

Spergula  

.  .  .  .     97 

Salsify  

246 

SPERMATOPHYTA  

8 

Salsola  

88 

Sphaeralcea  

162 

Saltbush  

88 

Sphaerostigma  

....   174 

Sambucus  

235 

Sphenopholis  

.  .  .  .     30 

Sandalwood  fam  lly  

80 

Spike  rush  

.  .  .  .     50 

Sandwort  

100 

Spiraea  

.  .  .  .    135 

Sanicle  

177 

Spirodela  

.  .  .  .     53 

Sanguisorba  

138 

Sporobolus  

.  .  .  .     25 

Sanicula  

177 

Spruce,  Douglas  

....     12 

SANTALACEAE  

....     80 

Engelmann  

....     11 

Sarsaparilla,  Wild  
Saxif  raga  

175 
....   127 

Spurge  
Spurry  

....   157 
.  .  .  .     97 

Saxifrage  
Saxifrage  family  

....   127 
124 

Squirrel  corn  
tail  

....   112 
.     41 

SAXIFRAGACEAE  

125 

Stachys  

....   217 

Scabland  sagebrush  

254 

Staff  tree  family  

....    159 

Scheuchzeria  

16 

Star-flower  

.    191 

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE  

16 

Steironema  

....   191 

Scirpus  

51 

Sticky  laurel  

161 

Scrophularia  

223 

Stipa  

22 

SCROPHULARIACEAE  

219 

Stonecrop  

124 

Scutellaria  

214 

Stonecrop  family  

124 

Sedge  
Sedge  family  

43 
42 

Strawberry  
Strawberry  blite  

.  ...    141 
.  .  .  .     89 

Sedum  

124 

Streptopus  

.  .  .  .     63 

Selaginella  

....       7 

Sugar  Bowls  

.  ...    103 

SELAGINELLACEAE  

6 

Sumac  

.  ...    158 

Senecio  

....   274 

Sunflower  

....   277 

Service  berry  

133 

Sweet  cicely  

....   177 

Sheep  sorrel  

84 

clover  

....   149 

Shepherd's  purse  
Shooting  star  
Sibbaldia  

123 
190 
140 

coltsfoot  
Symphoricarpos  
Synthyris  

....   252 
....   236 
.  ...  224 

INDEX. 


295 


Tamarack t 11 

Taraxacum 247 

Taraxia 174 

Tarweed 209,  263 

TAXACEAE 8 

Taxus 9 

Teasel 239 

Teasel  family 239 

Tellima 129 

Thalesia 232 

Thalictrum 104 

Thelypodium 117 

Thermopsis 143 

Thimble  berry 136 

Thistle 259 

Bull 260 

Canada 260 

Chinese 257 

Russian 88 

Sow 249 

Thlaspi 122 

Thorn 133 

Thuja 10 

Thysanocarpus 114 

Tiarella 129 

Timothy 23 

Mountain 23 

Tissa 97 

Tobacco 219 

Tobacco  root 238 

Tonella 224 

Tragopogon 246 

Trautvetteria 104 

Trefoil,  Yellow 149 

Trichostema 213 

Trientalis 191 

Trifolium 146 

Triglochin 16 

Trillium 63 

Trisetum 29 

Tule 51 

Tumbleweed 91 

Tumbling  mustard 119 

Turnip 118 

Twin-flower 236 

Typha 13 

TYPHACEAE 13 

ULMACEAE 78 

UMBELLIFERAE 176 

Uropappus 247 

Urtica 78 

URTICACEAE  .  .                       ....  78 


Vagnera 65 

Valerian 238 

Valerian  family 237 

Valeriana 238 

VALERIANACEAE 237 

Valerianella 238 

Venus' s  looking  glass.  .  .  : 240 

Veratrum 63 

Verbascum 220 

Verbena 211 

Verbena  family 211 

VERBENACEAE 211 

Veronica 225 

Vetch 149 

Viburnum 235 

Vicia 149 

Viola 165 

VIOLACEAE 164 

Violet 165 

Violet  family 164 

Wake  robin 63 

Washingtonia 178 

Water  cress 119 

plantain 17 

starwort 158 

Water  starwort  family 157 

Waterleaf 204 

Waterleaf  family 202 

Waterlily 101 

Waterlily  family 101 

Watershield 102 

Waterwort  family 164 

Wheatgrass 39 

White  clover 147 

Wild  cherry 132 

geranium 154 

lettuce 249 

licorice 149 

sarsaparilla 175 

Willow 73 

Almond 73 

Heart-leaved 74 

Pretty 75 

Willow  family 72 

Willow  herb 170 

Windflower 103 

Wood  rush 57 

Woodsia 3 

Wokas 102 

Woolgrass 47 

Wormwood 253,  254 

Wyethia 277 


Vaccaria.... 
Vaccinium .  . 


95 

188 


Xanthium 256 

Xerophyllum 64 


296  INDEX. 

Yarrow 262      Zannichellia 16 

Yellow  trefoil 149      Zigadenus 62 

Yew,  Western 9      Zizia 182 

Yew  Family 8 


ITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  LOS  ANGELES 


LIBRARY 


192 
P65f 
cop.  2 


Uni\ 
S 


